PROPKK'n or 

IBB COMMISSION Of FINE hSSi 



\n^ 



HISTORY 



OF 



The World's Fair 

BEING 

A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION 

OF THE 

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

FROM ITS INCEPTION 



BV 

Major Ben C. Truman 

OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FLORICULTURE 

Author of '■ Semi-Tropical California," " Campaigning in Tennessee," 
" Occidental Sketches," "The Field of Honor," Etc. 



WITH SPECIAL ARTICLES BY 

THOS. W. Palmer, Pres't; Hon. Geo. R. Davis, Director General; D. H. Burnham, Director of Works; 

Ma-'or Moses P. Handy, Bureau of Publicity and Promotion; John Thorpe, Floriculture; 

Thomas B. Bryan, Commissioner at Large; and many others prominently 

connected with the World's Columbian Exposition. 



PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS MADE FROM PHOTOGRAPHS AND 
DRAWINGS OF EXHIBITS \N THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS. 




MAMMOTH PUBLISHING COMPANY, 



330-334 DEARBORN STREET, CHICAGO, ILL. 

234 S. EIGHTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1893, by Ben C. Truman 
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 

Introductory 19 



PART I. 

Origin of the Exposition. 
CHAPTER I. 

HOW CHICAGO SECURED THE CELEBRATION. 



How and when the Columbian Exposition was conceived — The idea of a celebration of the four hundredth 
anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus originated with T. W. Zaremba — His 
first desire was to have it in Mexico — How this indefatigable gentleman pursued the object of his thought 
— How Chicago took hold of the enterprise — Other metropolitan cities take a hand — Splendid work of 
leading Chicago men in Washington — Persistency of all parties interested — The real contest between Chi- 
cago and New York — Chicago successful — Congress votes in its favor — Preliminary action — Subscription 
of stock — Board of Directors and other officers elected — hyman J. Gage the first president of the Chicago 
directory — Congressional provisions for commissioners — Raising of money — Appointment of commission- 
ers — Zarembas' active life — Appointment of Hon. Thomas B. Bryan commissioner-at-large — Mr. Bryan's 
splendid work in Europe — A gentleman and a scholar — Few men living with such rare attainments . :n 

Commissioner- At-Large Thos. B. Bryan's opinion of the lasting benefits of the Fair ..... .29 

CHAPTER II. 

, THE PILLARS OF THE EXPOSITION. 

The men tp whose charge the construction of the great work has been intrusted from its conception — Officials 
of the directory — Standing committees — Council of Administration and Board of Control — Forty-five big, 
earnest men of Chicago ... 31 



PART II. 

The National Commission. 

CHAPTER I. 

FIRST MEETING OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION. 

Appointment of commissioners by President Harrison — First meeting convened by Secretary Blaine — Hon. A. 
T. Ewing, of Illinois, calls the commission to order in the parlor of the Grand Pacific hotel in Chicago — 
Rev. John Barrows makes a prayer — John T. Harris, of Virginia, temporary chairman — Thomas W. Palmer, 
of Michigan, unanimously selected as permanent president — John T. Dickinson, of Texas, made permanent 
secretary in the same way— Sketches of the lives of these two gentlemen — Selection of vice-presidents — 
Adjournment . 39 

CHAPTER H. 

MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION. 

Complete roster of the men who speak for the Nation and the states and territories they represent, and the 
places of their residence — Complete list of officers — Members of the National Executive Committee and 
Board of Reference and Control 47 



6 CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER III. 

GEORGE R. DAVIS ELECTED DIRECTOR-GENERAL. *-agb. 

Some of the remarks made upon the occasion — Davis has a majority on the first ballot — His address to the 
commission— Interesting sketch of the life and service of Colonel Davis — A brave soldier, a man of honor 
and a renowned party leader — He is endowed with splendid qualities of mind and heart — The standing 
committees— Creation of the great departments — The commissioners wrestle with the Sunday opening 
question and finally vote for open Sunday gates 53 



PART III. 

Commencement and Progress of Work. 
CHAPTER I. 

A WONDERFUL METAMORPHOSIS. 

Jackson Park in 1891 — An uninviting strip of sand, swamp and scrub oaks — No redeeming feature except area 
and location — The most magnificent transformation scene ever presented to mankind — Twenty-five mill- 
ions of dollars expended on buildings and improvements — Director of Works Daniel H. Burnham and his 
engineers, architects, sculptors, painters and landscape designers, transform a spot of swamp and sand into 
a white city of palaces and collouades — Terraces, towers, turrets and statuary on every hand — Plantations 
of massive foliage and flowering plants— Beautiful fountains and picturesque water ways — Artificial canals 
that put to blush shores of the bride of the sea — Burnham and his staff . . .... 63 

CHAPTER II. 

EARLY PREPARATION OF FLOWERS. 

John Thorpe sent to the front — The erection of greenhouses and other floricultural structures — Loans of palms 
and ferns by wealthy owners of conservatories in Philadelphia and New York — Millions of plants under 
way — A mountain of palms and ferns — A winter exhibition — Magnificent tribute paid the great florist by 
the brilliant John McGovem — Press and people filled with admiration and praise — A flowery article from 
"Uuclejohn" 69 

CHAPTER III. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLICITY AND PROMOTION. 

The object of its organization — A unique and highly advantageous system of free advertising — How the world 
has been informed of all the details of the commencement, progress and completion of the gigantic work 
— A perfect system of distribution of information of daily happenings conceived and matchlessly executed 
— Quarter of a million documents mailed in a single week — Thirty thousand electrotypes of buildings sent 
out — Ninety thousand lithographs judiciously given away — More than a hundred thousand dollars worth 
of postage stamps used — Stupendous advantages derived therefrom — Graphic sketch of the distinguished 
department commander ' 73 

CHAPTER IV. 

DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. 

The selection of Hon. Walter Fearn as chief— A difficult task at first — Mr. Fearn's own conceptions of the duties 
imposed upon him — None doubted that the gallant diplomatist was equal to the task — His brilliant 
achievements are reflected in every portion of Jackson Park — Sketch of Walter Fearn — Soldier, scholar, 
traveler, and gentleman — One of the most elegant and fascinating Americans at home and abroad . . 77 



CONTENTS. f 

CHAPTER V. 

THE PRESS AND THE COLUMBIAN GUARD. PAGE. 

Splendid service of the Columbian guard — Cursed, reviled and knocked down and otherwise abused, they 
faithfully perform their multiform duties of fireman and police — They extinguish 2S4 fires and save Ma- 
chinery Building from total destruction — The thanks of the Exposition are due to Colonel Edmund Rice 
and the Columbian guard — Also to John Bonfield and his secret sen-ice police — The Fair indebted to the 
Chicago press more than to all other things combined . . . . , 79 



PART IV. 

The Dedicatory Exercises. 
CHAPTER I. 

ARRIVAL OF DISTINGUISHED PEOPLE. 

Vice-President Morton acts for President Harrison — General Schofield and his staff, the Cabinet Ministers, 
Justices of the Supreme Court, and many foreign ambassadors come to Chicago — The city filled with 
soldiers, Senators and Congressmen — Nearly all the Governors of the States and Territories arrive accom- 
panied by their military staffs — Texas sends thirteen handsome young women as representatives of the 
original thirteen states — Bishop Fowler and Cardinal Gibbons received by other church dignitaries — Grand 
dedication ball at the Auditorium — Brilliant appearance of State street — Hotels and boulevards jammed 
with strangers — Gorgeous uniforms everywhere 83 

CHAPTER II. 

GREAT PARADE OP TRADESMEN. 

Eighty thousand men in line — More than one hundred bands of music — Half a million persons witness the 
grandest civic parade ever seen in any country — Vice-President Morton reviews the moving masses — Great 
gatherings of distinguished people— Men of peace resplendent in habiliments of war — Flashing uniforms 
and eloquent medals of honor — All professions and all trades represented — Fifteen hundred American ban- 
ners Dome proudly by naturalized citizens of all nations — Generals Miles and Schofield consider the parade 
a wonderful success — Masses of school children attired in the National colors portray a beautiful design — 
Great deference paid to the representative of the Nation 87 

CHAPTER III. 

GRAND MILITARY PROCESSION AND REVIEW. 

The 21st of October, 1892, a day long to be remembered — Grand review at Washington Park in the presence 
of two hundred thousand people — The Marine Band of Washington and the Mexican Band of the City of 
Mexico make music — Thirty-eight other bands and fifteen thousand soldiers in the procession — Vice-Pres- 
ident Morton, Director-General Davis, Presidents Palmer and Higinbotham, Ex- President Hayes, the Jus- 
tices of the United States Supreme Court, General Schofield and staff and governors of thirty-one states in 
carriages — Carriages also contained Henry Watterson, Chauncey M. Depew, Cardinal Gibbons, Bishop 
Fowler, National Commissioners, Lady Managers, Foreign Commissioners, Directots, Chiefs of Depart- 
ments, members of City Council and others — Tremendous enthusiasm all along the line from Washington 
Park to the Manufactures Building — All the governors and all the soldier boys cheered — Flower, Russell, 
Boies and McKinley vociferously saluted — The jolly author of Peck's Bad Boy an especial favorite . . 91 

CHAPTER IV. 

COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXERCISES. 

One hundred thousand people in attendance — Grand orchestra of two hundred pieces and a chorus of five thou- 
sand voices under Theodore Thomas — Bishop Fowler's prayer and the opening address of the Director- 
General — Hempstead Washburne's brilliant remarks — Reading and singing the Dedicatory Ode . . 95 



8 CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER V. 

DEDICATION OF THE BUILDINGS. PAGE. 

President Higinbotham bestows the cornmemoratory medals — The President of the Commission receives the 
buildings from the President of the Exposition and the latter presents them to the Vice-President of the 
United States for dedication — Mr. Morton dedicates them to the World's Progress in Art, Science, Agri- 
culture and Manufactures — " God Save the United States of America " ....... loc 

CHAPTER VI. 

MRS. POTTER PALMER'S BRILLIANT ADDRESS. 

The liberation of women — They now have time to think, to be educated, to plan and pu»sue careers of their 
own choosing — The application of machinery to the performance of many heretofore laborious occupations 
of women relieves them of much oppression — Public sentiment will yet favor woman's industrial equality 
and just compensation for services rendered — She now drinks deeply of the long-denied fountain of knowl- 
edge — Is the world ready to give her industrial aud intellectual independence, and to open all doors before 
her in 

CHAPTER VII. 

THE DEDICATORY ORATION. 

Magnificent effort of Henry Watterson —Grand and patriotic throughout— The earnest Kentuckian touches 
brilliantly upon many of the salient points from 1492 to the present day —From the hillside of Santa Rabida 
to the present hour of celebration — No geography in American manhood — No sections to American frater- 
nity — The rise of the young republic — The drum taps of the Revolution — The tramp of the minute men — 
The curse of slavery gone — The mirage of separation vanished — A great and undivided country . . us 

CHAPTER VIII. 

THE GLOWING TRIBUTE OF CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. 

An oration so brilliant as to hold every listener spell-bound — Columbus, the discoverer, Washington, the 
founder, Lincoln, the savior — God always has in training some commanding genius for the control of great 
crises in the affairs of nations and people — Neither realism nor romance furnishes a more striking and 
picturesque picture than that of Christopher Columbu? ' n "e magician of the compass belonged to that 
high order of " cranks " who confidently walk where " angels fear to tread " — Continents are his monu- 
ments — Prayer by Cardinal Gibbons and benediction by Rev. H. C. McCosh, of Philadelphia — Grand dis- 
play of fireworks closed the dedication festivities 125 



PART V. 

Official Opening of the Exposition. 
CHAPTER I. 

THE GREAT REVIEW ON THE HUDSON RIVER. 

Rendezvous of war vessels of many nations at Fortress Monroe — The Caravels and the I'nfanta Isabella — The 
fleet at Sand}' Hook — Review on the Hudson River — The most spectacular and impressive marine event 
of any age — A million of people present — Mrs. Cleveland on the Dolphin — Description of the Caravels — 
The strength of the United States Navy never shown to better advantage — The British cruisers represented 
the best attainments in marine construction — How France and Germany engaged in friendly salutations — 
Vessels from the Baltic, the Mediterranean and South American waters 137 

CHAPTER II. 

ARRIVAL OF MR. CLEVELAND AND THE DUKE OF VERAGUA. 

The President of the United States and the Duke of Veragua come to Chicago to be present at the opening of 
the Exposition — They are met at the depot by distinguished people and escorted to their hotels by military 



CONTENTS. 9 

PAGE. 

—Great turnouts all along the line — How Mr. Cleveland spent Sunday in Chicago — He attends church in 
the morning and christens a grandchild of Secretary Gresham in the afternoon- -The Duke attends mass 
jnd receives calls 147 

CHAPTER III. 

ANOTHER DISTINGUISHED ARRIVAL. 

Independence Bell — Its progress from Philadelphia to Chicago— It receives an ovation all the way — Cannons 
and speeches by day and bonfires and red lights by night — The venerable relic seen by great crowds of 
people — It shares the honorable welcome paid to President Cleveland and the Duke of Veragua upon its 
arrival in Chicago — Received by military and music and escorted to Jackson Park by a procession two 
miles long — George Lippard's vivid picture of the revolutionary tones whose echoes have never died 
away — Its sounds still listened to by the American people 151 

CHAPTER IV. 

THE FORMAL OPENING OF THE EXPOSITION. 

Nearly a quarter of a million people present — President Cleveland presses the magic electric button at noon, 
May 1, 1S93, and the monster Allis Engine in Machinery Hall is set in motion amidst the booming of can- 
non, the blowing of trumpets, the ringing of bells, the unfurling of flags and the vociferations of the mul- 
titude — The white palaces abloom and ablaze with color — Twenty thousand flags are unfurled — Half a 
hundred foreign emblems cheered by the people who live under them — The orchestra play the national 
hymn and thousands of patriotic men and women join in the chorus — The spectacle as seen from the Ad- 
ministration Building — President Cleveland's address 155 



PART VI. 

The Women of the Exposition and Woman's Work. 
CHAPTER I. 

THE WOMAN'S BUILDING AND ITS PURPOSES. 

New methods of usefulness created — The Woman's Building an additional agency for the exposition of 
woman's work — Misconception concerning woman's skill and inventiveness cleared away — Women the 
originators of most of the industrial arts — The Woman's Building an inspiration of woman's genius — Some 
of the exhibits — Mrs. Palmer's curious office room — The fish women of New Jersey .... 163 

CHAPTER II. 

THE WOMEN WHO CONTROL. 

Generally known as the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition — A large number of 
prominent women among the members — Names and residences and official positions .... 167 

CHAPTER III. 

FORMAL OPENING OF THE WOMAN'S BUILDING. 

Mrs. Potter Palmer's address — Driving of the last nail — A woman's hand drives the golden nail with a silver 
hammer — A beautiful structure, the completion of which signified an accomplishment in which the united 
womanhood of the world has had a part — Large number of distinguished women present — A grand march 
composed by a German woman, Frau Ingeborg von Bronsart of Weimar — Prayer by Miss Ida Hutton — 
Overture by Miss Frances Elliott, of London, England — Reading of a poem by Miss Flora Wilkinson — 
Remarks by Lady Aberdeen, the Duchess of Veragua, Mrs. Bedford Fenwick, Mrs. Kaselowsky and the 
Princess Schachoffsky 173 



io CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER IV. 

OTHER FEATURES OF THE WOMAN'S BUILDING. PAGE. 

Illustrated English hospital methods — Costumes of the nurses displayed to advantage — Even the demonstration 
of intense suffering proves of great interest — Surgical instruments used by nurses — Opal glasses used for 
measuring medicines — Display of infants' hygienic clothing — Models of nurses — The dainty dietary section 
— Gowns and caps of the Sisters of St. Thomas — Egyptian and Arabian nurses in nursing and holiday 
attire — Miss Marsden's model Siberian leper village — What a Denver woman would do illustrated — Work 
of Navajoe Indian women — Work of East Indian women — Rare specimens of needlework — Mrs. Rogers' 
culinary lectures and examples in cooking 187 

CHAPTER V. 

THE CHILDREN'S BUILDING. 

The prettiest playhouse and nursery ever constructed — Panels containing the "Sleeping Beauty in the Wood " 
■ — ' ' Silverhair and the Bears " — Rosy -cherubs and opalescent clouds — Sweet and wise sayings on the wali*> 
— " Come, let us with our children live " — What a Columbian guard found in the Manufactures Building— 
A little girl baby in the corner 193 

Mrs. Ormiston Chant's plea for the children and the Children's Building 197 

The world and the World's Fair, by Director General Davis 199 

PART VII. 

The Main Buildings and their Exhibits. 
CHAPTER I. 

THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 

A marvel of exquisite architectural handiwork — Were it stone instead of imitation it would have no equal- 
Irresistible color scheme and effect — Beautiful blending of pale blue, terra cotta, bright yellow and pah 
cream — Unsurpassed decorative delineations — Matchless fusion of harmonious tints — Impressive ensemble 
of rotunda, colonnade, mezzanine and dome — Dedicatory tablets to Gutenberg, Copernicus, James WatU 
and Morse — The most beautifully lighted structure in the world "03 

CHAPTER II. 

THE MAMMOTH MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 

The greatest exposition structure ever known — It covers nearly forty acres of ground and contains forty-four 
acres of exhibits, valued at fifty millions of dollars — Three million feet of lumber and five carloads of nails 
in the main floor — It is i,6S7 feet long and 7S7 feet wide — Many of the foreign pavilions built after designs 
of famous palaces — Rare and costly wares, fabrics, watches, jewelry, musical and mechanical instruments 
and professional implements amaze the beholder on every hand — The great central landmark an alabaster 
clock tower 135 feet high, erected by the American Clock Co. — A chime of nine bells — When the}' ring it 
sounds like the music of heaven reverberating through the immense space — Pantheon-like pavilion of the 
Meridian-Britannia Ware — Tiffany's costly structure — A dazzling aggregation of gems — Splendid display ol 
watches and jewelry — Elegant and spacious booth of the Waltham Watch Company — Stem-winders by the 
ton — Palaces and temples filled with laces, rich chinaware, porcelain, statuary, silverware, textile fabrics, 
' etc. — Silver statue of Columbus at the Gorham pavilion — Dolls that talk and walk — Petrified wonders 
from Arizona — Dazzling displays by fort}- foreign countries — Reproduction of Hatfield House — Concen- 
trated splendor of the Siam exhibit — Magnificent displays by all the leading European countries — Sketch 
of James Allison, Chief of Department of Manufactures , - 9 

CHAPTER III. 

DEPARTMENT OF LIBERAL ARTS. 

The most important educational feature of the Exposition — Wonderful and complete in ever}- detail — Tremen- 
dous advantages to be derived from this matchless exhibition — Every state in the Union and nearly every 
country in the world represented — Splendid exhibits from Montreal and Quebec — An interesting display by 
the American Bible Society — The Lincoln manuscripts — The only letter that Jefferson Davis wrote tc 
Abraham Lincoln — Tens of thousands of unique and charming features — Sketch of Professor Peabody — 
' ' Trip around the world " ,9 



CONTENTS. it 

CHAPTER IV. 

DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. PAGE. 

Anthropology: ' ' Man and His Works " — What ma}- be seen at the Ethnological Building — The Mound Builders 
of Ohio — Splendid collection from Mexico, Costa Rica and New South Wales — Views of plans and models 
of prehistoric men — Prehistoric architectural monuments and habitations — Natural and artificial cave 
dwellings — Lacustrine dwellings — Sweat houses, totem poles cliff dwellings and skin lodges — Implements 
of war and the chase — Furniture and clothing of aboriginal, uncivilized and partly civilized races — Objects 
of spiritual significance and veneration — Representation of dieties — Appliances of worship — Historic 
archaeology — Objects illustrating the progress of nations — Models and representations of ancient vessels 
— Clothing and adornment — Apparatus for making clothing and ornaments — Articles used in cooking and 
eating — Models and representation of ancient buildings — Cities and monuments of the historic period 
anterior to the discover} - of America — Objects illustrating generally the progress of the amelioration of the 
conditions of life and labor — The evolution of labor-saving machines and implements — Portraits, busts and 
statues of great inventors and others who have contributed largely to the progress of civilization and the 
well-being of man — Eulalia entertained by the Ouackahl Indians — Sketch of Professor Putnam . . 255 

CHAPTER V. 

AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 

The great resort of farmers — A beautiful structure — The spirit of agriculture grandly personified — Blandish- 
ments of field and farm — Bewildering avenues of extremely unique and ornamental pavilions — All the 
industries picturesquely shown — Nineteen acres of exhibits — Novel exhibit of the Association of American 
Experimental Stations and Agricultural Colleges — All the essential products derived from agriculture are 
attractively shown in the galleries — Grasses and grains varied in colors and beautifully blended — The ex- 
hibit of Ontario — The monster cheese weighs eleven tons — It is the largest ever made — Little cheeses that 
only weigh one thousand pounds each — Elaborate state exhibits — Burdett-Coutts' stable exhibits — Many 
things from foreign lands — Mowers, harvesters, thrashers and plows by the acre — Sketch of Chief Buchanan 
— Live stock exhibit — Dog shows and carrier pigeon flights — Bovine blue bloods ..... 265 

CHAPTER VI. 

AMONG THE TREES OF THE WORLD. 

Big trees and little trees from all over the world — The Forestry Building one of the most unique and interesting 
of all — Nature versus staff — Magnificent specimens of characteristic timber growths — Paraguay alone sends 
321 varieties — California sends redwoods and sequoias — Medicinal trees, lichens and mosses — Methods of 
seed testing, transplanting and measuring — The protection of young trees against insects — Logging and 
lumbering — A saw mill in operation — A most entertaining and instructive exhibit throughout . . . 281 

CHAPTER VII. 

HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 

The grandest and completest structure ever erected for a horticultural exhibit — It contains 89,000 square feet of 
space more than the combined areas of the buildings used for a similar purpose at Paris, the Centennial 
and New Orleans — Sketch of J. M. Samuels, Chief of the Department of Horticulture . . ... 291 

CHAPTER VIII. 

IN THE REALM OF RARE FLOWERS AND PLANTS. 

/ ramble among rare and aristocratic plants — More than half a million dollars' worth from Greenland's icy 
mountain to India's coral strand — North and South America, Mexico, Cuba, Europe, Central America, 
China, Japan, Australia, and the Hawaiian and South Sea Islands represented — Enchantresses from the 
Amazon and the Nile — Modest inhabitants from the Alps, the Appenines, the Sierra Nevada, and the 
Mountains of the Moon — Wonderful ferns and palms from New South Wales and the Cape of Good Hope 
— Tens of thousands of miscellaneous herbaceous flowers and flowering shrubs — More than a half-million 
orchids, roses, carnations, lilies, pansies, cannas, fuschias and petunias — Magnificent exhibits by Australia, 
Canada, Trinidad, New York, Pennsylvania, Germany, Belgium, Mexico and Japan — Australian tree ferns 
six hundred years old — Staghorn and bird's nest ferns of wonderful size and beauty — Splendid collections 
of the cereus gigantea — Great display of rhododendrons — Splendid collections of ferns and palms from 
Toronto conservatories — Dwarf trees in the Japanese garden over a hundred years old — Pitcher & Manda's 
wonderful display of seven thousand costly plants — Enormous bamboos from Trinidad — Two century 
plants in bloom — The atmosphere of the Horticultural Building freighted with aromatic sweets . . 293 



i2 CONTENTS. 



• CHAPTER IX. 

THE FRENCH FLORICULTURAI, EXHIBIT. "page. 

Many new and rare flowering and foliage plants — The finest azaleas and rhododendrons ever seen in America — 
M. Jules Lemoine, principal gardener of the city of Paris, introduces many lovely and bewitching members 
of the realm of Flora and encircles the Woman's Building in bloom — He also enlivens other stretches 
of sward 3°3 

CHAPTER X. 

A RAMBLE AMONG FRUITS AND WINES. 

Other exhibits in the Horticultural Building — Side by side with the celebrated and world-renowned vintages of 
Europe are shown the products of American vineyards — Unique features of some of the foreign displays — 
Missouri, Ohio, New York and California are well represented — Fruits from nearly every state ill the Union 
— Enormous apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries and prunes from Idaho, Colorado, Oregon and Wash- 
ington — Unsurpassed displays of thirty kinds of fruits by California's great citrus fruit exhibit by the state 
— Towers and pagodas of oranges and lemons from southern California attract great attention — Many fine 
displays of preserved, dried, canned and crystalized fruits and raisins from southern California — Big display 
of seeds by Peter Henderson, of New York — Great array of garden implements, tents, greenhouses, lawn 
mowers, fences, statuary, etc 307 

CHAPTER XI. 

PALACE OF MECHANIC ARTS 

A remarkably beautiful structure — It is S50X500 feet, and cost $1,200,000 — The Allis engine the largest in the 
world — An aggregated 24,000 horse power — 17,000 horse power required to provide electricity — Two d3~na- 
mos each with a capacity of 10,000 lights — Ten engines averaging 2,000 horse power each — A fly wheel 
thirty feet in diameter — An engine whose combination of iron and steel weighs 225 tons — Its wheel and 
shaft alone weigh 100 tons — Machinery of every description in operation — Manufacturing devices and 
machine tools by thousands — A highly interesting description of all the engines and boilers — How many 
things are manufactured right before one's eyes — Grier's ingrain lumber machine — An interesting relic — A 
striking contrast — Sketch of Chief Robinson 313 

CHAPTER XII. 

TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 

Wonders in the way of railway trains — An object lesson for railroad operatives — The mahogany train of the 
Canadian Pacific Railway — The most costly and magni ficent in the world— Its engine can haul ten full 
passenger cars sixty miles an hour — A tremendous engine from the Loudon & Northwestern Railway, of 
England, and a handsome train — This locomotive can haul thirty of its coaches, each containing six pas- 
sengers, seventy-five miles an hour — Its average time, including stops, fifty-three miles an" hour — Steven- 
son's Rocket on exhibit — Also the Albion and Samson, built in 1S38 — Also the two first engines run over 
the Old Colon)' road, in the thirties— Another old-timer, built in England in 1831, and last in sen-ice in 
Mississippi in 1890 — It puffed and whistled sixty years, and once fell overboard and staid under water from 
1868 until 1S70 — More than fifty locomotives on exhibition, representing the Baldwin and other works — 
Three from England, three from Germany and four from France — The Baldwin has an engine that has 
made a mile in 39 % seconds, or 92 miles an hour — All of the Baldwin locomotives are jacked up so that 
their engines may be seen in motion— Nicaragua canal relief map — Graphic illustration of that enterprise 
— Not more than f 100,000,000 required to construct it — Excavation already in progress on the Atlantic end 
— Great exhibit of bicycles— Pneumatics of all sizes, degrees and conditions— The old-time bicycle prac- 
tically unexhibited — Safeties all the go— Pennsylvania and New York Central exhibit — Coaches, buggies and 
baby carriages— Sledges, carretas and volantes— Marine architecture— Sedans, palenquins and cateches— 
The Transportation Building and the Department Chief ... - 320 



CONTENTS. 15 



CHAPTER XIII. 

MINES AND MINING BUILDING. PAGE. 

The Department of Mines excels all former exhibits of its kind — Included in this display is every kind of ma- 
terial from the rough state to the finished product — Artistic and instructive grouping — Striking exhibit 
from New South Wales — Michigan makes a fine display of copper in various shapes — Missouri shows 
zinc, lead, iron and other minerals — Canada contributes nickel, silver and gold— Montana's pavilion a 
centre of attraction — The silver statue of Ada Rehan— Colorado makes a magnificent and dazzling display 
— California shows gold, silver, copper, tin, borax, quicksilver, and many other minerals — Its marble and 
onyx exhibit challenges general admiration — Ponderous mining machinery in operation — Miniature mining 
plants, with devices for boring, lighting, hoisting and pulverizing — Methods of separating ores — Old style 
rockers and Long Toms — All the new implements — Magnificent exhibits of coal and iron by Ohio and 
Pennsylvania — The wonderful German exhibit — The finest ever made before in any country— Sketch of 
Chief Skiff . - . 345 

CHAPTER XIV. 

DEPAR.TME"NT OP ELECTRICITY AND ITS BUILDING. 

Wonders of electricity — The building devoted to this science — Undreamed of revelations and effects — Franklin 
and his kite — The man who first harnessed lightning — Temple of the Western Electric Company — The 
grandeur aud brilliancy of the exhibit — Thousands of concealed incandescents — Mingling of rainbow tones 
— Prismatic colors that awe the spectator — An electric theatre — Cascades of fantastic lights — Magnificent 
exhibit of Thomas A. Edison, the Wizard of Menlo Park — Startling and beautiful effects — Obelisks of 
light and color* — Spirals of radiance and fountains of incandescents — Corinthian columns ablaze with imi- 
tation sunbeams — Five thousand witching lamps glitter in pillars of glass — Eighteen thousand lights in 
' the Edison tower — Chief Barrett 355 

CHAPTER XV. 

FISH AND FISHERIES BUILDING. 

One of the greatest of all the resorts — Magnificent display of many kinds of fresh and salt water fish — Min- 
nows and alligators under the same roof — Some of the best known denizens of the Atlantic and Pacific 
oceans and the Gulf of Mexico are in the swim — Speckled trout from New England rivers and Dolly 
Vardens from the streams of California — Carp and suckers move lazily about — Perch, pike and pickerel 
in the same tank — Bass, flounders and salmon turn up their aristocratic smellers — Gold fish and other 
gaudy species splash merrily around — The sturgeon and showbill are spaciously quartered — Sketch of 

Chief Collins 365. 

CHAPTER XVI. 

THE PALACE OF FINE ARTS, 
magnificent building throughout — Paintings and statuary from all parts of the woild — Private collection of 
paintings from many homes — Pictures of every phase of life and nature — Animal and portrait paintings 
from all lands — Hundreds of beautiful marine and landscape sketches — Allegory and mythology from 
imperial galleries — Schnidler's " Market Scene in Cairo " — Canon's " Hunting Master " — The American 
Loan Association — Joe Jefferson, "The Mauve" — Hovendin's "Breaking Home Ties" — The Emperor 
Francis Joseph's loan — England surprises with her beautiful paintings, and France maintains her fame as 
an art center — Sketch of Chief Ives ............... 379- 

CHAPTER XVII. 

THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
Marvelous collection of exhibits made by " Uncle Sam " — Three thousand models from the patent office — 
Progress of American invention elaborately presented — The Smithsonian display alone a wonderful edu- 
• cator — Bird and beast mounted amid the same surroundings as in life — Each specimen so labeled that no 
observer can make a mistake — A first-class postoffice in operation — Dead letter curiosities — Tarantulas, 
horned toads, Human skulls, axes, dolls, molasses candy, stuffed owls, alligators, ostrich eggs, and thous- 
ands of other things that never reached their destination — War Department novelties — Great guns and 
little ones — Cannons and torpedoes — Historic documents from the Department of Justice — Documents 
connected with the Dred Scott Decision — Great exhibit by the Agricultural Department — Horticulture, 
pomology and forestry — Special Alaskan exhibit — Quaint, curious and interesting objects of ethnological 
research— Peculiarities of many birds and beasts ............ 397 



i 4 CONTENTS. 

PART VIII. 



Other Main Features 
CHAPTER I. 

THE SHRINE OF THE WHITE CITY. PA3E. 

Reproduction of the convent where Columbus and his son once took refuge — Court, cloister and corridor — The 
first Cross erected in America — Coins made from the first gold found in America — Letters patent and auto- 
graphs from Ferdinand and Isabella — Collection of paintings on wood and rare Mosaics loaned by the 
Vatican — Two bells with a history — One of the cannons of the Santa Maria — More than a thousand paint- 
ings in all — Model of the Norse Ship — Books written by Marco Polo and Americus Vespucci — The sepul- 
cher room — Many pictures and relics of the last days of Columbus — La Rabida, the mecca of man)- pil- 
grims — The remains of the great navigator — The Battle Ship Illinois — A superb counterfeit man-of-war — 
A vessel that has never tossed on billows — The lighthouse and life-saving station — Hospital service . . 409 

CHAPTER II. 

THE WHITE HORSE INN AND KRUPP'S GUN. 

Reproduction of a famous English hostlery — Coffee and cakes a la Francaise — Great guns as peacemakers — 
A gun weighing 121 tons that will send a shell fifteen miles — Opinions of Mpjor-General Schofield — Shoe 
and Leather Building— Merchant Tailor's Building — Choral Hall — The Terminal Station— Intramural 
Railroad — Service Building — Bureau of Admissions — Puck Building — White Star Line Pavilion — Wind- 
mills, hospitals, restaurants and New England Clam Bakes 417 

CHAPTER III. 

ONE OF THE GEMS OF THE FAIR. 

The Wooded Island —More than a million trees and plants — Fifty thousand roses — Hardy herbaceous plants 
from all over the world — The hunter's cabin and Japanese building — Timothy Hopkin's sweet peas— John 
Thorpe's church — A spot blessed by heaven and rivaling the rainbow 427 

CHAPTER IV. 

FIFTY CENTS FOR A CUP OF TEA. 

Maria and her mother on a stroll — Tea from ten cents to fifty cents a cup — And tea for nothing — Bread known 
as the light of Asia — Where one may feel at home — That which stimulates but does not intoxicate — None 
should miss these tea gardens 435 

CHAPTER V. 

THE PERISTYLE AND COURT OF HONOR. 

Columned splendor indeed — The impressive beauties of the Greek peristyle — Nothing like it has ever been 
seen or attempted — Music Hall and Casino — The pier and movable sidewalk — The Court of Honor by day 
and by night — Statue of the Republic and MacMonnies Ship of State — The illuminated fountains . . 439 

CHAPTER VI. 

THE EXPOSITION STATUARY'. 

All is not gold that glitters — Venice in the zenith of her achievements was never so statuesque — Neither Rome 
nor Athens could point to so many inspiring effigies — A wonderful thing is '■ staff" — " Distance lends en- 
chantment to the view " — Massive statues that resemble marble made from scantling and plaster . . 451 



CONTENTS. 15 



PART IX. 

Among the State Buildings, 
CHAPTER I. 

ILLINOIS BUILDING FIRST AND FOREMOS1. 

It cost $230,000 and is the largest state structure on the grounds — Its admirable and commandirg site — Its ex- 
hibits tell the story of the history of Illinois in a pictorial way — All the departments of the state repre- 
sented — Reception and office rooms for the Governor — Work rooms of the agricultural and horticultural 
demrtments — Functions of state government admirably shown — Kindergarten interests liberally provided 
for — Bureau of information — Two large exhibition rooms — Archaeology and geographical survey — Grain 
commission, forestry and fish commission — Laboratory of natural history — One-tenth of the building occu- 
pied by the Illinois Woman's Exposition Board 455 

CHAPTER II. 

AWAY DOWN EAST. 

The good old state of Maine — Its latchstring always out — The Granite State modestly on top— Old John Hutch- 
inson still sings — The commonwealth that gave us the hero ofTiconderoga — Massachusetts and its colonial 
structure — Many historic treasures — Relics innumerable — Little Rhody to the front — Clams, spindles, prints 
and Corliss engines represented — The Connecticut state building — Dutch mantels, colonial architecture 
and dormer windows — An abundance of pretty girls but no wooden nutmegs 459 

CHAPTER III. 

A GALAXY OF STATES. 

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware — Stateliness of the building of the Empire State — Money 
liberally expended on wall, ceiling, floor, vestibule, arch, column and balustrade — The Pennsylvania 
Building — Many prefer it to any in the group — A very beautiful structure throughout — New Jersey repro- 
duces the Washington Headquarters at Morristown — A revolutionary flavor and no mistake — Delaware, 
which raised the first money for the Exposition, has a picturesque building .... . . 465 

CHAPTER IV. 

VIRGINIA, THE MOTHER OF PRESIDENTS. 

Mount Vernon reproduced — One of the most interesting collections of choice relics on the grounds — West 
Virginia and Maryland near by — Much that is colonial seen in these buildings — Old portraits, flint guns, 
cockades and continentals — West Virginia 473 

CHAPTER V. 

WAY DOWN SOUF 'MONG DE FIELDS OF COTTON. 

The governors of North and South Carolina are not in it — Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee also 
have no State buildings — Florida reproduces Fort Marion — Louisiana has a beautiful building — All its 
governors for one hundred years present — The Woman's World's Fair Exhibit Association of Texas erect 
a handsome building for the Lone Star State . , . . 479 

CHAPTER VI. 

THE NOTED BLUE GRASS STATE. 

A glance at its pretty women — Fleet horses and fine grasses of Kentucky — Kentuckians are boastful, but they 
never " talk through their hats " — Arkansas and its building — A fountain of Hot Springs crystal illumi- 
nated by incandescents — The forty-five thousand dollar building of Missouri — A territorial trio . . 483 

CHAPTER VII. 

THE STATES BY THE LAKES. 

The beautiful building of Ohio — A great resort afternoons — Indiana's superb sixty-five thousand dollar edifice 
—Michigan's attractive building — Nothing to excel it in all round beauties — The Wolverines in their 
glory — The Badger State spends $30,000 to make its denizens comfortable 487 



1 6 CONTENTS 

CHAPTER VIII. 

WHEAT AND CORN PRODUCING STATES. PAGE. 

Four great States — How they were represented in Congress thirty years ago— Unsurpassed display of Iowa — 
Grandeur of Minnesota — Minnehaha and Hiawatha — What the women of Minnesota have done for their 
State — Bleeding Kansas and its inviting display — The twenty thousand dollar building of Nebraska . . 493 

CHAPTER IX. 

4 

BUILDINGS OP THE STATES OP THE GREAT INTERIOR. 

Horace Greeley's advice abundantly taken — Many millions go West — The noble structure of the Centennial 
State — The Wyoming and Montana buildings — Headquarters of the young State of Idaho— The two Dakotas 
pretentiously represented — Utah takes a place among its full-grown sisters 497 

CHAPTER X. 

A PEEP AT THE PACIFIC SLOPE. 

California's reproduction of some of its old Mission churches — A unique blending of San Antonio, of Padua 
San Juan, Capistrano, San Diego and Santa Barbara — 100,000 square feet of space occupied by 266 exhib- 
itors from the Golden State — Great columns and pyramids of fruits — Pavilion of redwood and laurel 

Samples of gold, silver, copper, tin, quicksilver, iron, coal, borax and many other minerals — Orange, 
lemon, pomegranate, fig, lime and apricot trees in bearing — Towers of walnuts and almonds — Masses of 
dried, preserved and crystalized fruits — A live palm tree from San Diego County 127 years old, 50 feet in 
height, and weighing 47,000 pounds — Beautiful display of Spanish silk and silver work — The State of 
Washington — A wonderful exhibit — Woods, metals, cereals, and fruits in amazing abundance — A great 
display of taxidermy — The biggest flagstaff in the world 503 



PART X. 

Among the Foreign Buildings. 
CHAPTER I. 
The German Building — A combination of numerous styles of architecture — Nearly a quarter of a million ex- 
pended — A home of many gables, balconies and towers — Reproduction of a rural chapel — Collection of 
Bismarck souvenirs — Historical documents and copies of treaties — Tapestry, furniture, bronze, statuary* and 
paintings from German factories and studios — Some beautiful work in carved oak — Handsome carpets and 

rugs — The pavilion of the Norwegians — A type of architecture which originated eight hundred years ago 

Timbers from Christiana — The Swedish Building — Modern brick and terra cotta from prominent manu- 
facturers of Sweden — The "Venice of the North" — Many of the products of Sweden represented Exquis- 
ite embroideries and needle work — Panorama of Swedish landscape ........ coo 

CHAPTER II. .? 

GREAT BRITAIN'S VICTORIA HOUSE. 

The more you see it the more you like it — A majestic but not gaudy interior — Double sweeps of staircases 

A fine but subdued collection of furniture — Carved oak that reminds one of the times of Good Oueen 
Bess — Associations that are halos — The East Indian Building — Tantalizing shawls and carpets — Brocades 
from Madras and Benares — A great collection of tapestries and embroideries ^iq 

CHAPTER HI. 

PAVILIONS OP FRANCE AND SPAIN. 

The sword of Lafayette — A reproduction of the room in the Palace at Versailles in which Franklin was re- " 
ceived — A large number of contributions from the Duke of Veragua — Letters patent to Columbns from 
Isabella — Commission from the King and Queen — Many interesting state papers 523 

CHAPTER IV. 

CANADA AND NEW SOUTH WALES. 

The provinces of Ontario and Quebec handsomely represented — Native Canadian shrubbery abundant — Highly 
polished Canadian woods — Various commercial, scientific, agricultural and educational articles shown— 
The classical pavilion of New South Wales — A credit to that far-off country 529 



CONTENTS. 17 



CHAPTER V. 

THE ATTRACTIVE CEYLON BUILDING. 

i mixed architecture of many native woods — Designs from ancient buildings — Figures of sacred birds and 
animals — Ornamental facades and pillars — Fancy designs in ceilings and walls— Carvings that take one 
back 543 years B. C. — The sacred tooth of Buddha — Sun and moon symbols 533 

CHAPTER VI. 

THE OTTOMAN PAVILION. 

The resources of Turkey shown in twelve sections — Textile fabrics — Gold and silver and other minerals — 
Munitions of war, electrical appliances and many antiquities — Agricultural products — Silks and dye stuffs 
^An imitation of the Hunkhar Casque — Damascian carved woods — The Ottoman coat of arms — Damascus 

rugs and other oriental manufactures , 537 

CHAPTER VII. 

THE TWO CENTRAL AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 

The pavilion of Costa Rica — A modest but pretty building —Diminutive monkeys with lots of hair — Silks and 
fibres that fairly dazzle the eye — Coffee and waffles — A glance at Guatemala — Gardens that represent 

coffee plantations , 539 

CHAPTER VIII. 

BRAZIL AND VENEZUELA. 

The beautiful buildings of the two South American republics — Brazil has one of the most attractive pavilions 
on the grounds — Coffee served to thousands daily — Venezuelans do their level best with coffee and 
beans — They show many swords and other trophies of General Simon Bolivar , 543 



PART XI. 

The Midway Plaisance. 
CHAPTER I. 

CAIRO STREET AND TURKISH VILLAGE. 

A general combination of the a-chitectural features of the city of Cairo — Mosques, minarets, dancing girls, 
shopkeepers, musicians, camels, donkeys and dogs — The temple of Luxor reproduced — Tomb of the 
sacred bull — Nubians and Soudanese — Reproduction of temples four thousand years old — A room full of 
mummies — Egyptian shops and shopkeepers — No such sight ever seen before in Europe or America — Lap- 
landers and their reindeers — Wonders of the Turkish village — Counterparts of objects in Constantinople 
— Turkish theatres and bazaars — The five million dollar tent of the Shah of Persia, which took one hun- 
dred years to make — Marvels of oriental tapestry and embroidery — Sword and handkerchief dances . 549 

CHAPTER II. 

THE TWO IRISH VILLAGES. 

Lady Aberdeen's work — Blarney Castle and the village of Irish iudustries — A piece of the genuine Blarney 
stone — Carter Harrison's speech to the girls of Belfast and Cork — Lace-makers and weavers and butter and 
cheese makers from the land of no snakes— Mrs. Peter White — Mrs. Ernest Hart and her village — A re- 
production of Donegal Castle — Eighteen Celtic lasses — Good Irish buttermilk — Irish airs on Irish pipes . 561 

CHAPTER III. 

THE JAVANESE AND SOUTH SEA ISLANDERS. 

The quamt buildings of the Javanese a great resort — Everything as neat as a pin — More than one hundred 
people — And such tea and coffee — Personal appearance of the Javanese — Their bamboo dwellings — The 
Javanese theatre and orchestra — Ten attractive dancing girls from Solo — ' ' Klass " and his peculiarities — 

The South Sea Islanders — A great exhibit — Cannibal and war dances 565 

CHAPTER IV. 

THE GERMANS AND AUSTRIANS. 

Cottages from the Black Forest — The Town Hall of Hesse — Westphalia and the banks of the Rhine — Glimpses 
of Berlin and Bavaria — A reproduction of one of the streets of Old Vienna — Forty-eight stores— The Em- 
peror's own band — The cost of the village nearly $130,000 — It opened with a banquet , 575 

CHAPTER V. 

AMONG OTHER NATIONS. 

The village of the alni_jd-eyed Mongolian — The electric theater — The Libbey Glass Works — The Ferris 
Wheel the greatest piece of machinery in the world — Pretty imitation of La Tour Eiffel — Carl Hagenback's 
menagerie — The big, black Dahomeyans 579 




HON. THOMAS W. PALMER, 

PRESIDENT WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 



1 NTRODUCTORY. 



PRESIDENT THOS. W. PALMER. 




OU want me to express my opinion in regard to the Fair. 
I cannot talk to you about it from an artistic standpoint, for 
I know very little about art. I can only tell its effect upon S* 
me and, inferentially, what it will be upon 10,000,000 of*' 
people. 1 think it will astound every one who visits it, both 
on account of its magnitude and what they will consider its 
artistic merits. It would be fairy-like if it were not so co- 
lossal. It is a vision snatched from dreams whose lines 
have been brought out and well defined by the iodine of art. 
As an educational force and inspiration I believe the build- 
ings, their grouping, and laying out of the grounds will in 
themselves do more good in a general way than the exhibits 
themselves, by the exaltation that it will inspire in every 
man, woman, and child who may have any emotions, and who has none, that may 
come to view it. I think that the prospect from Lake Michigan will impress every 
one who approaches it from that side by the tout ensemble which will be pre- 
sented. I never looked at it'without thinking of Claude Melnotte's description to 
Pauline of his palace by the Lake of Como. 

I was at Nice some years ago, and one morning in November I looked from 
my balcony up the distant mountain side and saw the cataract going over the dam, 
the Alps in the background, with the olive groves and the blue Mediterranean far 
above ground, and I said to my wife: "Every one who can should come to Nice to 
put in a stock of material for dreams." I think the Exposition furnishes a maga- s~ 
zine for dreams equally as grand and more attractive. 

I have no doubt that, notwithstanding the vast amount of literature and 
illustrations which has been issued describing the Fair, the expectations of our 
people and those from abroad will be more than realized. I never go down to it 
but what I am lifted up to a higher plane, and feel more enthusiasm in regard to 
its real magnitude and merit. If it was within the range of constitutional legisla- 
tion it would pay the Government of the United States to bring free of expense ten 
millions of our people who will not have the money to come. 

You have seen Kiralfy's "Around the World in Eighty Days" and read Jules 
Verne's "Around the World," wherein Mr. Fogg gained a day and saved his 
fortune by going to the west, so will all people and races here gain more than a day 



2o INTRODUCTORY. 

and more than a fortune in getting a more thorough idea of the habitable globe 
by coming west to Chicago. 

I regard the street of all nations on the Midway Plaisance, although thought 
by some to be beneath the aim of the great Exposition, as one of its most valuable 
adjuncts. To the specialist, the scientist, and the artist the Exposition furnishes all 
that may be desired, but to the vast mass of humanity the attractions of the Mid- 
way Plaisance will give the first impulse to inquiry, and the statuary outside of 
buildings constructed on harmonious lines will remain a vital force to the majority 
of people long after details are forgotten. 

The Art Building is a classic and the Fisheries Building a study. In looking 
at the first a man can feel that he is in Athens during the age of Pericles. The 
whole thing if viewed by that worthy would make Haroun al Raschid go wild with 
despair and Scheherezade go mad with envy because Aladdin and his lamp, her 
greatest achievement, was surpassed from the shores of an inland lake on the 
margin of the prairie. 



</^Ua£3 



PART I. 



ORIGIN OF THE EXPOSITION. 



CHAPTER I. 
HOW CHICAGO SECURED THE CELEBRATION. 

How and When the Columbian Exposition was Conceived — The Idea of a Celebration of the Four 
Hundredth Anniversary of the Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus Originated with 
T. W. Zaremba — His First Desire was to Have it in Mexico — How this Indefatigable Gentleman 
Pursued the Object of His Thought— How Chicago Took Hold of the Enterprise — Other 
Metropolitan Cities Take a Hand — Splendid Work of Leading Chicago Men in Washington — 
Persistency of all Parties Interested — The Real Contest Between Chicago and New York — Chicago 
Successful — Congress Votes in its Favor — Preliminary Action — Subscription of Stock — Board of 
Directors and Other Officers Elected — Lyman J. Gage the First President of the Chicago Directory 
— Congressional Provisions for Commissioners — Raising of Money — Appointment of Commis- 
sioners — Zaremba's Active Life — Appointment of Hon. Thomas B. Bryan Commissioner-at-Large 
— Mr. Bryan's Splendid Work in Europe — A Gentleman and a Scholar — Few Men Living With 
Such Rare Attainments. 



T IS admitted that, during the past twelve or fifteen years, 
there has not been an insignificant number who have pro- 
posed and even agitated a World's Columbian Exposition — 
that is, a world's celebration of the four hundredth anniversary 
of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. But 
it seems to be conceded that Dr. T. W. Zaremba, a well-known 
German-American, is the person to whom the distinguished 
honor most properly belongs, as abundant proofs are accessible 
that this gentleman, impressed with the grandeur and benefits 
of the Centennial, in a few years afterward imparted to Gen. 
John C. Fremont, Peter Cooper and Charles A. Lamont, 
whom he met in New York at the Cooper Institute in 1882, his views regarding 
his new scheme. 

It was not until June 11, 1884, however, that Dr. Zaremba made any pro- 
nounced movement, upon which day he sent to the diplomatic representatives of 
foreign powers at Washington an invitation to a conference to consider the celebra- 
tion of the fourth centenary of America's discovery by Columbus by a World's 
Fair in Mexico. Sixteen days thereafter he confided his plan to George R. Davis 








WELCOME. 

An interior view of the parlor of a resident of Chicago as it appears after he has completed arrangements for the reception of friends- 
who have signified their intention of visiting him during the World's Fair. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 23 

and P. V. Duester, at that time members of Congress, and a day or two later to 
William F. Poole of Chicago, whom he met on Broadway in New York. July 11, 
1884, he wrote concerning it to Benson Lossing, the historian. 

In the summer of 1885 Dr. Zaremba was in Chicago. Still enthusiastic over 
his plan for the celebration he conferred with Levi Leiter, John P. Reynolds, Edwin 
Lee Brown and John B. Drake on the subject. In Wisconsin, in the fall of the 
same year, he chanced to see an article in a Chicago newspaper suggesting that a 
World's Fair be held to celebrate Columbus' discovery, and that Chicago be the 
site. Dr. Zaremba immediately returned to Chicago and began to work on his own 
proposition with not altogether encouraging results. November 24, 1885, he re- 
ceived from Secretary of State Dement license to organize "The Chicago Columbian 
Centenary World's Fair and Exposition Company." He immediately called a 
meeting, which was held in club room 4 of the Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago. 

Among the men who responded to his invitation were A. C. and Washington 
Hesing, A. B. Pullman, John A. Sexton, W. K. Sullivan, and several newspaper 
reporters. The meeting resulted only in a general talk, but the lukewarm interest 
evinced by the public in his pet project did not check the ardor of Dr. Zaremba. 

In 1886, while the American Historical Society was in session in Washing- 
ton, Dr. Zaremba brought his Columbus monument and attendant propositions to 
the notice of that body. A committee to confer with the President of the United 
States was appointed by the Historical Society with the hope that the chief magis- 
trate would call the attention of Congress to the question and thereby obtain an 
expression of opinion as to the best manner of celebrating the fourth centenary of 
America's discovery. Philadelphia, which had kept its eye on the movement, imme- 
diately sent a committee to Washington for the purpose of obtaining an appro- 
priation for such a celebration to be held in that city. Thus for the first time the 
dim possibility of a World's Fair in this country to celebrate Columbus' feat took on 
an aspect of probability. In February, 1882, the year that the indefatigable Dr. 
Zaremba was impressing the advisability of his scheme on the minds of Peter Cooper 
and other New York men, there was printed in a Chicago newspaper a letter from 
Dr. Harlan, a Chicago dentist, in which he suggested Chicago as the proper place 
for a World's Fair. In 1885 Dr. Harlan's suggestion was revived, and a joint com- 
mittee was appointed from the Chicago, Commercial, Union League and Iroquois 
clubs to take action on the matter and report. 

Early in 1886 a Board of Promotion was organized in New England to 
secure congressional action in the direction of a centenary celebration. Ex-Governor 
Claflin, of Massachusetts, acted as president of this board. Following closely upon 
its organization, July 31st, a resolution was introduced by Senator Hoar, of Mas- 
sachusetts, for the appointment of a joint congressional committee of fourteen to con- 
sider the advisability of holding a Fair. Senator Hoar's proposition was to have 
temporary and permanent buildings for such a Fair erected in Washington, D. C. 

As soon as it became evident that the World's Fair would be a coveted 
honor and that the rivalry among the leading cities of America for the distinction of 
holding it would be keen, Chicago prepared to get it. The City Council passed a 



24 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

resolution July 22, 1889, instructing the mayor to appoint a committee of one hun- 
dred to induce Congress to locate the Fair in Chicago. A few days later Thomas 
B. Bryan was requested by several prominent men to write a resolution favoring the 
location of the Fair at Chicago. This Mr. Bryan did, and at a meeting held in the 
council chamber the resolution was adopted after a thorough discussion of the sub- 
ject in all its phases. 

August 15, 1889, the Secretary of State at Springfield, 111., granted a license 
to De Witt C. Cregier, Ferdinand W. Peck, George Schneider, Anthony F. 
Seeberger, William C. Seipp, John R. Wals"h and E. Nelson Blake to open sub- 
scription books for the proposed corporation entitled "The World's Exposition of 
1892, the object of which is the holding of an international exhibition or World's 
Fair in the City of Chicago and State of Illinois to commemorate on its four hun- 
dredth anniversary the discovery of America." 

The first World's Fair bill was introduced in the United States Senate by 
Senator Cullom, of Illinois, December 19, 1889. January 11, 1890, De Witt C. 
Cregier, then mayor of Chicago, Thomas B. Bryan and Edward T. Jeffery appeared 
before a special committee of the United States Senate and addressed the same in 
support of Chicago's application. It was at that meeting that Mr. Bryan experienced 
the satisfaction of defeating Chauncey M, Depew, who led the New York delega- 
tion. For this victory Mr. Bryan was complimented by the entire press of the 
country outside of New York. 

How bitterly the battle was waged between east and west all the world 
% nows. Nothing that could influence the decision of Congress was left undone. 
Nothing that the press could contribute toward the settlement of the problem was 
left unwritten. It was, therefore, a signal indorsement of Chicago's persistency and 
pluck, when in the face of the opposition of the representatives of the Eastern 
interests Congress voted, February 24, 1890, to have the Exposition in Chicago. 

Then began on the part of the citizens of Chicago that united effort for the 
carrying out of the project which has resulted in success so complete and so mag- 
nificent as to break down all prejudices, and to compel the admiration of the civil- 
ized world. Capital for the organization of the World's Fair was subscribed March 
23, 1890. A meeting of subscribers to the capital stock was held in Battery D, 
April 4, 1890, and a full Board of Directors was elected, which, in turn, April 30th, 
elected Lyman J. Gage, president; Thomas B. Bryan and Potter Palmer, vice- 
presidents; Anthony F. Seeberger, treasurer; Benjamin Butterworth, secretary, and 
William K. Ackerman, auditor. The first meeting of the new directory was held 
April 1 2th. President Harrison signed the measure, locating the Exposition in 
Chicago. This provided for the creation of the World's Columbian Exposition 
Board, to consist of two commissioners appointed by the President for each state 
and territory, of eight commissioners-at-large, and two from the District of Col- 
umbia, each with alternates. 

The question of funds was met promptly by the Illinois Legislature, which, 
in a special session held June 12, 1890, authorized the city of Chicago to increase its 
bonded indebtedness $5,000,000 in aid of the Exposition. The name was changed 




DIRECTORS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



1. Lyman J. Gage. 

4. Ferdinand W. Peck. 

7. Thomas B. Bryan. 

10. William T. Bakee. 

13. Robert A. Wallee. 



11. 

14. 



Harlow N. Higinbotham. 
George B. Davis. 
Edward B. Butlee. 
George Schneider. 
Alexandee H. Bevell. 



3. Frederick S. Winston. 

6. Charles H. Wackeb. 

9. John J. P. Odell. 

12. Charles Heneotin. 

15. Edwin Walkee. 



2 6 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

to the World's Columbian Exposition, with the capital increased to $10,000,000. 
While this action of the State Legislature by no means solved the financial problems 
with which the Fair had to contend, it went a long way toward inspiring confidence 
in the movement, and placed the Exposition on a sound basis. 

Dr. Zaremba was born July 29, 1842, at Koenigsburg, Prussia, where his 
father was a petty officer in the Third Regiment of Cuirassiers, and afterward an 
internal revenue officer at the city of Memel, where Zaremba attended the primary 
school until 1854, when in October of that year he entered the military school at 
Potsdam. In 1857, being transferred to the Military Academy, he studied the 
higher branches in connection with military education and tactics, becoming at the 
same time personally acquainted with the late Emperor Frederick of Germany. In 
1859, he entered the service of the Royal Guard Artillery at Berlin, and within ten 
months was transferred to the staff of Prince Wilhelm of Baden, who took special 
interest in him, and secured a special permit for Zaremba to attend the lectures of 
the Berlin University. In 1862, he went to Moscow, Russia, and while finishing his 
studies in medicine and philosophy he wrote a manual of military gymnastics for 
the Russian army. In September, 1865, Zaremba coming with his mother to 
Chicago went to St. Joseph, Mich. He soon returned to Chicago, however, and 
practiced his profession as a physician until the great fire. In 1871, he became one 
of the founders of the Chicago Athenaeum; Dr. Zaremba was one of the prime 
movers in the Interstate and Industrial Exposition in 1872 and 1873. I n November, 
1878, when the International Commercial Convention assembled at Farwell Hall, 
Dr. Zaremba was appointed a city delegate by Mayor Heath. In January, 1879, 
he started with the first Industrial Excursion from Chicago to Mexico, which formed 
the entering wedge for American trade in that country. 

In the fall of 1891, the Exposition company sent a commission (presided 
over Dy the commissioner-at-large, Thomas B. Bryan) , to southern Europe. Up to 
that time neither the people nor the rulers in that region of the world had mani- 
fested the slightest interest in the Exposition, but the commissioners appealed to 
both the potentates and the people, informing them fully of the stupendous under- 
taking in which this nation had embarked, and after some five months so spent in 
industriously disseminating all the information available, the most gratifying 
change of sentiment occurred and the liveliest interest was inspired. Not only did 
kings and queens respond most encouragingly (speaking alternately in French and 
German, as they had been addressed) , but the Pope also acknowledging that he 
was surprised to learn of the grand scale of the international Exposition, promised 
to contribute generously to its success, and did so first by his cordial letter to Com- 
missioner-at-large Bryan (translated and circulated in many lands) , and next by 
contributing treasures never before permitted to leave the Vatican. The commis- 
sioner-at-large has, since that European mission, been incessantly occupied in con- 
ducting correspondence, and in multifold office work, delivering lectures and other- 
wise advancing the interests of the Exposition. 

Thomas B. Bryan was born December 22, 1828, in Alexandria, Va. His 
father, Hon. Daniel Bryan, was a prominent man in Virginia. He represented his 




HON. THOMAS B. BRYAN, 

COMMISSIONER-AT-LARGE, WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 27 

district in the State Senate, besides holding other important positions. James and 
Philip Barbour, his mother's brothers, served in the highest offices of the State, in 
the United States Senate, United States Supreme Court, and in the Cabinet as 
Secretary of War. Mr. Bryan was graduated at Harvard University in 1848. 
While pursuing his college studies he wrote a book in the German language, the 
aim of which was to make it easy for Germans to acquire the English language. 
Many editions have been sold, it being pronounced an excellent work. He is also 
familiar with the French, conversing quite fluently in that tongue. Mr. Bryan 
married early in life Miss Jennie B. Page, daughter of an Episcopal clergyman. 
She is spoken of as a most gentle, accomplished and excellent lady. Their wedded 
life, which has already passed the fortieth anniversary, is very harmonious. After 
several years' successful practice of his profession in Cincinnati, in partnership with 
Judge Hart, Mr. Bryan came to Chicago in 1852, where he has been engaged in 
business up to the present time, with the exception of three years in Colorado, and 
during his governorship of the district of Columbia. Although Mr. Bryan is a very 
energetic man he is not ambitious. He has occupied many prominent positions 
with great credit to himself, and if he had been more eager for fame or political 
power, he might have been a leading orator, statesman or diplomat. After the 
death of Bayard Taylor, Mr. Bryan was strongly recommended for his successor as 
ambassador to Germany, the leading newspapers of the United States uniting in 
the recommendation. But, when Andrew D. White, of Cornell University, was 
mentioned for the position, Mr. Bryan encouraged the appointment, gracefully 
retiring from the field. Mr. Bryan, as vice-president of the World's Columbian 
Exposition, addressed conventions in many of the States, besides visiting Europe, 
where he succeeded in overcoming strong prejudices against the Exposition, and 
in arousing latent forces in its behalf. After his successful efforts at Washington 
he gained another great victory in the effort to get the consent of the Legislature 
of the State of Illinois to authorize the city of Chicago to issue $5,000,000 in bonds 
for the benefit of the Fair. He was afterward appointed commissioner-at-large. 
Mr. Bryan is a sound lawyer, being a close student in his profession, and, as a con- 
vincing speaker, unusually gifted. 






W. Jit 







HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR 



29 




COMMISSIONER- AT- LARGE THOS. B. BRYAN' S OPINION OF THE 
LASTING BENEFITS OF THE FAIR. 

HE mammoth temples now dedicated to industry and the arts 
will survive that dedication but a few months and then be 
demolished. But there will be some salvage. Much of their 
material will enter into other structures of a more enduring 
character, if not of equal renown. And so from the Expo- 
sition itself there will be great salvage — much, indeed, that 
will escape identification with its origin, but much directly 
traceable to the great Fair. This fruitage is too prolific a 
theme for skilful handing in so narrow a compass as this, but a 
glance may be had at a choice specimen of the fruit, here 
and there, just as one might stop to pluck an orange or a 
star-apple in some inter-tropical region. 
One resulting benefit, and perhaps that of widest reach and greatest value, will 
be the largely increased acquaintance we may thenceforth enjoy with other peoples, 
and their better knowledge of Americans. It is not less true than amazing that 
millions upon millions of otherwise enlightened people scattered over the Eastern 
Continent know but little more of America than did its discoverer when the float- 
ing thorn branch with its flowers and scarlet berries gave promise of the coveted 
land on the morrow. The Indians, of whom he wrote so often and so graphically, are 
supposed by many people in the Old World to still constitute a very considerable ij 
not dangerous part of our population. Those millions abroad seem never to have 
heard of the touchingly pathetic lament of Red Jacket (and which at the close of 
another year we hope may not be echoed by our Exposition): "We stood, a small 
island in the bosom of great waters. They rose; they pressed upon us, and the 
waves once settled over us; we are gone forever! Who now lives to mourn us? 
None! What marks our resting-place? Nothing!" 

The Ethnological Department of the Fair will greatly extend our general 
knowledge of those aborigines, as well as of the prehistoric races that inhabited 
this land. Although at first blush we are apt to regard the discovery of America 
as of a very remote period in. the past, yet, in fact, why should four centuries be 
considered more than a mere break of old Father Time, but four links in his end- 
less chain, a single arch in the bridge of history and tradition? Science and re- 
search are now spanning that arch to bring all mankind into the immediate 
presence of the great event that we are now celebrating. 

Ten thousand times ten thousand benefits of a practical nature must 
assuredly result from the exhibits in all departments of human industry and skill. 
The ingenuity of man, already exercised to its utmost capacity for impressive dis- 



30 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

play at the Fair, will be stimulated in numberless directions by observation at the 
Exposition and by the suggestions to which it may give birth. This expansion and 
improvement or beneficial development of the inventive faculties and of skill will 
extend in some measure to the fine arts, here comparatively in their infancy. 
From the fact of that infancy America may at least derive one consolation — that it 
is not included in the sad lament that "the names of great painters are like passing 
bells; in the name of Valesquez you hear sounded the fall of Spain; in the name of 
Titian that of Venice; in the name of Leonardo that of Milan; in the name of 
Raphael that of Rome." 

Of the general educational advantages to flow from our grand Ex- 
position it is impracticable here to treat further than in the most casual mention. 
Then the great Krupp gun, to transport which special derricks, a special ship, and 
special cars were provided, can give an instructive idea of the formidable energy 
of modern warfare as compared with the primitive cannon introduced but shortly 
before the birth of Columbus. But it is to be hoped that peace congresses may ad- 
vance the cause they champion, teaching the world to speed the time when "nation 
shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more." In 
America, above all lands, should be heard and heeded the lessons from the mouth 
of the schoolmaster rather than those from the mouth of cannon. 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



3i 



CHAPTER II. 
THE PILLARS OF THE EXPOSITION. 

The Men to Whose Charge the Construction of the Great Work Has Been Intrusted From Its 
Conception — Officials of the Directory— Standing Committees — Council of Administration and 
Board of Control — Forty-Five Big Earnest Men of Chicago. 




N THE 21st ot December 1890, the President of the United 
States issued a proclamation extending an invitation to the 
nations of the earth to participate in the Columbian Ex- 
position to be held in Chicago. On the 14th of April, 1891, 
f William T. Baker was elected President of the Local 
Board to succeed Lyman J. Gage, who had declined re- 
election and refused his salary of $6,000, which was to his 
credit on the books. Mr. Baker was re-elected one year 
afterward, but soon after resigned on account of ill health, 
and Mr. Harlow N. Higinbothom was unanimously elected 
to serve the unexpired term of Mr. Baker. At the annual 
meeting of directors in April, 1893, Mr. Higinbotham was again unanimously chosen 
President, and the following is the roster of the Board at the present time: 
President — Harlow N. Higinbotham. 

Vice-President — 1st, Ferdinand W. Peck; 2d, Robert A. Waller. 
Secretary — Howard O. Edmonds; Assistant Secretary, Samuel A. Crawford. 
Treasurer — Anthony F. Seeberger. 

Auditor — William K. Ackerman; Assistant Auditor, Charles V. Barrington. 
Solicitor General — Edwin Walker - Assistant Attorneys, George Packar, 
Charles H. Baldwin, Joseph Cummins. 

The following is the Board of Directors: — William T. Baker, The Temple. 
C. K. G. Billings, 2 Madison St. Thomas B. Bryan, 401 Rand-McNally Building. 
Edward B. Butler, Franklin and Congress Streets. Isaac N. Camp, State and 
Jackson Streets. William J. Chalmers, Fulton and Union Streets. Charles H. 
Chappell, Chicago & Alton R. R. Robert C. Clowry, 150 Washington Street. 
Mark L. Crawford, House of Correction. George R.Davis, Jackson Park. Arthur 
Dixon, 299 Fifth Avenue. James W. Ellsworth, Phenix Building. Lyman J. Gage, 
First National Bank. Charles Henrotin, 169 Dearborn Street. H. N. Higinbotham, 
441 Rand-McNally Building. Charles L. Hutchinson, Corn Exchange Bank. 
Eldridge G. Keith, Metropolitan National Bank. William D. Kerfoot, 85 Wash- 
ington Street. William P. Ketcham, Hoyne and Blue Island Avenues. Milton W. 
Kirk, Care James S. Kirk & Co. Hon. Carter H. Harrison, Mayor, City Hall. 





HARLOW N. HIGINBOTHAM, 

PRESIDENT WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 33 

Edward F. Lawrence, First National Bank. Victor F. Lawson, Daily News. 
Thies J. Lefens, Room 1,89 LaSalle Street. Andrew McNally, Rand-McNally 
Building. Adolph Nathan, Franklin and Jackson Streets. John J. P. Odell, Union 
National Bank. Ferdinand W. Peck, 1 10 Auditorium Building. Erskine M. Phelps, 
Fifth Avenue and Adams Street. Washington Porter, Room 7, 108 Dearborn 
Street. Alexander H. Revell, Wabash Avenue and Adams Street. Edward P. 
Ripley, 207 Rand-McNally Building. A. M. Rothschild, 203 Monroe Street. George 
Schneider, 115 Dearborn Street. Charles H. Schwab, Foreman Bros., 128 Wash- 
ington Street. James W. Scott, Herald. Henry B. Stone, 203 Washington Street. 
Charles H. Wacker, 171 North Desplaines Street. Edwin Walker, 616 Rookery 
Building. Robert A. Waller, 164 La Salle Street. John C. Welling, 78 Michigan 
Avenue. G. H. Wheeler, 2020 State Street. Frederick S. Winston, Monadnock 
Building. Charles T. Yerkes, 444 North Clark Street. Otto Young, the Fair. 

The president of the World's Columbian Exposition is Mr. Harlow N. Hig- 
inbotham, one of the members of the firm of Marshall Field & Co. He is the 
executive officer of the corporation and the active agent for the accomplishment of 
the purposes for which it was formed. All contracts binding upon the corporation 
and upon which money is expended from the treasury are executed by him. He is 
ex-officio a member of all committees of the Board and is chairman of its Executive 
Committee, which exercises all the functions of the Board when the latter is not in 
session. Mr. Higinbotham is also chairman of the Council of Administration, a body 
composed of two members of the Board of Directors and two members of the World's 
Columbian Commission organized for the purpose of concentrating the jurisdiction 
of both bodies in order to more effectively administer the affairs of the enterprise. 

Harlow Niles Higinbotham was born in Joliet, 111., Oct 10, 1838. He attended 
school in a little log cabin until he began business for himself at the age of twenty, 
in the crockery line. He came to Chicago in i860, and entered the employ of 
Cooley, Farwell & Co., where he remained for a short time. He enlisted in the 
Morgan Guards at the beginning of the latewar, and went through the campaigns 
in Virginia and Tennessee. Returning after the close of the war he again entered 
the firm of Cooley & Leiter, which was afterward Field, Leiter & Co., and now 
Marshall Field & Co., where he has been ever since, having been admitted to the 
firm in 1880. Mr. Higinbotham, from the inception of the enterprise has been a 
working member of the two most important committees of the corporation, those 
on Finance, and Ways and Means. He contributed without stint his time and 
services when the fortunes of the Exposition were so critical that the committees 
were required to be in almost continuous session. Mr. Higinbotham's unanimous 
election as president was followed by his appointment to membership and the 
chairmanship of the Council of Administration, a body created to be representative 
of the supreme power vested in both the national commission and the directory of 
the corporation. The duties of these combined stations demand the constant 
attention of their incumbent, and that Mr. Higinbotham should give this is a contri- 
bution whose value can not be overestimated. His characteristics are clearness of 
perception, directness of method, steadiness of application, and promptitude in 




@«%.kt 



DIRECTORS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



1. Isaac N. Camp. 

6. Elbhidge G. Keith. 

7. Wm. D. Keefoot. 

12. Washington Poetee. 
IS. Edwaed P. Ripley. 



2. Wm. J. Chalmees. 

5. Abthue Dixon. 

8. Wm. P. Ketcham. 
11. Adolph Nathan. 
14. A. M. Rothschilds. 






3. R. C. Clowey. 

4. C H. Chappell. 
9. Milton W. Kiek. 

10. Edwaed F. Laweence. 
15. Chaeles H. Schwab. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 35 

decision. These form an equipment which constitute a model man of affairs, and 
such is Mr. Higinbotham. His success in life has been the outcome of work and 
thought, not speculative fortune. The destinies of the Exposition could not be 
entrusted to a more capable and trustworthy guardian. 

The following is the standing committees of the Directory: — [The President 
and Director General are ex-ofncio members of all standing committees]. 

Executive Committee — Harlow N. Higinbotham, Ferdinand W. Peck, 
Robert A. Waller, George R. Davis, Henry B. Stone, James W. Ellsworth, Edwin 
Walker, Robert C. Clowry, Wm. D. Kerfoot, John J. P. Odell, Chas. H. Schwab, 
Edward B. Butler, Alexander H. Revell, Thies J. Lefens, Edward P. Ripley, Lyman 
J. Gage, Charles L. Hutchinson, Wm. T. Baker. 

(Regular meeting of the Executive Committee Wednesday of each week at 
3 o'clock p. m. Office, 507 Rand-McNally Building, Adams street.) 

Finance — Ferdinand W. Peck, Chairman; Elbridge G. Keith, John J. P. Odell, 
Lyman J. Gage, James W. Ellsworth. 

Grounds and Buildings — Henry B. Stone, Chairman; Lyman J. Gage, William 
P. Ketcham, Charles H. Schwab, Robert C. Clowry, Edward F. Lawrence, Erskine 
M. Phelps. 

Legislation — Edwin Walker, Chairman; Fred. S. Winston, Fred. W. Peck, 
Arthur Dixon. 

Agriculture — William D. Kerfoot, Chairman; Thies J. Lefens, Isaac N. Camp, 
George Schneider, Washington Porter. 

Mines, Mining and Fish — Charles H. Schwab, Chairman; William J. Chal- 
mers, Mark L. Crawford, John C. Welling, George H. Wheeler. 

Press and Printing — Alexander H. Revell, Chairman; James W. Scott, Victor 

F. Lawson, Milton W. Kirk, George Schneider. R. J. Murphy, Secretary. 

Transportation — Edward P. Ripley, Chairman; Henry B. Stone, Charles H. 
Chappell, John C. Welling, Arthur Dixon. 

Fine Arts — Charles L. Hutchinson, Chairman; James W. Ellsworth, Elbridge 

G. Keith, Charles T. Yerkes, Thomas B. Bryan. 

Liberal Arts — James W. Ellsworth, Chairman; Robert A. Waller, Isaac N. 
Camp, Alexander H. Revell, William T. Baker. 

Electricity. Electrical and Pneumatical Appliances — Robert C. Clowry, 
Chairman; Charles H. Wacker, C. K. G. Billings, Mark L. Crawford, Charles L. 
Hutchinson. 

Manufactures and Machinery — John J. P. Odell, Chairman; Adolph Nathan, 
A. M. Rothschild, Andrew Mcnairy , Erskine M. Phelps. 

Ways and Means — Edward B. Butler, Chairman; Adolph Nathan, George 
Schneider, Edward F. Lawrence, Edward P. Ripley, Charles H. Wacker, Milton 
W. Kirk, Wm. J. Chalmers, Washington Porter, Robert A. Waller, Wm. D. Kerfoot, 
Otto Young, Andrew McNally. Samuel A. Crawford, Secretary. 

Foreign Exhibits — Thies J. Lefens, Chairman; James W. Ellsworth, Charles 
H. Wacker, Wm. T. Baker, Charles Henrotin, Thomas B. Bryan. 

Special Committee on Ceremonies — Edward F. Lawrence, Chairman; James 
3 




Copyright jg$3 



OFFICERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



I. Anthony F. Seeberger, Treasurer, 
2. Ferdinand W. Peck, ist Vice-President, 3. Robert A. Waller, 2d Vice-President. 

4, Harlow N. Higinbotham, President. 

5. Howard O. Edmonds, Secretary. 6. Samuel A. Crawford, Assistant Secretary, 

7. William K. Ackerman, Auditor. 8. Charles V. Barrington, Assistant Auditor. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 37 

W. Ellsworth, Chas. T. Yerkes, William D. Kerfoot, James W. Scott, Charles Hen- 
rotin, Alexander H. Revell, William P Ketcham, Thomas B. Bryan. Col. E. C. 
Culp, Secretary. 

The Council or Administration has the chief direction and management of 
the Exposition, subject only to action of Congress. It was created by agreement 
between the National Commission and the Exposition Directory, or local organiza- 
t tion, its membership embracing two representatives from each body as follows: H 
N. Higinbotham, President of the Exposition and Chairman. George V. Massey, 
Commissioner from Delaware. Charles H. Schwab, Director of the Exposition. 
J. W. St. Clair, Commissioner from West Virginia. Secretary, A. W. Sawyer. 

The Board of Reference and Control is composed of eight National Com- 
missioners with alternates, and eight Exposition directors. To it are referred for 
settlement questions upon which the Commission and Directory fail to agree sever- 
ally. On the part of the Exposition Co. they are as follows: H. N. Higinbotham, 
President; Ferdinand W. Peck, R. A. Waller, L. J. Gage, H. B. Stone, Edwin 
Walker, E. P. Ripley, J. J. P. Odell. Secretary, H. O. Edwards. 




OFFICERS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 



2. Thomas M. Waller, 

1st Vice-Pns. 
5. Gorton W. Allen, 

4th Vice-Pres. 
8. H. P. Platt, 

Vice-Chairman Executive Com. 



1, Thomas W. Palmer, 
President. 

i. Davidson R. Penn, 

3d Vice-Pres. 

7. John T. Dickinson, 

Secretary. 



3. M. H. DeYoing, 

2d Vice-Pres. 
6. Alex. B.Andrews, 

5th Vice-Pres. 
9. George R. Davis, 

Director-General. 



PART II. 



THE NATIONAL COMMISSION. 

CHAPTER I. 
FIRST MEETING OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION. 

Appointment of Commissioners by President Harrison — First Meeting Convened by Secretary Blaine— 
Hon. A. T. Ewing of Illinois Calls the Commission to Order in the Parlor of the Grand Pacific 
Hotel in Chicago — Rev. John Barrows Makes a Prayer — John T. Harris of Virginia, Temporary 
Chairman — Thomas W. Palmer of Michigan Unanimously Selected as Permanent President — John 
T. Dickinson of Texas Made Permanent Secretary in the Same Way — Sketches of the Lives of 
These Two Gentlemen — Selection of Vice-Presidents — Adjournment. 

N a reasonably short time after the World's Fair bill received, 

the Executive signature, President Harrison appointed 

members of the National Commission, two each from the 

several States and Territories — one Republican and one 

v£" mm Democrat — on nominations made by the Governors of said 

States and Territories, and also eight commissioners-at- 
large, which had also been provided for by the act of Con- 
gress creating the Commission; and on the 5th of June, 1890, 
Secretary of State Blaine, issued an official letter convene 
ing the first session of the National Commission at the Grand 
Pacific Hotel in Chicago on the 25th of the same month; 
and on the 26th the Commission met and Hon. A. T. 
Ewing, of Illinois, took the chair reserved for the Presiding 
Officer, called the assemblage to order and said: 

Gentlemen of the Commission: — I am directed by the Department of State to call this 
meeting to order, which I now do in the name of the United States. I bid you welcome to Chicago, 
and am sure that wisdom and unity of purpose will mark your deliberations. 

This was followed by prayer by the Rev. John Barrows, and then Hon. John T. 
Harris, of Virginia, was elected Temporary Chairman. 

On motion of Commissioner McKenzie, of Kentucky, amended by Mr. Waller, of 
Connecticut, a committee of twelve was ordered to be appointed by the chairman, 
to report the offices necessary to be filled to constitute a permanent organization. 
During a lull in the proceedings, but while the subject of an election of officers was 
under informal discussion, Mr. Thatcher, of New York, read a telegram from the 
Hon. C. M. Depew, in which that gentleman requested that "his name should not 





COMMISSIONERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 



1. Patrick H. Lannan, 
Utah. 

6. Charles H. Deere, 

Illinois. 

7. Adlai T. Ewing, 

Chicago. 

12. Lyman B. Goff, 

Rhode Island. 

13. Gardiner C. Sims, 

Rhode Island. 



2. J. T. W. Teller. 

Arkansas. 
5. Albert A. Wilson, 

District Columbia. 
8. Thos. £. Garten, 

Indiana. 
11. Chas. D. McDuffee, 

New Hampshire. 
14. Phillip Allen. Jr., 
Wisconsin. 



3. J. H. Clendentng, 

Arkarisas. 

4. A. T. Britton, 

District Columbia. 
9. Elijah B. Mastindale, 

Indiana. 
10. Walter Aiken, 

New Hampshire. 
15. John N. Coburn, 

Wisconsin. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 41 

be used in connection with the presidency of the Commission, as he was about to 
undertake an extended trip to Europe, etc." Pending a report from the Committee 
on Permanent Organization, the meeting adjourned until the following da}'. 

When the commissioners re-assembled, pursuant to adjournment, on June 27th, 
Mr. McKenzie from the Committee on Permanent Organization, submitted a par- 
tial report, which was unanimously adopted, and which provided for the election of 
a president, five vice-presidents, and a secretary; the first vice-president to be of 
opposite politics to the president, and the other four to be equally divided in poli- 
tics. Nominations being called for, the office of president was filled by the unanim- 
ous election of Hon. Thos-W. Palmer, of Michigan, who was escorted to the chair and 
accepted his high duties in the following language'- 

Gentlemen of the Commission: — I am profoundly grateful for the compliment that you 
have paid me; and yet, in accepting the compliment, I am infused with a feeling of trepidation as 
to what it involves. Men, as a rule, shrink from the trials of the unknown, and that general 
clause in the definition of the duties of the president, seems to me to involve much more than we 
would suppose at a first glance. It places a great deal upon the president; and it may take a 
great deal away from him. In either case, he proposes not to complain. I have heard it said that 
when the throes of birth were not severe in the delivery of a child, the child was liable to be of 
little worth thereafter. On that account I regard my election by acclamation as a poor augury 
for my future. If there had been a little more of a struggle, it might have given me a greater 
experience of the peril, of the hardship of my next few years. In regard to that distinguished 
man whose name has been proposed in connection with the president — that admirable Crichton of 
America, that man who is always first in finance, at the social board, on the rostrum, or in busi- 
ness life — I would say that if he could have been induced to accept the position, I believe it would 
have gu'en us greater prestige abroad and at home. I telegraphed to him that it had been sug- 
gested to me that if he were willing to become a candidate, I would decline to have my name 
presented; but the circumstances were such that Mr. Depew felt that he could not give it the 
time, and, therefore, I became a willing sacrifice. The Chair now awaits the leasure of the 
Commission. 

Mr. Massey, of Delaware, offerea the following resolution, which was unani- 
mously adopted: 

Resolved, That the Committee on Permanent Organization be instructed and directed to 
consider the matter of the several vice-presidents and other officers designated by their report just 
presented, and make recommendation to the Commission of suitable nominees for the same; and 
before determining upon their recommendation, that they shall sit for two hours to hear the indi- 
vidual views and preferences of such members of the Commission as may desire to address them 
in that behalf. 

On motion of Mr. Kerens, of Missouri, the Commission proceeded to the elec- 
tion of a permanent Secretary. 

Mr. Skiff, of Colorado, presented tne nameof Dr. John T-Dickinson, of Texas, 
which was seconded by Mr. Rucker, of North Dakota. 

Mr. Dickinson was unanimously elected secretary; and on taking his place 
at the secretary's desk, made the following remarks: 

Gentlemen of the World's Columbian Commission: — Permit me to express to you 
my sincere gratitude for the high compliment you have paid me, and through me the State of 



42 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Texas, which I have the honor, in part, to represent in this Commission, by electing me as your 
secretary. I fully realize the magnitude of the enterprise which we are about to inaugurate, and 
if I did not conscientiously believe that I could successfully perform the duties of secretary of 
the World's Columbian Commission, with credit to myself and to my State, and ultimately, I 
trust, to the satisfaction of this Commission, I would not have been a candidate for the honor. 
Having had considerable practical experience as secretary and general manager ot fairs and 
expositions, I shall enter upon the discharge of the duties of this important office, feeling always 
the responsibility of the position, and with the assurance of your confidence and support, I will 
endeavor to bring all the fidelity, intelligence, zeal and industry I may possess toward the satis- 
factory performance of the varied and exacting duties that belong, both directly and indirectly, 
to the office of the secretary of the World's Columbian Commission. Again thanking you for the 
honor conferred upon me, I will now proceed to enter upon the discharge of the duties of 
the office. 

On motion of Mr. Widener the following resolution was adopted: 
Resolved, That a committee of seven be appointed to communicate with the local directors 
of the World's Columbian Exposition of Chicago, and notify them that this Commission is now 
permanently organized and prepared to receive any communications they may have to submit. 

The next day, June 28th, the organization was further perfected by election of 
the following vice-presidents, from first to fifth, in the order in which they are 
named: Thomas M. Waller, Connecticut; M. H. De Young, California; Davidson 
B. Penn, Louisiana; G. W. Allen, New York; Alex. B. Andrews, North Carolina. 
The next step taken was to appoint a committee, consisting of Commissioners 
Smalley, Kerens, Bromberg, Thatcher, Widener and Sewell, instructed by resolu- 
tion to investigate and report upon the following lines of inquiry: Whether the 
World's Columbian Exposition had secured the legally prescribed amount of sub- 
scriptions to the capital stock; whether, in fact the tenth part, or 10 per centum of 
such subscription had been paid in by the shareholders; and whether the corpora- 
tion had instituted proper measures to obtain subscriptions to an additional amount 
of five millions as contemplated by the Act of Congress. 

After this the Commission met daily and was engaged in mapping out the 
details of a complete legislative and executive organization. During these sittings 
the following resolution was adopted: 

Resolved, That this Commission is satisfied that the World's Columbian Exposition of 
Chicago has an actual, bona fide and valid subscription to its capital stock which will secure tb» 
payment of at least five million dollars, of which not less than five hundred thousand dollars has 
been paid in, and that the further sum of five million dollars, making in all ten million dollars 
will be provided by said corporation in ample time for its needful. use during the prosecution of 
the work for the complete preparation of said Exposition. 

On the 3rd of July an adjournment was had to October 8, i8qo, unless sooner 
called together by the president. 

Thomas Wetherill Palmer, President of the Commission, comes of a sturdy 
stock, his ancestots on both sides having been among the early settlers of the con- 
tinent which Columbus opened up to civilization. His mother's people were Rhode 
Islanders, in direct descent from Roger Williams; and her father, a native of Mas- 
sachusetts, and one of those who fought with Warren at Bunker Hill, was after the 




WILLIAM T. BAKER, 

SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



44 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Revolution appointed by President Jefferson to a Federal judgeship in the Terri- 
tory of Michigan, and held court in the wilderness while yetTecumseh was a living 
terror to the land. Thomas, the father of President Palmer, had birth in the State 
of Connecticut, but was a pioneer in the settlement of the Northwest, and the year 
1809 found him already on the frontier line, conducting a lucrative trade with the 
Indians at the post of Detroit, where, twenty-one years later, June 25, 1830, the 
subject of our sketch was born. The younger Palmer literally grew with the coun- 
try, and by the time that his manhood approached, Territories had become States, 
forests had given way to cities, society had taken root in the land of the savage, 
and the spire of the church and belfry of the school were rising from the bosom of 
the prairies. He enjoyed the benefit of an execellent scholastic education, was 
assiduous in his studies, passed through the course at St. Clair College, and took his 
degree of graduation at the University of Michigan. Some months were then 
passed in foreign travel, and while abroad he made a pedestrian tour of Spain and 
acquired such familiarity with the language and the people of the country as was 
afterward to serve a valuable purpose to his own government. Returning to this 
country, Mr. Palmer entered upon mercantile pursuits, was for some time engaged 
in business in Wisconsin, and subsequently conducted large enterprises in Detroit, 
where he now resides. His success as a merchant was the result of diligence and 
probity, which also secured the esteem of his fellow citizens. Later on in life Mr. 
Palmer became an active participant in politics, acquiring large influence, and filling 
many positions of trust with honor to himself, and to the satisfaction of his constit- 
uents. He was a member of the Board of Estimates of the State of Michigan, and 
later served in the Legislature for several terms as a member of the Upper House. 
Bringing to each and every station an enlightened intelligence and strong sense of 
duty, he was now chosen as one of Michigan's representatives in the Senate of the 
United States, occupying this high position for the full term of six years. In 1887 
Senator Palmer was chosen President of the Water-ways Convention, held in Sault 
Saint Marie under the auspices of the Duluth Chamber of Commerce, and in that 
relation rendered valuable assistance to the cause of inter-lake navigation. In 1889 
he was appointed by President Harrison minister plenipotentiary and envoy extra- 
ordinary to the court of Spain. 

Mr. Palmer has fulfilled all that was expected of him. He early made known 
that he would accept no salary, and in many noble and elegant ways he has given 
proofs of his high honor, superior administrative ability and excellent parliament- 
ary tactics, graciousness of personality and exceeding liberality. His entertain- 
ments of Eulalia, the Duke of Veragua and other distinguished personages as well 
as his unostentatious dinner to officers of the Commission will live long in many 
memories. 

John Thilman Dickinson, Secretary of the Commission, was born in Hous- 
ton, Texas, June 18, 1858, descended from a sturdy line of ancestors, who, on many 
a hard fought field poured out their lives amid the fires of martyrdom. Scotch his- 
tory is permeated with the name of Dickinson, and always in connection with deeds 
of valor and honor. Early an orphan, Col. Dickinson was educated liberally at 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 45 

home and abroad, and graduating in several of the Academic schools of the Uni- 
versity of Virginia, in June, 1879, received the diploma of Bachelor-of-Law from 
that venerable institution. Returning to Texas he became one of the owners and 
the editor of the Houston Telegraph, and entered at once and actively upon public 
life. In January, 1S81, while on a visit to Austin, the capital of the State, he was 
elected secretary of the House of Representatives of the Texas Legislature, and 
in May, 1882, was elected secretary of the Texas State Capital Board for supervis- 
ing the construction of the largest State House in the Union and probably the 
largest red granite building in the world. During this time he was also elected 
secretary of the State Penitentiary Board, and several other State boards, and filled 
these positions under three governors, Hon. O. M. Roberts, Hon. John Ireland and 
Hon. L. S. Ross, and also served on the staff of Governor Ireland with the rank of 
colonel. In 1888 Col. Dickinson was elected general manager of the International 
Fair Association of San Antonio, and conducted the organization and preparation 
of the Texas-Mexican Exposition, which was successfully held in that city in No- 
vember of the same year. This was regarded by the people as the best arranged 
and most attractive exposition of the products and resources of Texas and Mexico 
that had ever been held in the State. He remained at San Antonio as secretary 
and general manager of this Exposition Association until he visited Chicago at the 
time that city entered the contest for the location of the World's Fair. His services 
were immediately engaged and he was sent to interview members of Congress in 
several States in behalf of Chicago; he met the Chicago committee in Washington 
in December, 1889, and remained with them until Chicago was victorious in the 
contest. When the bill had passed, creating the World's Columbian Exposition, 
and providing for two commissioners from each State, Colonel Dickinson was ap- 
pointed by General L. S. Ross, Governor of Texas, as the Democratic commissioner 
to represent that State. 

Mr. Dickinson has been with the Commission from beginning to end; and 
for his painstaking methods and remarkable urbanity, he has earned for himself a 
degree of admiration and popularity that will encompass him so long as he lives. 
"I have never met a man so agreeable and so prompt in an official way,"' has been 
said of Secretary Dickinson not hundreds, but thousands of times. 




COMMISSIONERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 



1. Frederick G. Bromberg, 
Alabama. 

6. Richard Turnbull, 

Florida. 

7. George A. Manning, 

Idaho. 

12. .Ias. A. McKenzie, 

Kentucky. 

13. Davidson B. Penn, 

Louisiana. 



2. Oscar K. Hundley, 
Alabama. 
5. C. F. A. Bielby, 

Florida. 
8. John E. Stearns, 
Idaho. 
11. Jno. Bennett, 

Kentucky. 
14. Thos. J. Woodward, 
Louisiana. 



3. Michael H. de Youno, 

California. 

4. Wii. Forsyth, 

California. 
0. Joseph Eiboeck, 
Iowa. 
10. Wm. F. King, 

Iowa. 
15. Augustus K. Bixby, 
Maine. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



47 




CHAPTER II. 
MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION. 

Complete Roster of the Men Who Speak for the Nation and the States and Territories They Represent 
and the Places of Their Residence — Complete List of Officers — Members of the National Executive 
Committee and Board of Reference and Control. 



HE following is a complete list of the names of the National 

Commissioners and their places of residence as at present 

MPl constituted. It will be seen that every State and d'erritory 

is represented, including far-off Alaska and the District of 

Columbia. There is also presented the names of alternates 

(• &?^i^"K9F > an< ^ tn e places of their residence. Many of these have 

I J e served at one time or another during the many meetings 

that have taken place. Also names of officers of the Com- 
mission, officers of the Executive Committee, and of the 
Board of Reference and Control. 

President HON. THOMAS W. PALMER,of Michigan. 

First Vice-President Hon. Thomas M. Waller, of Connecticut. 

Second Vice-President M. H. De Young ,of California. 

Third Vice-President , . . . . Davidson B. Penn, of Louisiana. 

Fourth Vice-President Gorton W. Allen, of New York. 

Fifth Vice-President Alexander B. Andrews, of North Carolina. 

Secretary Hon. John T. Dickinson, of Texas. 

Vice-Chairman Executive Committee. Harvey P. Platt, Toledo, Ohio. 

COMMISSIONERS-AT-LARGE. 

Commissioners. — Augustus G. Bullock, Worcester, Mass.; Gorton W. Allen, 
Auburn, N. Y.; Peter A. B. Widener, Philadelphia. Pa.; Thomas W. Palmer^ 
Detroit, Mich.; R.'W. Furnas, Brownville, Neb.; Patrick P. Walsh, Augusta, Ga.; 
Henry Exall, Dallas, Tex.; Mark L. McDonald, Santa Rosa, Cal. 

Alternates. — Henry Ingalls, Wiscasset, Me.; Louis Fitzgerald, New York, 
N. Y.; John VV. Chalfant, Pittsburg, Pa.; James Oliver, South Bend, Ind.; Hale G 
Parker, St. Louis, Mo.; John B. Castleman, Louisville, Ky.; H. C. King, San 
Antonio, Tex.; Thomas Burke, Seattle, Wash. 

COMMISSIONERS OF DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Commissioners. — Alexander T. Britton, Washington; Albert A. Wilson, 
Washington. 

Alternates. — E. Kurtz Johnson, Washington; Dorsey Clagett, Washington 



48 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 

COMMISSIONERS OF THE STATES. 

Alabama. — Commissioners — Fred'kG. Bromberg, Mobile; Oscar R. Hundley, 
Huntsville. Alternates — Gotthold L. Werth, Montgomery; William $. Hull, 
Sheffield. 

Arkansas. — Commissioners — J. T. W. Tillar, Little Rock; J. H. Clendening, 
Fort Smith. Alternates — James T. Mitchell, Little Rock; Thomas H. Leslie, 
Stuttgart. 

California. — Commissioners — Michel H. De Young, San Francisco; William 
Forsyth, Fresno. Alternates — George Hazleton, San Francisco; Russ D.Stephens, 
Sacramento. 

Colorado. — Commissioners — Roswell E. Goodell, Leadville; Joseph H. 
Smith, Denver. Alternates — Henry B. Gillespie, Aspen; O. C. French, New 
Windsor. 

Connecticut. — Commissioners — Leverett Brainard, Hartford; Thomas M. 
Waller, New London. Alternates — Charles F. Brooker, Torrington; Charles R. 
Baldwin, Waterbury. 

Delaware. — Commissioners — George V. Massey, Dover; Willard Hall Porter, 
Wilmington. Alternates — Charles F. Richards, Georgetown; William Salisbury, 
Dover. 

Florida. — Commissioners — C. F. A. Bielly, De Land; Richard Turnbull, 
Monticello. — Alternates — Dudley W. Adams, Tangerine; Jesse T. Bernard, Talla- 
hassee. 

Georgia. — Commissioners — Lafayette McLaws, Savannah; Charlton H. Way, 
Savannah. Alternates — James Longstreet, Gainesville; John W. Clark, Augusta. 

Idaho. — Commissioners — George A. Manning, Post Falls; John E. Stearns, 
Nampa. Alternates — A. J. Crook, Hailey; John M. Burke, Wardner. 

Illinois. — Commissioners — Charles H. Deere, Molme; Adlai T. Ewing, 38 
Montauk Block, Chicago. Alternates— La Fayette Funk, Shirley; De Witt Smith, 
Springfield. 

Indiana. — Commissioners — Thomas E. Garvin, Evansville; Elijah B. Martin- 
dale, Indianapolis. Alternates — William E. McLean, Terre Haute; Charles M. 
Travis, Crawfordsville. 

Iowa. — Commissioners — Joseph Eiboeck, Des Moines ; William F. King, 
Mount Vernon. Alternates — Charles E. Whiting, Whiting; John Hayes, Red 
Oak. 

Kansas. — Commissioners — Charles K. Holliday, Jr., Topeka; J. R. Burton. 
Abilene. Alternates — M. D. Henry, Independence; S. H. Lanyon, Pittsburg. 

Kentucky. — Commissioners — John Bennett, Richmond; James A. McKenzie, 
Oak Grove. Alternates — David H. Commingore, Covington ; John S. Morris, 
Louisville. 

Louisiana. — Commissioners — Davidson B. Penn, Newellton ; Thomas J. 
Woodward, New Orleans. Alternates — Alphonse Le Due, New Orleans; P. J. 
McMahon, Tangipahoa. 

Maine. — Commissioners — Augustus R. Bhtby, Skowhegan; William G. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 49 

Davis, Portland. Alternates — James A. Boardman, Bangor; Clark S. Edwards, 
Bethel. 

Maryland. — Commissioners — James Hodges, Baltimore; Lloyd Lowndes; 
Cumberland. Alternates — George M. Upshur, Snow Hill; Daniel E. Conkling, 
Baltimore. 

Massachusetts. — -Commissioners — Francis W. Breed, Lynn; Thomas E. 
Proctor, Boston. Alternates — George P. Ladd, Spencer ; Charles E. Adams, 
Lowell. 

Michigan. — Commissioners — M. Henry Lane, Kalamazoo; George H. Bar- 
bour, Detroit. Alternates — Ernest B. Fisher, Grand Rapids; Lyman D. Norris, 
Grand Rapids. 

Minnesota. — Commissioners — H. B. More, Duluth; Orson V. Tousley, Minne- 
apolis. Alternates — Thomas C. Kurtz, Moorehead; Muret N. Leland, Wells. 

Mississippi. — Commissioners — Joseph M. Bynum, Rienzi; Robert L. Saun- 
ders, Jackson. Alternates — Fred W. Collins, Summit; Joseph H. Brinker, West 
Point. 

Missouri. — Commissioners — Thomas B. Bullene, Kansas City; Charles H. 
Jones, St. Louis. Alternates — O. H. Picher, Joplin; R. L. McDonald, St. Joseph. 

Montana. — Commissioners — Lewis H. Hershfield, Helena; Armistead H. 
Mitchell, Deer Lodge City. Alternates — Benjamin F. White, Dillon; Timothy E. 
Collins, Great Falls. 

Nebraska. — Commissioners — Euclid Martin, Omaha; Albert G. Scott, Kear- 
ney. Alternates — William L. May, Omaha; John Lauterbach, Fairbury. 

Nevada. — Commissioners — James W. Haines, Genoa; George Russell, Elko. 
Alternates — Enoch Strother, Virginia City. Richard Ryland, Reno. 

New Hampshire. — Commissioners — Walter Aiken, Franklin; Charles D. 
McDuffie, Manchester. Alternates — George Van Dyke, Lancaster; Frank E. 
Kaley, Milford. 

New Jersey. — Commissioners — William J. Sewell, Camden; Thomas Smith 
Newark. Alternates — Frederick S. Fish, Newark; Edwin A. Stevens, Hoboken. 

New York, — Commissioners — Chauncey M. Depew, New York; John Boyd 
Thatcher, Albany. Alternates — James H. Breslin, New York; James Roosevelt, 
Hyde Park. 

North Carolina. — Commissioners — Alex. B. Andrews, Raleigh; Thomas B. 
Keogh, Greensboro. Alternates — H. C.Carter, Fairfield; G. A. Bingham, Salisbury 

North Dakota. — Commissioners — H. P. Rucker, Grand Forks; Martin Ryan 
Fargo. Alternates — Charles H. Stanley, Steele; Peter Cameron, Tyner. 

Ohio. — Commissioners — Harvey P. Piatt, Toledo; William Ritchie, Hamil- 
ton. Alternates — Lucius C. Cron, Piqua; Adolph Pluemer, Cincinnati. 

Oregon. — Commissioners — Henry Klippel, Jacksonville; Martin Wilkins, 
Eugene City. Alternates — J. L. Morrow, Heppner; W. T. Wright, Union. 

Pennsylvania. — Commissioners — R. Bruce Ricketts, Wilkes Barre; John W. 
Woodside, Philadelphia. Alternates — George A. Macbeth, Pittsburg; John K. 
Hallock, Erie. 



5 o HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Rhode Island. — Commissioners — Lyman P. Goff, Pawtucket; Gardiner C. 
Sims, Providence. Alternates — Jeffrey Hazard, Providence: Lorillard Spencer, 
Newport. 

South Carolina. — Commissioners — A. P. Butler, Columbia; John R. Cochran. 
Walhalla. Alternates — E. L. Roche, Charleston; J. M. Tindal, Sumter. 

South Dakota. — Commissioners — Merritt H. Day, Rapid City; William Mc- 
Intyre, Watertown. Alternates — S. A.Ramsey, Woonsocket; L. S. Bullard, Pierre. 

Tennessee. — Commissioners — Lewis T. Baxter, Nashville; Thomas L. 
Williams, Knoxville. Alternates — Rush Strong, Knoxville; A. B. Hurt, Chatta- 
nooga. 

Texas. — Commissioners— Archelaus M. Cochran, Dallas; John T. Dickinson, 
Austin. Alternates — Lock McDaniel, Anderson; Henry B. Andrews, San Antonio. 

Vermont. — Commissioners — Henry H. Mclntyre, West Randolph; Bradley 
B. Smalley, Burlington. Alternates — Aldace F. Walker, Rutland; A. S. Sibley, 
Montpelier. 

Virginia. — Commissioners — Virginius D. Groner, Norfolk; John T. Harris, 
Harrisonburg. Alternates— Charles A. Heermans, Christiansburg; Alexander Mc- 
Donald, Lynchburg. 

Washington. — Commissioners — Henry Drum, Tacoma; Charles B. Hopkins, 
Spokane Falls. Alternates — George F. Cummin, Cheney; Clarence B. Bagley, 
Seattle. 

West Virginia. — Commissioners — James D. Butte, Harper's Ferry; J. W. St. 
Clair, Fayetteville. Alternates — Wellington Vrooman, Parkersburg; John Cor- 
coran, Wheeling. 

Wisconsin. — Commissioners — Phil Allen, Jr., Mineral Point; John M. Co- 
burn, West Salem. Alternates — David W. Curtis, Fort Atkinson; Myron Reed, 
Superior. 

Wyoming. — Commissioners — Asahel C. Beckwith, Evanston; Henry G. Hay, 
Cheyenne. Alternates — Asa S. Mercer, Cheyenne; John J. McCormick, Sheridan. 

TERRITORIES. 

Alaska — Commissioners — 1 Edward de Groff, Sitka; Louis L.Williams, Juneau. 
Alternates — Carl Spuhn, Killisno; N. A. Fuller, Juneau. 

Arizona. — Commissioners — George F. Coats, Phcenix; W. K. Meade, Tomb- 
stone. Alternates — W. L. Van Horn, Flagstaff; Herbert H. Logan, Phcenix. 

New Mexico. — Commissioners — Thomas C- Gutierres, Albuquerque; Richard 
M. White, Hermosa. Alternates — L. C. Tetard, East Las Vegas; Charles B. Eddy, 
Eddy. 

Oklahoma. — Commissioners — Othniel Beeson, El Reno; Frank R. Gammon, 
Guthrie. Alternates — John Wallace, Oklahoma City; Joseph W. McNeal, Guthrie. 

Utah — Commissioners — Frederick J. Kiesel, Ogden; Patrick H. Lannan, 
Salt Lake City. Alternates — William M. Ferry, Park City; Charles Crane, Kanosh. 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

President T. W. Palmer, Michigan, Chairman; Harvey P. Piatt, Toledo, 
Ohio, Vice-Chairman; John T. Dickinson, Texas, Secretary; 'M. L. McDonald, 




LYMAN J. GAGE, 



FIRST PRESIDENT, WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



5i 



Commissioner-at-Large; R. W. Furnas, Commissioner-at-Large; Henry Exall, 
Commissioner-at-Large; P. A. B. Widener, Commissioner-at-Large; John T. Harris, 
Virginia; William J. Sewell, New Jersey; B. B. Smalley, Vermont; E. B- Martin- 
dale, Indiana; John Boyd Thacher, New York; Francis W. Breed, Massachusetts; 
Euclid Martin, Nebraska; James D. Butt, West Virginia; Adlai T. Ewing, Illinois; 
William F. King, Iowa; H. P. Piatt, Ohio; L. McLaws, Georgia; T. L. Williams, 
Tennessee; C. F. A. Bielby, Florida; R. L. Saunders, Mississippi; L. H. Hershfield, 
Montana; R. E. Goodell, Colorado; A. T. Britton, District of Columbia. 

BOARD OF REFERENCE AND CONTROL. 

Members. — Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan, President; Harvey P. Piatt, of 
Ohio; George V. Massey, of Delaware; William Lindsay, of Kentucky; Michael H. 
de Young, of California; Thomas M. Waller, of Connecticut; Elijah B. Martindale, 
of Indiana; J. W. St. Clair, of West Virginia; John T. Dickinson, of Texas, Secre- 
tary. Alternates— M. H. Lane, of Michigan; W. D. Groner, of Virginia; R. L. 
Saunders, of Mississippi; P. H. Lannan, of Utah; Thomas Smith, of New Jersey; 
O. V, Tousley, of Minnesota; Euclid Martin, of Nebraska. 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



53 



CHAPTER III. 




GEORGE R. DAVIS ELECTED DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

Some of the Remarks Made Upon the Occasion — Davis Has a Majority on the First Ballot — His Address 
to the Commission— Interesting Sketch of the Life and Service of Colonel Davis — A Brave 
Soldier, a Man of Honor and a Renowned Party Leader— He is Endowed With Splendid Qualities 
of Mind and Heart — The Standing Committees— Creation of the Great Departments— The Com- 
missioners Wrestle With the Sunday Opening Question and Finally Vote for Open Sunday Gates. 

HE second session of the Commission convened September 15, 
1890, in answer to the call of President Palmer. Reports 
were received from the various committees appointed at the 
July session, and were ordered to be printed for future consid- 
eration, 

In the discussion of a site for the Exposition, the Lake 
Front figured prominently as one of the projects, and (ot 
a while its acceptance seemed probable, but July 2, 1890, the. 
Commission formally accepted Jackson Park and Midway 
Plaisance as the site, the Committee on Titles and Facilities 
of Transportation having given the matter careful attention. 
That committee reported that " so far as the title to Jackson Park and the Midway 
Plaisance (embracing 633 acres) is concerned, they believe it is vested in the 
World's Columbian Exposition, by the Act of the General Assembly of the State of 
Illinois passed at its recent session, and by ordinance of the South Park Commis- 
sioners, and is such a title as confers the right to use these parks as a site for the 
World's Columbian Exposition during the period required." 

Early in the first session the Commission had decided to elect the director- 
general upon nomination of the directors of the Exposition, and during successive 
meetings up to September 19th, the duties aud powers of that office were the sub- 
ject of legislation. On that day President Palmer, as chairman of the Executive 
Committee, presented the recommendation by the latter body, for the selection of 
Colonel George R. Davis; and therewith forwarded communications from the 
Executive Committee of the directory: 

Chicago, September 18, 1890. 
Hon. Thos. W. Palmer, Chairman Executive Committee, World's Columbian Commission: 

Dear Sir: Acting under the courteous invitation extended by your committee to this 
board to express its peference in favor of one of the several candidates whose names are befoVe 
you for appointment as director-general of your commission, the subject-matter of your invitation 
was submitted to our Board of Directors at a meeting held this evening 



54 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

After some discussion a vote was taken, resulting in a majority of the board in favor of 
Colonel George R. Davis. 

This may therefore be received as an expression of the preference of this board upon the 
question. 

Thanking you and your committee for their courtesy in this matter, 

I am, very respectfully yours, 

Lyman J. Gage, 
President of the World' 's Columbian Exposition. 

And Mr. Sewell, of New Jersey, submitted the following form of minority of 
the same committee; 

The undersigned members of the Executive Committee respectfully dissent from the above 
report, and present for the position of director-general, the name of General Daniel H. Hastings, 
of Pennsylvania. We believe that he possesses every qualification for this responsible position, 
and most earnestly urge that his election will meet the best thoughts of the land, that the Colum- 
bian Exposition is in no sense local, and in every sense national. 

W.J. Sewell, 

E. Kontz Johnson, 

A. T. Ewing, 

L. H. Hershfield, 

E. W. Breed. 

The discussion that followed was animated and interesting. Hon. Adlai T. 
Ewing, the Illinois commissioner, arose to say that he was a dissenter merely 
because he was not inclined to favor a specific recommendation. " I do not wish 
to be understood as indorsing General Hastings," he declared. President Palmer 
beat the sounding board with his gavel. "We are now ready to ballot for direc- 
tor-general." The house and galleries hummed and trembled with the moment's 
sensation. Mr. Hershfield expressed similar sentiments to those enunciated by Mr. 
Ewing, and both reports were tabled for the time. The long communication from 
the local board was read at this juncture, stating the preference of that body for 
Colonel Davis, and then the speeches began. Seator Sewell, of New Jersey; was 
the first to speak. To select a director-general from precincts outside Chicago 
was the declaration of Senator Sewell. " We must secure a man of national repu- 
tation," he said. " This fair must be nationalized. Colonel Davis is an able man, 
but he is connected with the local board and as such will naturally have his mind 
biased toward local affairs. He is concerned too much in local affairs and local 
institutions. He will not be under our control, but under that of the local board. 
Therefore, I beg to present for your consideration the name of a Pennsylvanian, a 
man who in a great calamity demonstrated the greatest degree of executive ability 
ever displayed in his state." Senator Sewell was talking for General D. H. Hast- 
ings and he was applauded. President Palmer, indeed, was busy all day protesting 
against applause. Colonel James A. McKenzie, the distinguished Kentucky con- 
gressman, whose tongue is hung on threads of silver, said: "I rise to nominate a 
y Jian who can fill this position with distinguished ability. I knew him in Congress; 
side by side we worked to secure the fair for Chicago. He differs from me polit- 
ically, but he can administer the affairs of the office with as little partisanship as 




HON. GEORGE R. DAVIS, 



DIRECTOR-GENERAL WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 55 

any man anywhere." Colonel McKenzie made a masterly speech for Colonel 
Davis, and won the votes and influence of many commissioners. " Nominate him 
in the interest of fairness and prevent friction," said the tall Kentuckian, "We 
want no differences at this time. He has received the indorsement of the local 
body of the Chicago press, and I take it that is a fair reflex of the best judgment of 
all. He is}'oung in years, big in development. Without the hearty support of the 
local board and the Chicago press we can hope for no success. • I once more pre- 
sent the name of Colonel George R. Davis." 

Mark L. McDonald, of California, seconded Colonel Davis' nomination. "I 
bespeak the approval of the magnificent state of California," said he. P. A. B. 
Widener also favored Colonel Davis, but at the same time complimented General 
Hastings. E. Kurtz Johnson, "of Washington, was the first to disagree. He wanted 
the East recognized, he wanted the fair internationalized, he wanted General Hast- 
ings. "For the Empire State," said G. W. Allen, of New York, "I want to second 
the nomination of Colonel Davis, I feel proud of Chicago. W r e indorse her and 
Colonel Davis. Any city that can put up $13,250,000 is beyond reproach. Chicago 
has done this, and I am tired of hearing commissioners speak of this fair as a 'local' 
one." Richard Mansfield White, of New Mexico, seconded the nomination of Gen- 
eral Hastings, and Mr. Holliday, of Kansas, that of Colonel Davis. General Gro- 
ner, of Virginia, congratulated in advance the commission on the choice it would 
make, but he favored General Hastings. "Those who know me," said Judge Har- 
ris, of Virginia," know that I am under my colleague's control and do as he directs. 
But I want to second the nomination of Colonel Davis." 

" The gentleman from Connecticut," said President Palmer, pointing his 
gavel at Governor Waller. " Mr. President," said the classical Mr. Waller, " early 
in our first session I introduced a resolution that the executive committee of this 
body and that of the local board should confer together and then report a man for 
director general, foreseeing such dicfhulties as these. I regret that these distin- 
guished gentlemen of Chicago were not able to come to some unanimous con- 
clusion. If such wisdom had guided them as I think this commission has displayed, 
no nomination would have been made except the one indicated by the Chicago 
board. Two nominations have been made, one from the executive committee and 
one by the gentleman from New Jerse}'. It has been charged that this exposition 
was running into the grooves of partisanship; that it was an administration expos- 
ition. There has been no democrat suggested for director general, and I mention 
with pride the fact that the political organization to which I belong has suppressed 
all partisan feelings in this matter." From house and gallery came applause. " I 
always go for a democrat," Governor Waller said, " everything else being equal. I 
can't help it; I was born that way. I should have been glad if a democrat had been 
a candidate for this position. Our judiciary committee has decided that we have 
all the powers; Chicago has nothing. Therefore, I shall vote for Colonel Davis. 
If he isn't good enough and fit for the place, Chicago will be the sufferer." 

Then the ballot came. The president pounded the commission to order and 
the clerk began to call the roll. As each commissioner was called he responded by 



56 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

dropping his ballot in the hats the tellers, Dr. Cochran of Texas and Mr. Bullock 
of Massachusetts, held. This ballot the president announced when all had voted. 
Ninety-two had voted; forty-seven were necessary to a choice, and the result was: 

Davis ■ 50 

Hastings 32 

McKenzie 6 

Stevenson 3 

Price 1 

Mr. McClelland, of Pennsylvania, moved that the ballot be declared regular, 
although Colonel Davis had not been the choice of the Keystone State, and that 
the president be directed to cast the ballot for Colonel George R. Davis, of Illinois. 
President Palmer put the motion, which carried. President Palmer bent over his 
desk to write the ballot and observe the formalities of the occasion, and then the 
applause which he had been so long combatting broke out wildly. When it had 
subsided Commissioner Hirst, of Florida, moved that a committee of six be ap- 
pointed to inform Colonel Davis of his election. 

"It is moved that a committee of six be appointed," said the chair, "to wait 
on Colonel Davis and inform him of his election." 

" And bring him in!" cried a commissioner. 

" And bring him in," repeated President Palmer, " that he be put en rapport 
with the commission and nationalized." 

The motion was carried, and Commissioners Hirst, McClelland, Groner, St. 
Clair, Sewell and McKenzie were appointed as the committee. While the com- 
mitteemen were after Colonel Davis, Governor Waller introduced a resolution 
pledging the commission to adjourn sine die to-day. This was lost. Then Mr. 
Hirst and Colonel Davis came, arm in arm, down the aisle, and the chamber rang 
with applause. When they reached the desk Mr. Hirst said: "Mr. President, your 
committee appointed to notify Colonel George R. Davis of his election as director 
general and bring him in here have performed their duty and now present him to 
you." Once more the chamber applauded, and President Palmer said: "The chair 
will give his right hand of fellowship to Colonel Davis." As he said this, and the 
fury of the storm of applause broke forth, Mr. Palmer descended from the desk 
and conducted Colonel Davis up to the platform, saying as he did so: "I suppose 
it is no breach of decorum to applaud for an occasion like this for two reasons, 
that we have gotten through with a very difficult task, and we have gotten a man 
who has not been assailed either in the public print, by individuals or by any one 
this commission." Then, bowing, the president said: 

" I take pleasure in introducing to you our new director general, Colonel 
George R. Davis. And may God help him to hold up his hands. Gentlemen, 
Colonel Davis." 

When the ringing shouts ceased Colonel Davis advanced and, throwing back 
his long white locks, said: 

" Mr. President and Gentlemen of the National Commission: Your com- 
mittee has just notified me of the distinguished honor that you have conferred upon 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 57 

me this morning. The selection made from Illinois and Chicago is complimentary 
to the city and State, and for the Local Board of Directors, for my city, my State, 
and myself I sincerely thank you. The selection of the director-general from 
'untried men — men who have not had great experience — was a task for you to per- 
form in which I most heartily sympathize with you. It is necessary in selecting a 
man for this position that you take much for granted, for an exhibition of an anni- 
versary that comes only once in a hundred years leaves you but few men to select 
from who have had great experience. 

" In the discharge of the duties of this great office I will bring it all the physical 
and mental forces that I command. The conduct of the office shall be of high 
grade, and it shall be my duty to conform strictly and in. every detail to the wish 
of this distinguished body. Politics have been referred to, and as I understand the 
position I desire to say one word in regard to that, and that is that I cannot 
recognize that the constituency that elects me here to-day consists of one-half 
Republicans and one-half Democrats. It will be the duty of an honorable man to 
so conduct his office in his intercourse with all who come in connection with him — 
n the appointments that he has to make — to recognize the fact; and from the fact 
that it was a suggestion of my own, formulated by myself, and favored by myself 
when it was put in the Act of Congress, recognized as ' the spirit of the Act of 
Congress.' I will not, as your director-general, in any way fail to observe it in 
every particular. 

" The office will be conducted strictly upon business principles. I recognize 
teat you require in all such officers as may be placed under my command the highest 
talent, the best ability, and the greatest capacity that we can command; that is a 
National Exposition and an International Exposition and not a Local Exposition; 
that we will draw our forces from the country, draw our forces from wheresoever 
they may come, provided they are equal to the emergency. 

The administration of my office will be an example, so far as it is possible for 
me to make it such, of the application of legal principles to business methods with 
military discipline. I thank you, gentlemen, for the compliment, and am prepared 
to enter upon the duty." 

Col. George R. Davis was born in the town of Palmer, Mass., in the year 
1840, the son of Benjamin and Cordelia (Buffington) Davis, the former a native of 
Ware, Mass., and the latter a member of a well known Quaker family of Connecti- 
cut. George attended the public schools, and in other respects passed his boyhood 
after the manner of New England boys, and later prepared for college, graduating 
from Williston Seminary at Easthampton. This was just prior to the opening of 
the War of the Rebellion, so that instead of entering college, as he had anticipated, 
he, at the age of twenty-two, responded to the call for volunteers, and enlisted in 
^he army as a private in Company H, Eighth Regiment Massachusetts Infantry, 
By gradual promotion he rose to the rank of captain, and in that capacity served 
with the Eighteenth Army Corps in the North Carolina campaign until August, 
1863. Resigning his commission, he now returned to Massachusetts, clothed with 
proper authority, and recruited and organized a battery of light artillery. From 



5 8 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

this he was soon transferred to the Third Regiment Rhode Island Volunteer 
Cavalry, with the rank of major, and commanded it uutil the close of the war in 
1865. After the war was over, Col. Davis received an appointment in the civil 
department of the regular army, and was attached to the Department of the Mis- 
souri, of which General Sheridan was then in command. He served in the West 
with General Sheridan in the Indian campaign of 1868 and 1869, of which the en- 
gagement at the headquarters of the Washita was the most decisive, resulting in 
the defeat and routing of the famous chief " Black Kettle " and his band. 

Col. Davis was on duty at the headquarters of General Sheridan when that 
commander was stationed in Chicago in 1869, and continued his connection with 
the army until May 1, 1881, when he resigned and took up his residence in Chicago, 
where he has made his home ever since. Col. Davis has always been a staunch 
Republican, and since his residence in Chicago has held a conspicuous place in the 
councils of his party as a recognized leader. He was elected to the United States 
Congress from the Second District of Illinois in 1878, and re-elected for the two 
succeeding terms. As a congressman Col. Davis naturally took a prominent and 
leading place, and was one of the few of Chicago's representatives to that body 
whose efforts in behalf of their constituents were crowned with success. Among 
the important acts of legislation in which he took a prominent part, it is but just to 
say that securing a large appropriation for improving the Chicago harbor was 
chiefly due to his efficient and faithful work. In 1886 he was elected county 
treasurer of Cook County, Illinois, for a term of four years. When it was decided 
by Congress to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of the landing of Columbus 
on American soil by a World's Exposition Col. Davis was one of the foremost in 
the promotion of the enterprise. A man of fixed opinions, iron will, unfaltering 
perseverance and unusual executive ability, he at the same time possesses a tireless 
energy, and whatever he attempts stops at nothing short of its attainment. He is a 
man of great personal magnetism, courteous yet dignified in manners, generous, 
kind-hearted and genial, and has always attracted to himself many warm friends. 
With his splendid qualities of mind and heart he combines a finely proportioned 
physique, being strong in structure and of robust constitution. He is a handsome 
man in both form and feature, and a mass of iron-gray hair gives a distinguished 
air to an otherwise striking personality. Col. Davis was married in 1867, to Miss 
Gertrude Schulin, of New Orleans, Louisiana, by whom he has two sons and four 
daughters. 

When the new Director-General had concluded his speech, and the hilarity 
of the occasion had become subdued, President Palmer announced the standing 
committees as follows, in which there have been no material changes: 

Committee on Judiciary, Rules and By-Laws — William Lindsay, Commis- 
sioner-at-large, Chairman; G. V. Massey, Delaware; J.W.St. Clair, West Virginia; 
William J. Sewell, New Jersey; B. B. Smalley, Vermont; L. Gregg, Arkansas; 
O. R. Hundley, Alabama; P. Allen, Jr., Wisconsin. 

Committee on Tariffs and Transportation — V. D. Groner, Virginia, Chair- 
man; W. Aiken, New Hampshire; C. M. Depew, New York; W. McClelland, 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 59 

Pennsylvania; M. H. Lane, Michigan; J. D. Adams, Arkansas: L. Brainard, Con- 
necticut; A. B. Andrews, North Carolina; L. Lowndes, Maryland; O. R. Hundley, 
Alabama; J. W. Haines, Nevada; G. C. Sims, Rhode Island; H. H. Mclntyre, Ver- 
mont; T. C. Gutierres, New Mexico; H. P. Rucker, North Dakota; E. Martin, 
Nebraska. 

Committee on foreign x\ffairs — C. M. Depew, New York, Chairman; 
Thomas M. Waller, Connecticut; G. V. Massey, Delaware; A. A. Wilson, District of 
Columbia; R. C. Kerens, Commissioner-at-large; C. H. Way, Georgia; M.H.Lane, 
Michigan; D. B. Penn, Louisiana. 

Committee on Fine Arts — A. G. Bullock, Commissioner-at-large, Chairman; 
C. M. Depew, New York; A. A. Wilson, District of Columbia; O. V. Tousley, 
Minnesota; W. I. Buchanan, Iowa; M. H. De Young, California; James Hodges, 
Maryland; T. J. Woodward, Louisiana. 

Committee on Science, History, Literature and Education — O. V. Tousley, 
Minnesota, Chairman; A. C. Beckwith, Wyoming; F. G. Bromberg, Alabama; 
C. H. Jones, Missouri; T. J. Woodward, Louisiana; A. G. Bullock, Commissioner 
at-large; W. F. King, Iowa; J. A. McKenzie, Kentucky. 

Committee on Agriculture — W. I. Buchanan, Iowa, Chairman; L. T. Baxter, 
Tennessee; R.Turnbull, Florida; A. M.Cochran, Texas; J. L. Mitchell, Wisconsin; 
J. W. Haines, Nevada; D. B. Penn, Louisiana; J. M. Bynum, Mississippi; A. P. 
Butler, South Carolina; A. G. Scott, Nebraska; O. Beeson, Oklahoma; H. H. 
Mclntyre, Vermont; J. D. Adams, Arkansas; M. Wilkins, Oregon; William For- 
syth, California; F. J. V. Skiff, Colorado. 

Committee on Live Stock — J. L. Mitchell, Wisconsin, Chairman; John 
Bennett, Kentucky; T. E. Proctor, Massachusetts; G. A. Manning, Idaho; G. 
Russell, Nevada; E. B. Martindale, Indiana; H. Drum, Washington; J. D. Miles, 
Oklahoma; T. C. Gutierres, New Mexico; H. P. Rucker, North Dakota; H.Exall, 
Commissioner-at-large; L. T. Baxter, Tennessee; A. H. Mitchell, Montana; W. 
Mclntyre, South Dakota; A. T. Ewing, Illinois; H. G. Hay, Wyoming. 

Committee on Horticulture and Floriculture — W. Forsyth, California, Chair- 
man; G. A- Manning, Idaho; W. H. Porter, Delaware; C. D. McDuffie, New 
Hampshire; T. E. Garvin, Indiana; F. J. V. Skiff, Colorado; W. Zeckendorf. 
Arizona; A. R. Bixby, Maine; R. Turnbull, Florida; J. W. Woodside, Pennsylvania; 
C. H. Richmond, Michigan; J. R. Cochran, South Carolina; J. Hodges, Maryland; 
C. H. Deere, Illinois; F. J. Kiesel, Utah; P. Allen, Jr., Wisconsin. 

Committee on Finance — Charles H. Jones, Missouri, Chairman; L. H. 
Hershfield, Montana: James Hodges, Maryland; H. H. Mclntyre, Vermont; A. B. 
Andrews, North Carolina; A. R. Bixby, Maine; J. T. Harris, Virginia; P. H. Lan- 
non, Utah. 

Committee on Auditing — T. E. Garvin, Indiana, Chairman; P. Allen, Jr. 
Wisconsin; C. K. Holliday, Jr., Kansas; J. D. Butt, West Virginia. 

Committee on Ceremonies — J. D. Adams, Arkansas, Chairman; P. A. B 
Widener, Commissioner-at-large; William Lindsay, Commissioner-at-large; V. D 



60 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Groner, Virginia; C. H. Richmond, Michigan; G. W. Allen, Commissioner-at- 
large; M. B. Harrison, Minnesota; R. C. Kerens, Commissioner-at-large. 

Committee on Classification — C H. Deere, Illinois, Chairman; W. McClel- 
land, Pennsylvania; L. B. Goff, Rhode Island; M. Ryan, North Dakota; M. H. 
de Young, California; T. L.Williams, Tennessee; A. M. Cochran, Texas; T.Smith, 
New Jersey; T. B. Keogh, North Carolina; C. H. Way, Georgia; J. D. Miles, Okla- 
homa; H. P. Piatt, Ohio; G. F. Coats, Arizona; A. C Beckwith, Wyoming; J. 
Hirst, Florida; T. E. Garvin, Indiana. 

Committee on Manufactures — L. Brainard, Connecticut, Chairman; T. E. 
Proctor, Massachusetts; T. B. Bullene, Missouri; W. McClelland, Pennsylvania; 
R. M. White, New Mexico; W. H. Porter, Delaware; C. H. Deere, Illinois; T. 
Smith, New Jersey; W. Ritchie, Ohio; G. C. Sims, Rhode Island; L. McLaws, 
W. Aiken, New Hampshire; J. M. Bynum, Mississippi; F. J. Kiesel, Utah; William 
Mclntyre, South Dakota; W. Zeckendorf, Arizona. 

Committee on Commerce — L. Lowndes, Maryland, Chairman; J. B. Thacher, 
New York; J. M. Bynum, Mississippi; T, M. Waller, Connecticut; L. B. Goff, 
Rhode Island; T. E. Proctor, Massachusetts; M. Wilkins, Oregon; R. Turnbull, 
Florida; George V. Massey, Delaware; H. Exall, Commissioner-at-large; J. R. 
Cochran, South Carolina; H. P. Piatt, Ohio; T. J.Woodward, Louisiana; H. Drum, 
Washington; C. D. McDuffie, New Hampshire; C. H. Way, Georgia. 

Commitee on Mines and Mining — F. J. V. Skiff, Colorado, chairman; M. H. 
Day, South Dakota; L. T. Baxter, Tennessee; J. W. St. Clair, West Virginia; J. W. 
Woodside, Pennsylvania; A. H. Mitchell, Montana; L. Lowndes, Maryland; G. 
Russell, Nevada; F. G. Bromberg, Alabama; J. E. Stearns, Idaho; G. F. Coats, 
Arizona; C. H. Richmond. Michigan; P. H. Lannan, Utah; H. Drum, Washington; 
R. M. White, New Mexico; M. L. McDonald, Commissioner-at-large. 

Committee on Fisheries and Fish Culture — A. R. Bixby, Maine, Chairman; A. 
P. Butler, South Carolina; W. J. Sewell, New Jersey; R. E. Goodell, Colorado; C. B. 
Hopkins, Washington ; R. L.Saunders, Mississippi; Michigan; H. Kippell, Oregon. 

Committee on Electricity and Electrical Appliances — G. C. Sims, Rhode 
Is.and, Chairman; C. B. Hopkins, Washington; M. Ryan, North Dakota; G. W. 
Allen, Commissioner-at-large; W. G. Davis, Maine; F. W. Breed, Massachusetts; 
O. R. Hundley, Alabama; R. R. Price, Kansas. 

Committee on Forestry and Lumber — J. W. St. Clair, West Virginia, Chair- 
man; R. M. White, New Mexico; W. G Davis, Maine; A. G. Scott, Nebraska; H. 
Kippell, Oregon; L. Gregg, Arkansas; R. L. Saunders, Mississippi; H. G. Hay, 
Wyoming. 

Committee on Macninery — William Ritchie, Ohio, Chairman, W. H. Porter, 
Delaware; John Bennett, Kentucky; W. Forsyth, California; L. B. Goff, Rhode 
Island; M. H. Day, South Dakota; T. B. Bullene, Missouri; O. Beeson, Oklahoma. 

Committee on World's Congressess — J. W. Woodside, Pennsylvania, Chair- 
man; C. H. Jones, Missouri; John Bennett, Kentucky; A. A. Wilson, District of Col- 
umbia; F. G. Bromberg, Alabama; J. B. Thacher, New York; O. V. Tousley, 
Minnesota; B. B. Smalley, Vermont. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 61 

Committee on Printing — C. K. Holliday, Jr., Kansas, Chairman; T. B. Keogh, 
North Carolina; J. T. Harris, Virginia; P. H. Lannan, Utah; J. E. Stearns, Idaho; 
T. B. Bullene, Missouri. 

Before adjourning the National Commission created the great departments 
into which the fair has been divided, as follows: 

A — Agriculture. Fruits, Plants, Food and Food Products, Farming Machinery 
and appliances. B — Horticulture. Seeds, Wines, Nursery Trees, Garden Imple- 
ments. C — Live Stock. Domestic and Wild Animals. D — Fish, Fisheries. 
Fish Products and Apparatus of Fishing. E — Mines, Mining and Metallurgy. F 
— Machinery. G — Transportation Exhibits. Railways. H — Manufactures. J — ■ 
Electricity and Electrical Appliances. K— Fine Arts. L — Liberal Arts. M — Eth- 
nology. G — Publicity and Promotion. P — Foreign Affairs. 

The Commission devoted much time to other objects of more or less inter- 
est to the fair, and then adjourned. 

It has met a number of times since, and has wrestled with the liquor and 
Sunday opening questions each meeting, and finally voted in favor of Sunday 
opening and in favor of leaving the matter of selling light wines and malt liquors 
with the directors. Subsequently the Commission put itself on record by voting in 
favor of Sunday closing, 54 to 6. There are those who believe the National Com- 
mission a costly and unnecessary adjunct. On the whole however, it has stood up 
nobly and steadfastly for Jackson Park and voted down all dual and other sites. 
It has also maintained the dignity of the Government throughout, and often 
checked the directory when the latter betrayed an occasional inclination to run 
things irrespective of all other organizations. 




T7 — " 



: 'timm?M : ; 



l^lt 




SITE OF WOMAN'S AND FISHERIES BUILDINGS BEFORE GROUND WAS BROKEN. 



PART III. 



COMMENCEMENT AND PROGRESS 

OF WORK. 

CHAPTER I. 
A WONDERFUL METAMORPHOSIS. 



No Redeeming feature 



Jackson Park in 1891 — An Uninviting Strip of Sand, Swamp and Scrub Oaks 

Except Area and Location — The Most Magnificent Transformation Scene Ever Presented to Man- 
kind — Twenty-five Millions of Dollars Expended on Buildings and Improvements — Director of 
Works Daniel H. Burnham and His Engineers, Architects, Sculptors, Painters and Landscape 
Designers, Transform a Spot of Swamp and Sand into a White City of Palaces and Collonades — 
Terraces, Towers, Turrets and Statuary on Every Hand — Plantations of Massive Foliage and 
Flowering Plants — Beautiful Fountains and Picturesque Water Ways — Artificial Canals That Put 
to Blush Shore of the Bride of the Sea — Burnham and His Staff. 

T was many months before those authorized to select a site for 
the Exposition buildings arrived at a generally harmonious' 
and satisfactory decision. Chicago is topographically 
divided into three populous sections: the North Side, the 
West Side and the South Side. But while the two former 
had active and influential adherents, it was early demon- 
strated that a large majority of the Directors and Commis- 
sioners had concluded in favor of the latter. How and 
where to locate on the South Side, however, provoked 
extended and animated discussion between the Directors 
and Commissioners until at last it was unanimously agreed 
to accept from the South Park managers those portions of 
their territory known as Jackson Park and Midway Plaisance. 
The Jackson Park of 1891 and the Jackson Park of 1893 present a system of 
transformation that cannot be adequately described. Suffice it to say that the 
Jackson Park of 1891 was about as uninviting a strip of sand ridges and scrub oaks 
as fringes Lake Michigan at any point. Two years ago this unsightly strip did not 
possess one redeeming feature except area and location — to-day it is not only the 
most beautiful and spectacular spot in the world, but it is the grandest and most 
georgeous transformation scene ever presented to mankind. 

In January 1891 there were 556 acres of swampy, ridgey, sandy ground, with 
here and there clumps of scrubby trees and some herbage. In May 1893, there 

63 




64 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

were $25,000,000 worth of buildings and other improvements, containing exhibits 
valued at $100,000,000. 

In October, 1890, the Committee on Grounds and Buildings appointed Mr. 
D. H. Burnham as chief of construction, and on December 8, 1890, the consulting 
architects, the consulting landscape architects and the consulting engineer formed 
a consulting board under the chairmanship of the chief of construction. Late in 
November, 1890, the consulting board, under its instructions, entered upon the duty 
of devising a general plan for the Exposition, taking as a basis for the study of the 
problem the classified list of exhibits which had been prepared by a committee 
charged with that duty. The list, together with such advice received directly from 
the committee, dictated the number and the size of the buildings which would be 
required to meet the intention of the Act of Congress. The larger part of the site 
to be dealt with was a swampy, sandy flat, liable at times to be submerged by 
the lake. Other parts were low ridges, which had originally been sand bars 
thrown up by the lake. Upon some of these ridges there were trees, most of them 
oaks, of stunted habit because of the sterile and water-soaked soil in which they 
had grown, and the extreme exposure to frigid winds from the lake, to which they 
had been subject to a late period every spring. The idea was that there should be 
a system of navigable water-ways, to be made by dredging-boats working inward 
from the lake through the lowest parts of the site, the earth lifted by the boats to 
be so deposited as to add to the area, and increase the elevation of the higher parts, 
which would thus become better adapted to pleasure-ground purposes, and to be 
used as the sites for the buildings of the Exposition. 

The plat contemplated the following as leading features of design: That 
there should be a great architectural court with a body of water therein; that this 
court should serve as a suitably dignified and impressive entrance hall to the Ex- 
position, and that visitors arriving by train or by boat should all pass through it; 
that there should be a formal canal leading northward from this court to a series 
of broader waters of a lagoon character, by which nearly the entire site would be 
penetrated, so that the principal Exposition buildings would each have a water, as 
well as a land frontage, and would be approachable by boats; that near the middle 
of this lagoon system there should be an island, about fifteen acres in area, in which 
there would be abounding clusters of the largest trees growing upon the site; that 
this island should be free from conspicuous buildings and that it should have a 
generally secluded, natural, sylvan aspect, the existing clusters of trees serving as 
centers for such broad and simple larger masses of foliage as it would be practicable 
to establish in a year's time by plantations of young trees and bushes. Because the 
water in the lagoons would be subject to considerable fluctuations, it was proposed 
that its shores should be occupied by a selection of such aquatic plants as would en- 
dure occasional submergence and yet survive an occasional withdrawal of water 
from their roots. 

Time pressing, the plat, with a brief written specification, was submitted to 
the corporation, and, after due consideration, on the 1st of December, 1890, was 
adopted as the plan of the Exposition. Shortly afterwards this action was ap- 




D. H. BURNHAM, 

DIRECTOR OF WORKS, WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



66 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

proved by the World's Columbian Commission, and an order given to proceed with 
the execution of the design. The plat presented no studies of buildings other than 
the outlines of the space to be occupied by those, ten in number, which had been 
contemplated in the instructions received by the Consulting Board from the Com- 
mittee on Classifications. The next step was the selection of architects to design 
the buildings, and the committee authorized Mr. Burnham to select five architects 
outside of the city of Chicago to design the five principal buildings around the 
court. Later Mr. Burnham was authorized to appoint five architects from Chicago 
to design the remaining buildings which had been determined on. The committee 
determined, however, to select an architect for the Woman's Building by compe- 
tition, to be confined strictly to women. By March i, 1891, the chief of construction 
having apportioned the work among the architects, was enabled to form an esti- 
mate of the work to be done by his department. Roughly speaking, it consisted of 
reclaiming nearly seven hundred acres of ground, only a small portion of which was 
improved, the remainder being in a state of nature, and covered with water and 
wild-oak ridges, and in twenty months converting it from a sedgy waste by the 
borders of an inland sea, into a site suitable in substance and decoration for an ex- 
position of the industries and the entertainment by the republic of representatives 
of all the nations of the world. On its stately terraces a dozen palaces were to be 
built — all of great extent and highest architectural importance — these to be supple- 
mented by hundreds of other structures, some of which were to be almost the size 
of the Exposition buildings themselves; great canals, basins, lagoons, and islands 
were to be formed; extensive docks, bridges, and towers to be constructed. The 
standard of the entire work was to be kept up to a degree of excellence which 
should place it upon a level with the monuments of other ages. It meant, in short, 
that an orginization must be quickly formed which should associate the ablest 
architects, landscape designers, painters, sculptors, and engineers of the country. 
By the summer, all of the ten buildings first designed were under contract. From 
that time on, the work of designing and of construction was carried forward most 
urgently by day and by night, and all arrangements of the construction department 
were completed and in readiness for the opening. 

In October, 1892, the title of Director of Works was conferred on Mr. Burn- 
ham with enlarged duties and powers added to those already exercised by the chief 
of construction. 

The first shovelful of soil was removed in February, 1891, and in 
six months twelve hundred thousand cubic yards of earth had been 
handled, costing within five thousand dollars of half a million. Ground was 
broken for the first building — that of Mines and Mining — on the 2d of July, 
1891. Landscape gardening and construction had now commenced in earnest; and 
under the supervision of Daniel H. Burnham, the work was kept up until its comple- 
tion in May, 1893. Throughout the entire work Mr. Burnham has sacrificed to the 
Exposition his own personal interest and given his time almost unreservedly to this 
work. Making his headquarters at Jackson Park in the very heart of the activity, 
he has been most intimately and directly associated with each of the many prob- 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 67 

lems arising and necessary of solution before the completion of the work was 
assured. He has had from the beginning general charge of the construction of 
buildings and supervision of the business thereof, the preparation of the grounds 
and engineering incident to a proper prosecution of the entire work. He has had 
the supervision of the buildings erected by outside parties and the maintenance of 
all buildings belonging to the Exposition. He has been required to examine all 
bids and propositions for work under his control, and to organize bureaus of archi- 
tecture, engineering, landscape gardening, sanitation; to hire and dismiss all em- 
ployes in his department, and fix, subject to approval, the compensation for their 
services. He has the employment (subject to the approval or confirmation of the 
Council of Administration) and general charge of all the working forces within the 
grounds of the Exposition necessary to the maintenance of order, the protection of 
property from fire or other destructive elements, to supply heat, power, light, water 
and disposal of sewerage, the care of the grounds and all service necessary to the 
practical administration of the Exposition inside the grounds. 

Mr. Burnham was born in Henderson, N.Y., 1854. In 1855 his parents 
moved to Chicago, where Mr. Burnham, has sinced lived, with the exception of two 
years spent in study in the East, and one year which, as a young man, he spent in 
the activity of camp and mining life in Nevada. Upon his return to Chicago, he at 
once resumed his architectural studies, forming a partnership with the late John W. 
Root in 1873, since which time he has been continuously engaged in the practice of 
his profession. Mr. Burnham's connection with the Exposition commenced shortly 
after Chicago had been selected as its site, he and Mr. Root working up numerous 
preliminary plans in the early summer of 1890. 

The following are the names of the efficient gentlemen who compose the 
staff of Director of Works Burnham and the designation of their positions: E. R. 
Graham, Assistant Director of Works: M. B. Pickett, Secretary of Works; F. L. 
Olmsted & Co., Landscape Architects; R. Ulrich, Superintendent of Landscape; 
Charles B. Atwood, Designer-in-chief; F. D. Millet, Director of Decoration; C. Y. 
Turner, Assistant Director of Decoration; E. D. Allen, Superintendent of 
Painting; W. H. Holcomb, General Manager of Transportation; E. G. Nourse, 
Assistant General Manager Transportation; E. C. Shankland, Chief Engineer; 
William S. McHarg, Engineer of Water Supply and Sewerage; C. M. Wilkes, 
Assistant Engineer Water Department; John E. Owens, M.D., Medical Director; 
R. H. Pierce, Electrical Engineer; W. E. Brown, B. B. Cheeseman, J. K. Freitag, 
H. S. Hibbard, C. A. Jordan, J. H. Murphy, A. C. Speed, F. W. Watts, M. Young, 
Building Superintendents; C. D. Arnold, Chief Department of Photography; C. F. 
Foster, Mechanical Engineer; J. W. Alvord, Engineer, Grades and Surveys; G. H. 
Binkley, Assistant Engineer, Grades and Surveys; Edward W. Murphy, Fire Mar- 
shal, 14th Batt. Chicago Fire Department; F. J. Mulcahy, Purchasing Agent; F. 
O. Cloyes, Chief Draftsman; W. D. Richardson, General Superintendent of Build- 
ings; D. A. Collins. Superintendent of Interior Docking; E. R. Loring, Superinten- 
dent of plumbing; A. A. Clark, Superintendent of Midway Plaisance; J. Worcester, 
Superintendent of Elevated Railway. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



69 



CHAPTER II. 




EARLY PREPARATION OF FLOWERS. 

John Thorpe Sent to the Front — The Erection of Greenhouses and other Floricultural Structures— Loans 
of Palms and Ferns By Wealthy Owners of Conservatories in Philadelphia and New York — 
Millions of Plants Under Way — A Mountain of Palms and Ferns — A Winter Exhibition — Mag- 
nificent Tribute Paid the Great Florist by the Brilliant John McGovern — Press and People Filled 
With Admiration and Praise — A Flowery Article from "Uncle John." 

HERE are four men connected with the World's Columbian 
Exposition whose names will live long after many others of 
prominence and worth have been partly or wholly forgotten. 
These are Davis, Burnham, Handy and Thorpe, whose ident- 
ification with the commencement, progress and completion 
of the great Fair has been brilliant, impressive and eminently 
satisfactory. It is underrating none of the other earnest and 
competent chiefs of departments and hundreds of others who 
by their energy, wisdom and ability contributed vastly toward 
the sublime creation to make especial mention of this quar- 
tette of masters. 

Early in the day of construction it was apparent that the work in floriculture 
must be commenced as soon as possible; and John Thorpe, the most eminent, 
floriculturist of any age, who had already been appointed chief of floriculture, was 
instructed to proceed at once to Jackson Park and make preparations for what has 
proven to be the greatest assemblage of plants that has ever been seen. 

It was not many months, therefore, after the first spadeful of earth had 
been turned, before long rows of greenhouses and a system of heating for the 
propagation of various plants had been erected; — and more than a year before the 
opening of the Exposition " Uncle John," as Mr. Thorpe is best known, was patiently 
nursing hundreds of thousands of plants that to-day bewilder the observer in the 
rotunda and eastern curtains of the Horticultural Building and which have at times 
ornamented and enlivened every structure at Jackson Park. So intelligently and 
so satisfactorily did the great florist proceed with his work that a fall and winter 
exhibit was given prior to the spring opening which alone attracted nearly half a 
million people and earned over a hundred thousand dollars. A mountain of choice 
palms and ferns and cactseceous plants which "Uncle John " had secured as loans 
from owners of conservatories in New York and Philadelphia excited praise 
and admiration from all beholders and Mr. Thorpe became a favorite not only 
with the press and the public, but with all the officers interested in the administra- 



jo HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

tion of affairs. Mr. John McGovern, the brilliant and distinguished editor o. the 
Illustrated World's Fair, has truly said of him: "In the huge volume of his knowl- 
\ edge, each page is a flower, the tenderest, sweetest, lovliest thing that man touches 
J with his five rude senses. By common fame, no other man known to the western 
hemisphere has come upon such a height of experience, instinct and devotion. 
John Thorpe was born in England. Three generations before him worked in the 
gardens along the Thames and elsewhere in England. He commenced at the age 
of seven, and has been among plants and flowers for nearly fifty years, laboring at 
Stratford-on-Avon fourteen years. His patrons and admirers are innumerable, 
conspicuous among whom are the Goulds, Vanderbilts, Lorillards, Childs, Drexel, 
and others. He has been in this country about eighteen years, owns extensive 
gardens and greenhouses in New York, and was for several years president of the 
Society of American Florists. He is probably the best known floriculturist in 
America, and is the presiding spirit over the floral exhibit at Jackson Park." 

The author has been permitted by the editor of the Illustrated World's Fair 
to publish the following special article by Mr. Thorpe: 

Ever since God commanded " Let there be light!" all human kind has lived 
among plants and flowers, and from the earliest period down to the present day a love 
and respect for these beautiful gifts of nature has been manifested in every hab- 
itable part of the globe. 

The Bible contains many allusions to others than the Rose of Sharon and 
the lilies of the field, while Solomon, according to the book of Ecclesiastes, gave 
much of his time and wisdom to the care and collection of the many varieties 
within his reach, and tradition transmits the delightful legendary information 
that the Arum Sanctum was taken from Egypt to Jerusalem to adorn the gardens 
of the voluptuous king. The monarch upon his throne rejoices in the possession 
of rare and beautiful flowers, while the untutored savage betrays a reverence for 
his native plants; and all ancient and modern languages are full of eloquent pas- 
sages where flowers are used as a figure of speech to express a sense of beauty and 
loveliness. The bards of all times have dedicated stanzas to these silent inhabitants 
of hillside and dale, and given sentiment and tongue to blossom, bud and leaf. 

There is no land and no clime where flowers are not found in greater or lesser 
varietiesand abundance. " From Greenland's icy mountains to India's coral strand," 
and from the Azores to antipodal isles, the earth is promiscuously strewn with millions 
upon millions of varieties of plant life, many of the blossoms of which exhale distilla- 
tions of delicious scent. Europe, Asia, and Africa are the homes of innumerable 
varieties, and America is even richer in the abundance and diversity of her floricult- 
ural treasures. Mexico is bespangled with brilliant specimens, and so also is Cuba, 
Florida and Arizona. China, Japan and the Hawaiian islands may be called lands 
of flowers. The Pacific Coast, from the Cascade mountains to the Cordilleras, is 
carpeted with wild flowers of amazing variety, beauty and odor for a number of 
months during the year, from December to May, while the uncultivated portions of 
the great valleys of the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, from Mount Shasta to 
Tehachepi, abound in vast sweeps of named and unnamed flowers, reveling in all 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



7i 



the colors of an axminster and perfuming the air with intermingled spices and 
sweets. The Alps, the Appenines, the Andes, the Sierra Nevada and the Moun- 
tains of the Moon are the habitats of flowers only surpassed in gorgeousness and 
circumference by the enchantresses of the Amazon and the Nile. 

The symbolism of flowers is probably as old as the utterances of the first poet, 
but the first recorded traces of it are found in the land where poetry had its birth. 
It was the graceful fancy of the Greek which, uniting flowers with the events of 
every-dav lite, blended sentiment with the beauty of the flower world. The 
Romans also used flower symbols, though in a less degree. The red and white 
roses mark a bloody era in the history of England, as do the lily of the Bourbons 
and the violet of the greatest military genius of modern times. 



jSvuukrvl^ 




MOSES P. HANDY, 

CHIEF DEPARTMENT OF PUBLICITY AND PROMOTION. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



73 



CHAPTER III. 
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLICITY AND PROMOTION. 

The Object of Its Organization— A Unique and Highly Advantageous System of Free Advertising- 
How the World Has Been Informed of All the Details of the Commencement, Progress and Com- 
pletion of the Gigantic Work— A Perfect System of Distribution of Information of Daily 
Happenings Conceived and Matchlessly Executed— Quarter of a Million Documents Mailed in a 
Single Week— Thirty Thousand Electrotypes of Buildings Sent Out— Ninety Thousand Litho- 
graphs Judiciously given Away— More than a Hundred Thousand Dollars Worth of Postage 
Stamps Used— Stupendous Advantages Derived Therefrom— Graphic Sketch of the Distinguished 
Department Commander. 

S HAS been conceded by the management and all others — and 
particularly during the early days and leading up to the 
opening of the Fair — no work connected with the Exposition 
has been more thoroughly done than the work assigned to 
the Department of Publicity and Promotion, and no effort 
made by any other department of the Fair is now bringing 
to the Exposition such great results. The name of the de- 
partment indicates the object of its organization. It was to 
advertise the Fair and Maj. Moses P. Handy, the department 
chief, has done his work so thoroughly that there is not a civilized 
section of organized society in the world that has not learned of the 
Exposition and its purposes. 

Since the organization of the department in December, 1890, there 
has been a constant and systematic effort to disseminate information concerning 
the Fair, and every avenue for spreading knowledge that presented itself has been 
utilized. Realizing the importance of having it thoroughly understood by the 
people of this country as well as the other nations of the globe just what the Fair 
was to accomplish, Director-General Davis was quick in seeing that some educa- 
tional steps must be taken, and he suggested the organization of the Department 
of Publicity and Promotion, and aked that a practical -newspaper man be placed in 
command. This idea received the approval of both the National Commission and 
the Chicago directors, and Maj. Handy was selected as the man to assume the re- 
sponsible position. One thing that probably led Director-General Davis to pro- 
pose the organization of this department was the unfriendly attitude of a portion of 
the foreign press, and another no doubt that the portion of the press that was 
friendly might be supplied with accurate information regarding the progress of the 
work. 

This department is located on the second floor of the northwest pavilion of 
the Administration building. It is organized and managed on much the same prin- 




M 



74 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

ciple as a large daily paper — Maj. Handy's position corresponding to that of an 
editor-in-chief. He has a general supervision of the department and molds the 
policy to be followed. 

The next man in authority is J. P. Holland, the chief clerk in the department. 
He is also chief of the Bureau of Information. This bureau supplies the demand 
for printed information and has received as many as 1,000 letters daily. 

The editorial division is in charge of William M. Knox, an experienced news- 
paper man. He has the supervision of the preparation of all editorial matter sent 
out. He has two assistants, Col. Louis Ayme, who looks after the preparation of 
the matter for the French, Spanish, and Portugese publications, while Victor 
Sarner takes care of the German press. Mrs. Nancy H. Banks, who is a member 
of the Board of Lady Managers,- has charge of the correspondence and prepares the 
special letters concerning the Exposition that are sent out by the department and 
also prepares the editorial news notes that have been largely used by the country 
press. The letters of Mrs. Banks has proven of great advantage in advertising 
the Fair. 

The mailing division, which is in charge of Frank Rigler, is one of the most 
important features of the department. The division is practically the same as the 
mailing department of a newspaper and has an exceedingly large list. The list con- 
tains, aside from a vast number of periodicals and newspapers, all the foreign 
Ministers and Commissioners, and a great number of persons who are even con- 
stantly writing for information about the Exposition now. In addition to this Mr. 
Rigler has furnished the press of the world with electrotype cuts of the principal 
buildings of the Fair. The advantage derived from this branch of the work has 
been great, as it enabled many newspapers to present to their readers pictures of 
the artistic and imposing structures that would not otherwise have been able 
to do so. 

It is estimated that of the matter prepared by the department for the news- 
papers an average of 2,500 columns a month has been printed. The marked copies 
of publications received would indicate this. About as much again was used in the 
preparation of original matter. The greatest number of documents mailed any 
one week was 249,000, while the average number was 60,000. The number of 
electrotypes of buildings sent out each month was about 1,000, and they were ac- 
companied with descriptions of the structures. There were also 85,000 lithographs 
giving bird's-eye views of Machinery and Horticultural Halls sent out, and 
$20,000 was spent for a lithographed bird's-eye view of the grounds and buildings. 
The postage alone on these reviews at times amounted to $1,000 a day. 

How Major Handy arranged for accommodations for the press during the 
Fair is best told by himself, as follows: 

Another work engaging the attention of the department of publicity and 
promotion at this time is the perfecting of arrangements for the accommodation 
and courteous treatment of representatives of the press during the exposition 
period. Our success in handling during the dedication week 2,500 newspaper men, 
the largest number ever assembled at one time, without any complaint from any 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 75 

quarter, encourages us to believe that with the indorsement by the management of 
the department's policy, the great problem now before us will be solved with equal 
satisfaction alike to the exposition authorities and to the press. Newspaper head- 
quarters will be in the administration building, at the very nerve center of the ex- 
position. Three floors of the northwest pavilion have been reserved for this pur- 
pose. One for the department office, one for the local press, and one for press 
associations, foreign newspapers, and file rooms. It will be impossible to give 
separate rooms even to the leading newspapers of the country, but desk room will 
be abundant, typewriting machines will be at hand, and there will be separate 
rooms for those great newspapers of Chicago and other cities which have regular 
staffs on duty throughout the period of the exposition. In regard to the extension 
of courtesies to newspaper men, the department has recommended that a most 
liberal policy be adopted. This contemplates the issue of three kinds of tickets of 
free admission on account of the press; first a complimentary engraved invitation 
for journalists of distinction, and the editors of the great newspapers of the world; 
second, season or term tickets for men who come here to work; and third, 
single admissions for transient visitors. It is as much to the interest of the press 
as of the exposition that these privileges shall not be abused, and care therefore 
will be taken not to extend such courtesies to any persons not fully accredited and 
identified. Applications are now coming in in great quantities by every mail, and 
it is no small work to classify and arrangre them, and decide upon the merits of each 
individual application. 



C"^> O w c»— 



^ 



[Moses Purnell Handy was born in the State of Missouri, but is virtually a 
Virginian, his father, a Presbyterian minister, having removed to the old Dominion 
while the son was yet an infant; and it was in the traditions of that State that the 
latter was reared and educated, and to her service that he gave his allegiance when 
the contest between the sections culminated in an appeal to arms. The horrors of 
conflict fell first upon the border states, particularly uoon that portion of Virginia 
contiguous to the Potomac, in which the Handys were living; the father although a 
minister of the gospel and a man of peace, was an early victim to the ardor of his 
convictions and the ill-considered severity of an inexperienced Federal officer. He 
was arrested, thrown into a military prison; the home was wrecked; the family 
scattered; and at an early age young Moses was cast upon his own resources. At 
the age of seventeen he entered the Confederate army, was assigned to the staff of 
General Stevens with the rank of lieutenant, and served until the surrender of Lee 
put an end to the struggle. Out of the adventures which befell the youthful soldier 
during those years of exciting experience grew the first achievement in that line 
which was to become his profession. His first literary venture, consisting of a series 
of articles descriptive of incidents of foray and battle, appeared in the Watchman, 
then conducted by Dr. Deems. Having thus "seen himself in print," the path of 
future effort was irrevocably determined. The journalistic instinct was in full pulse 



76 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

and vigor, only seeking a channel in which to vent itself. The boy now called on 
Dr. Converse, editor of the Christian Observer, then published at Richmond, and 
said he must have work. The field was not promising, but with characteristic per- 
severance he held on until at last (as to such resolute spirits it always does) the 
opportunity came. In the summer of 1867 Mr. Wilson, candidate for vice-president,-, 
made a canvass in Virginia and was announced to speak near Richmond. Young 
Handy went to the Richmond Dispatch with an offer to report the meeting "for five 
dollars and a railroad ticket." The offer was accepted, and the result was a report 
so superior to the usual work in that line as at once to fix the status of the writer. 
He was tendered and accepted a permanent situation on the Dispatch, learning the 
detail of the craft while engaged in the "all round" work which is the best educa- 
tion for a journalist, and was not long in mounting the higher rungs of the ladder. 
A little later Mr. Handy in connection with the exciting and tragic affair of the 
'Virginius," which so nearly led to a war between this country and Spain, displayed 
an enterprise in obtaining intelligence and a brilliancy of method in transmitting it 
which elicited flattering comments. This episode led directly to his establishment 
with the then brilliant staff of the New York Tribune, and his career since has been 
one of unbroken success. He was subsequently, for a time, editor-in-chief of the 
once famous Richmond Enquirer, and imparted to that staid journal a vigor and 
spice which astonished the natives. In 1876 he was commissioner from Virginia to 
the Centennial Commission, and becoming attached to the "Quaker City" remained 
there during several years in which he managed the Times, and afterward held a 
prominent position on the Press, engaging at the same time in other and successful 
literary undertakings. As chief of Department of Publicity and Promotion, Major 
Handy has been urbanely accessible to all, and is to-day quite as energetic in attend- 
ing to the wants of newspaper people and supplying them abundantly with passes 
as during the past thirty months he has been tireless in imposing upon them his 
millions of "reading matter," advertisements and pictures of the great Fair. The 
name of Moses P. Handy will long be known as that of the most distinguished 
promoter of the World's Columbian Exposition. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



77 



CHAPTER IV. 



DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. 

The Selection of Hon. Walter Fearn as Chief — A Difficult Task at First — Mr. Fearn's Own Conceptions 
of the Duties Imposed Upon Him — None Doubted That the Gallant Diplomatist Was Equal to 
the Task — His Brilliant Achievements are Reflected in Every Portion of Jackson Park — Sketch 
of Walter Fearn — Soldier, Scholar, Traveler and Gentleman — One of the Most Elegant and Fas- 
cinating Americans at Home and Abroad. 

'ERHAPS the most unpromising affiliation at first was from 
distant countries, especially from a number whose govern- 
ments have experienced occasional strained relations not 
long before. It was, therefore, and for other reasons, that 
Hon. Walter Fearn was selected as chief of the Department 
of Foreign Affairs, and much of the success that has resulted 
from the assemblage of more than half a hundred nations and 
exhibits of the mechanism and other handiwork must be at- 
tributed to the diplomatic knowledge and statesmanship of 
Walker Fearn. There is no more polished gentleman in the 
United States and few men of more rare attainments. Mr- 
Fearn's own conception of the demands upon him is best 
reflected in the following contribution: 
The purpose of the Department of Foreign affairs of the Columbian Expo- 
sition has been, and is, to encourage and stimulate by the best and most effective 
methods the participation of foreign nations in the great international episode 
which is to mark the close of the nineteenth century. 

To accomplish this a regular and systematic correspondence has been estab- 
lished, which now extends throughout the habitable globe, and embraces names 
distinguished in science, literature, art and commerce. 

From the very first it was felt that the most difficult task was the removal 
of the strong and universal prejudice, often amounting to positive resentment, 
caused by our own exclusve fiscal policy. However, opinions may honestly differ as 
to the practical wisdom of protection or free trade, there can be but one touching 
the effect of a prohibitive policy upon a great international assemblage of artists 
and handicraftsmen, whose logical condition is an appeal, consciously or uncon- 
sciously, to what has been termed the inalienable right of every human being to buy 
and sell in the best market. 

How far this cause has operated unfavorably it is of course impossible to say, 
but we may confidently predict, even now, a more complete, brilliant and instruct- 




78 HrSTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

ive display of the world's work than has ever before been gathered together — a 
display which may teach us how much we have to learn from the highly culti- 
vated nations of the Old World, notwithstanding our own unrivaled progress in the 
acquisition of wealth and power. 

While it has been our duty to lighten the labors of the Director General and 
assist our co-workers of the various departments in everything connected with the 
representation of foreign countries, it has also been our pleasing task to minister to 
the wants of the foreign ministers themselves, furnishing them with all requisite 
information and welcoming them with the cordiality shared by our whole commu- 
nity. Walker Fearn. 

Walker Fearn was born in Huntsville, Ala., descending from a long line of 
Virgianian ancestors. His grandfather, John W. Walker, for whom he was named, 
was president of the convention which framed the constitution preceding Ala- 
bama's admission as a State of the Union. Walker Fearn entered Yale College in 
1849 and graduated with honor three years later. Having read law with the late 
Justice Campbell, he was admitted to the bar on his twenty-fifth birthday and soon 
entered into active practice, but in 1853 began his varied experience in foreign 
lands by accepting a post of secretary of legation at Brussels, subsequently occupy- 
ing the same position in Mexico. In 1861 he was one of the Confederate commis- 
sioners to the European powers, and returned to Charleston under the fire of the 
blockading fleet. 

ntering the Southern army, Mr. Fearn was at first assigned to the staff of 
General Joseph E. Johnson, then commanding in Virginia. In 1863 he was again 
employed in the diplomatic service, first in Europe with Colonel L. O. C. Lamar, 
afterward Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and then to Mexico 
with General William Preston. His final military service was as Adjutant General 
of the trans-Mississippi department under General Kirby Smith, and here the close 
of hostilities found him. After his marriage with Miss Hewitt, of Kentucky, in 1866, 
Mr. Fearn devoted himself to the practice of law in New Orleans, and held the 
professorship of modern languages in the University of Louisiana until 1884, when 
he visited Europe as Commissioner of the New Orleans exposition. He was ap- 
pointed by President Cleveland Minister to Greece, Roumania and Servia and dis- 
charged the duties of his office with marked ability. By his experience and ac- 
quaintance abroad he was pre-eminently fitted for the management of the department 
which the Director General invited him, and his administration of the office has 
added to his already high reputation as a scholar and diplomat. 

All the other chiefs at times during the progress of the work were more or 
less engaged in planning — to the best of their knowledge and ability — for those suc- 
cesses that crowned their efforts, descriptions of which will appear in other chap- 
ters. 



HISTORY OF THE WORDL'S FAIR. 



79 



CHAPTER V. 
THE PRESS AND THE COLUMBIAN GUARD. 

Splendid Service of the Columbian Guard— Cursed, Reviled and Knocked Down and Otherwise Abused, 
They Faithfully Perform Their Multiform Duties of Firemen a nd Police— They Extinguish 284 
Fires and Save Machinery Building from Total Destruction— The Thanks of the Exposition are 
Due to Colonel Edmund Rice and the Columbian Guard— Also to John Bonfield and His Secret 
Service Police— The Fair Indebted to the Chicago Press More Than to All Other Things Com- 
bined. 




NE day in December, 1892, a small explosion took place 
somewhere on the grounds, and many cried, "What's 
that?" And the response came, "The Columbian Guard 
is making an arrest." At another time some scantling fell 
, from the dome of the Administration Building and a man 
was killed — "but it was only a Columbian Guard," added 
the cold-blooded bearer of news. These anecdotes might 
be multiplied by a hundred, with the joke on the Colum- 
bian guard each time. But these same Columbian guards 
and their commander may exult, generally, over the 
character of their work. To be sure these guards have been 
abused and caricatured for the severe performance of their 

duty. They have been sworn at, reviled, and knocked down. They have not 

only arrested disreputable and suspicious persons, but they have even place ded- 

partment chiefs, directors and commissioners under 

arrest and trotted off their own commandant to head- 
quarters for attempting to do what he, himself, had 

forbidden. 

The Columbian Guard is a military organization, 

under the control and direction of the Exposition 

company, having no connection with the Chicago police 

department. The Guard is under command of Col. 

Edmund Rice, U. S. Army, whose title in the Guard is 

commandant. The guards perform police and assist at 

fire-patrol duty inside the grounds, and, up to May 1, 

1893. at the gates, and at one time numbered 2,500 COL. edmund rice. 




80 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

men. The secret service part of the command is under charge of John Bonfield. 
Colonel Rices started out with the idea of making the Columbian Guard a model 
organization of selected men, physically, mentally andmorally qualified for the 
work required of them. The following officers of the regular army were de- 
tailed to assist Colonel Rice in his duties, and were assigned as follows: Cap- 
tain Fred A. Smith, Twelfth United States Infantry, as adjutant of the guard 
and commanding Company E and patrol system; First Lieutenant C. B. Hop- 
pin, Second United States Cavalry, as quartermaster, and, First Lieutenant R. 
J. C. Irvine, Eleventh United States Infantry, commanding Company B. Each 
member of the Guard performs his eight hours of duty during the twenty-four. The 
two reliefs which do the work during the day have four hours on, then four hours 
off. The night relief has a continuous tour of eight hours. It is all so arranged that 
no two companies or reliefs are changing at the same hour, day or night. The uni- 
form consists of a light blue cloth sack coat, ornamented with five rows of black braid 
across the front, each row terminating in a clover-leaf knot; black braid on the cuffs 
of the sleeves, with three small brass buttons on each cuff and five large ones down 
the front of the coat. The trousers are of a lighter blue than the coat and trimmed 
with two rows of flat black braid down each outside seam with a narrow red stripe be- 
tween. The fatigue cap is made high for the addition of a black pompon on occa- 
sions of ceremony, which, together with the black braid shoulder knots andaiguilet- 
tes with belt and short sword, constitutes the full dress. The ornaments are a 
blazing sun, from the centre of which an eagle's head appears, worn on the left 
breast; a whistle for the purposes of signal and alarm; on the right breast a cross- 
bow after the pattern of 1492, on which is the Guard's number, and on the cap a 
crossed gun and sword in the center of which is a miniature morion, or leather 
helmet, such as was in vogue during the time of Columbus. 

Up to the opening day the Columbian Guard had extinguished or helped to 
extinguish 284 fires, and on one occasion saved Machinery Building from complete 
destruction — while the splendid conduct of the guards on the day of the destruc- 
tion of the Cold Storage Building elicited general commendation. It is not 
improbable that the Guards performed their duties in a too severely civil way to 
suit many not at all acquainted with or used to military discipline, and forced in- 
sensibility of discriminating powers. But, all the same they have been faithful and 
vigilant from first to last, and the Exposition Co. has been greatly the gainer by 
their effective patrol ambulance and fire department work. 

The Cold Storage Building was erected for the sole purpose of the manu- 
facture of ice and for the preservation of fruits, etc., and was a very handsome 
building. This caught fire in the upper part of its central dome, about 2 o'clock 
on July 10, and was completely destroyed, during which fifteen brave firemen and 
one unknown person perished. The names of the brave firemen who were killed 
were Captain James A. Garvey, Captain Burton Edgar Page, Lieutenant Charles 
W. Purves, John Artemus Smith, Louis Z. Frank, Ralph A. Drummond, Norman 
H. Hartman, Bernard Murphy, Captain James Fitzpatrick, Lieutenant John H. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 81 

Freeman, John C. McBride, John Cahill, Paul W. F. Schroeder, Philip Breen, 
and William Henry Denning. Before the smoke had cleared away subscription 
papers had been started in all the departments and among all exhibitors, and in 
less than two weeks more than $150,000 had been raised, which was afterwards so 
invested that the families of the firemen lost receive substantial payments there- 
from. 

Ample preparations were early made for music, and such well-known bands as 
Souza's Marine, Theodore Thomas, the Mexican and Iowa bands, and many others 
made music at various times, and at various places during the Exposition. There 
were also ample preparations made for restaurants and other eating places, and 
the prices were generally satisfactory, and the service and cooking good. Arrange- 
ments were made long before the opening for a Bureau of Admissions, and Horace 
Tucker, who had the bureau in charge, conducted it with marked ability from the 
commencement to the end. The fire department, ambulance corps and the Emerg- 
ency Hospital, which took care of nearly 20,000 cases — serious and trivial — without 
cost of medical or surgical service or medicines, were all provided for at the com- 
mencement of work and kept up until the close. 

And last, but really first in importance, has been the general attitude of the 
Chicago press toward the Exposition. And, while, at times, the home papers have 
"deemed it not improper to censure as well as to praise, they have never permitted 
an outsider to scorn or misrepresent without reprimand or rebuke. The Chicago 
press could have killed the Fair had it so determined. On the contrary, the 
Chicago papers, to a great extent, have made it. It is this press that has portrayed 
regularly by picture and text the commencement, progress and completion of the 
wonderful undertaking, and it is this press that all the historians of the Fair depend 
upon, just as all the historians of the civil war depended upon the accounts of the 
newspaper correspondents sent from the seat of war. Therefore, the author de- 
clares himself indebted to the Tribune, Herald, Inter-Ocean, Times, Record, News. 
Journal, Post, Mail, and other dailies, and to the illustrated papers, for much that is 
best in this book. 

The New York Times, San Francisco Call, Chronicle and Bulletin, the Los 
Angeles Herald, Times and Express, and all the magazines and illustrated papers 
in the country have been conspicuous in their aid and devotion to the Fair. Indeed 
the whole press of the country, with very few exceptions, have been kind and lib- 
eral from first to last. 




BENJAMIN HARRISON, 

EX-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 



PART IV. 

THE DEDICATORY EXERCISES. 

CHAPTER I. 
ARRIVAL OF DISTINGUISHED PEOPLE. 

Vice-President Morton Acts for President Harrison— General Schofield and His Staff, the Cabinet 
Ministers, Justices of the Supreme Court, and Many Foreign Ambassadors come to Chicago — 
The City Filled with Soldiers, Senators and Congressmen — Nearly All the Governors of the State s 
and Territories Arrive Accompanied by Their Military Staffs — Texas Sends Thirteen Handsome 
Young Women as Representatives of the Original Thirteen States— Bishop Fowler and Cardinal 
Gibbons Received by Other Church Dignitaries — Grand Dedication Ball at the Auditorium — 
Brilliant Appearance of State Street — Hotels and Boulevards Jammed with Strangers— Gorgeous 
Uniforms Everywhere. 

• 
EDNESDAY, Thursday and Friday, October 19, 20 
and 21, 1892, constituted a gala period for the inhabit- 
ants of Chicago and the strangers within her gates. 
The latter had come to participate in the Dedicatory 
Exercises, which was to take place on the 21st, and 
not a small number had commenced to arrive even 
some days before the 19th. By the latter day great 
crowds of men in military uniform filled all the lead- 
ing hotels, the admired of all admirers to an extent that 
even caused jealousy in the souls of groups of Gov- 
ernors who stood about and chatted among themselves 
on subjects political and otherwise. There was a 
military feeling in the air, particularly along Michigan 
Boulevard, which, in the vicinity of the hotels, was be- 
sprinkled with Majors and Colonels, foot privates, 
troopers, color-bearers, and Uncle Sam's marines and sailors. 

The boulevard was crowded with passing throngs all day. Fully half of the 
pedestrians were lugging gripsacks, seeking in vain for rooms in the hotels. It was 
the same way in every locality that boasted a hotel. Hundreds of trains were run 
into the city, groaning under the weight of thousands of men and women who were 
bound to be in at the dedication, to see the great parades, and to take part in the 
approaching festivities. 

The rush at the principal hotels was something awful. Men stood four to 
five deep at the counters waiting an opportunity to inscribe their names on the 

83 




84 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

registers. The distinguished parties that arrived were numerous. They were 
attractive, too, for they contained men whose names are known throughout all the 
broad land. The arrival of Gov. Boies was a great feature of the day, and Iowa 
was credited with putting on more airs than any other State until Gov. Bulkeley 
came in with his magnificent retinue from Connecticut. Among other prominent 
people who came in were Senators F. B. Stockbridge, John Sherman, and Calvin 
S. Brice. Then there were the diplomats and Cabinet officers and members of the 
Supreme Court of the United States, and the Governor of nearly every State and 
Territory in the Union. 

Late in the afternoon Maj.-Gen. Schofield, Commander of the United States 
army, accompanied by Gen. John R. Brooke, Gen. Frank Wheaton, and Capt. A. 
G. C. Quay, came in and registered at the Leland, after a delay of seven hours on 
the train. Gov. Pattison came in with a big following early in the morning and went 
to the Victoria. Representatives of the Interior Parliament of Ontario were Nich- 
olis Avery, John Dryden, G. H. Bigelow, and H. R. O'Connor. 

M. Camille Krantz, the French Commissioner-General arrived early in the 
morning and went to the Palmer House, where he was shortly followed by Fred- 
erick Douglass, United States Judge W. A. Woods of Indianapolis, Senator Cullom, 
and Green B. Raum. Then there were great parties of leading society people and 
business men from Detroit, Duluth, the. Twin Cities, St. Louis, New Orleans, Balti- 
more, New York, Boston, and great cities from all over the country. Mrs. Adlai E. 
Stevenson and daughter arrived at the Palmer House in the afternoon, and Con- 
gressmen and Senators pulled into town all day. 

Texas sent thirteen handsome young women to represent the original States. 
They were accompanied by four married couples in the capacity of chaperons, and 
were given excellent quarters at the Palmer. They were selected by ballot by 
citizens of Texas at the instance of the Fort Worth Gazette, which offered to send 
the thirteen most popular daughters of the State to the dedicatory exercises. It 
was a newspaper balloting enterprise, and naturally enough the majority of the 
thirteen fairest daughters of Texas were selected from the belles of Fort Worth. 

Vice-President Morton, who attended in place of President Harrison (the 
latter having been summoned to the bed-side of his invalid wife), was the observed 
of all observers, and was the recipient of marked courtesies from many sources. 

Bishop Fowler, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and one of the most 
delightful men in the country, was met at the depot by a host of friends. 

Cardinal Gibbons, of Baltimore, Archbishop Satolli, of Rome, the Papal 
Envoy to the Columbian Exposition; Mgr. O'Connell, the President of the Ameri- 
can College at Rome; Bishop John J. Kean, Archbishop Ireland, Bishop Kain, 
and a number of other high churchmen were met at South Chicago by representa- 
tives of the World's Fair and Columbus Club. 

Not every one had an invitation to attend the grand Dedication Ball at the 
Auditorium that night, but no one needed an invitation to witness the splendors of 
State street. The concourse of people that turned out on the great thoroughfare 
was unprecedented. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 85 

To say that State street was thronged does not convey an idea of the situa- 
tion. On State and Madison streets, on all four corners, there was such a mass of 
people standing that a person could scarcely get through. From South Water to 
Polk street it was one dense throng of people. Laboring men with their wives and 
little children availed themselves of the evening time to see the decorations. Young 
women who could not find escorts did not stay at home on that account. They 
came in trios and quartets, and every young man who had any public spirit took 
his best girl for a walk down State street. 

All classes of Chicagoans were represented. One could hear expressions of 
admiration for the decorations in all the languages of Europe and the Orient, from 
Norwegian to Chinese. The cosmopolitian aspect of the city was as prominent as 
the Stars and Stripes in the decorations. 

There were soldier boys in the streets representing dozens of regiments and 
various military organizations. Their uniforms galore lent a picturesqueness to the 
crowds. " Regulars," Cleveland Grays, Continental National Guardsmen, from 
Hartford, Conn.; cadets in gray; New York cavalrymen; marines and guardsmen 
from nearly every state were as thick as hucksters at a county fair. 

The street had all the brilliancy of a scene from the Arabian Nights. Elec- 
tric lights of every color lent a rainbow line to the fronts of the business buildings. 
The decorations in the glare of the lights were almost bewildering in their gayety. 
Little children in large numbers clapped their hands and cried out in delight, "O! 
my!" No one minded the density of the crowd or failed to enjoy the sights, for 
there was something to see on every hand. Every shop window had its attrac- 
tions and every shopkeeper vied with his neighbor in a lavish display of incandes-"^ 
cent electric lights. 




LEVI P. MORTON, 

EX-VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



87 



CHAPTER II. 



GREAT PARADE OF TRADESMEN. 



Eighty-Thousand Men in Line — More than One Hundred Bands of Music — Half a Million Person 
Witness the Grandest Civic Parade Ever Seen in any Country — Vice-President Morton Reviews 
the Moving Masses — Great Gatherings of Distinguished People — Men of Peace resplendent in 
Habiliments of War — Flashing uniforms and Eloquent Medals of Honor — All Professions and Al 
Trades Represented — Fifteen Hundred American Banners Borne Proudly by Naturalized Citizens 
of All Nationalities — Generals Miles and Schofield Consider the Parade a Wonderful Success — 
Masses of School Children Attired in the National Colors Portray a Beautiful Design — Great 
Deference Paid to the Representative of the Nation. 

VERY ONE hoped for a pleasant day for the great civic 
parade on Thursday, the 20th, and none were disappointed. 
Immense preparations had been made by the 80,000 
marchers and the 500,000 other participants. The city of 
Chicago had been decked out as never before, as scarcely a 
house could be seen that had not been elaborately or other- 
wise decorated. Flags, bunting and transparencies were 
to be seen by the hundreds of thousands. A platform had 
been erected over the northern steps of the post-office, and 
here Vice-President Morton, in the presence of more than 
a thousand dignitaries, including cabinet ministers, Justices of 
the Supreme Court, Senators and Members of Congress, Gov- 
ernors of States, Foreign Ambassadors and other distinguished 
persons, reviewed the great parade. On the eastern and western steps more than 
two thousand little girls represented the States, and so arranged themselves as to 
look at either place like a great American flag, which was novel, beautiful, artistic 
and inspiriting. 

The procession will always be remembered by those who saw it as the 
greatest of its kind ever seen, and all will remember that it passed off in perfect and 
satisfactory order. There were 116 bands in line by actual count, and every trade 
and calling in the land was represented. As some one has written: "Great and 
cosmopolitan Chicago accomplished its greatest feat in the way of celebration when 
an army of 80,000 men passed a given point in two hours and forty-five minutes, 
which was the exact time taken by the civic parade in passing in review before the 
Vice-President of the United States. Half a million of people witnessed this grand, 
record-breaking event, and every one of the number seemed ambitious to view it 
from some point on Adams Street close to the reviewing stand at the north end of 
the Government Building until they were scattered by the well-organized efforts 




88 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

of the city police all along the line over which the great procession marched." 
The people ventured out in the cold, frosty morning early as the milkmen and 
wended their way down-town to points of vantage, and most of them sought posi- 
tions near the reviewing stand, which by nine o'clock was already half filled with 
the fortunate holders of tickets of admission thereto. The several school children 
who, attired in red, white, and blue, formed a living picture of " Old Glory," were 
escorted to their positions on the grand stand at the east and west sides of the 
Government Building, where, as living stars and stripes, they sang the Nation's 
song in sweet, young voices. There was music in the air from bands leading par- 
ticipants in the parade to the places of formation. There were exciting incidents 
enough in the great crowd that blockaded Adams, Dearborn and Clark Streets, to 
relieve the waiting reviewers of any impatience. They had a long wait, indeed. 

Vice-President Morton was the first of the official party to arrive. He. was 
immediately escorted to the middle of the reviewing stand. He was recognized at 
once, and the people on the reviewing stand arose and paid him deference heartily, 
while the crowd on the streets for the only time during the day got beyond the 
restraint of the police, and made a rush to pay obeisance and respect to the second 
man of the land, appearing as the chief official representative of the government 
on account of the affliction which detained President Harrison in Washington. 
In the great procession, which was soon afterward in motion, were Teutons 
and Sclavs and Frenchmen, and their hearts and their feet beat time to the same 
music — that of " The Star-Spangled Banner." Orangemen walked in that proces- 
sion, and for the first time in the history of 300 years che Irish Celts walked with 
them in a common cause. Hereditary foes were brothers, and for once the de- 
scendants of warring European clans marched under the same flag. All were 
Americans, all were freemen, and in the pride of sovereignty as freemen the old 
hatreds of the old days were cast out of their hearts. 

It was not strange that many eyes that saw the light under different heavens 
were suffused in watching the bright flag which multiplied itself in a million forms 
around and above them. Few colors were displayed to remind that host of natural- 
ized citizens — who, it is fair to presume, were in the majority — of the countries 
they had left to find a refuge and a home in the prairie of the West. 

All the participants in the parade marched proudly and cheerfully. Not all 
by any means had flashing uniforms; not all wore medals eloquent of their valor; 
nor did the habiliments of all betoken the possession of luxury in a material sense; 
but all looked happy in being permitted to profess in the most public manner their 
American citizenship. There were societies, the professed object of which is to 
oppose other organizations of alien connections, but they did not fall on one 
another. 

The municipal colors were displayed next to the national ones, for next' to 
the Union the object dearest to that great army of marchers was the city of their 
residence. All professions, all trades, all occupations were represented in an 
American parade. 

After the parade had passed the populace immediately took possession of 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 8g 

Adams street, crowding, in fact almost fighting, to get near the Vice-President and 
other National officials. On the occasion of the unveiling of the Grant Monument 
at Lincoln Park a year before, Gen. Horace Porter, of New York, who was on Gen. 
Grant's staff, said that the crowd that was gathered in Lincoln Park that day was 
the largest he had ever seen. But the Columbian parade and the crowd on Adams 
street was a mass-meeting compared with the crowd of a year before. Adams 
street from the bridge to the lake was absolutely packed with humanity. It was a 
congested sea of faces, and the crowding was as heavy on the side streets leading 
from Adams, but after the reviewing party left the stand the crowd dispersed in 
good order, considering all things. 

The parade meant a great deal to the intelligent people who witnessed it 
from the reviewing stand and other points- It was a union of men adverse in opin- 
ion, in politics, religion and all other sentiments or opinions other than those of 
patriotism. Citizens of foreign birth contributed greatly to its success. They car- 
ried more red, white and blue flags, and their bands played only the songs of loyalty. 
The greatest deference received by the man representing the Nation was paid by 
these men. They dipped their colors lowest and observed the Vice-President most 
attentively. Indeed, the members of the best disciplined of their societies forgot 
their drilling and turned their heads and kept their eyes on the Vice-President 
until they were able to see him no longer. Altogether they gave a marvelous exhi- 
bition of their loyalty to the country which they had sought for their own better- 
ment. That was one of the lessons of the day. 

Another thing wonderful about the parade was the rapidity with which it 
moved. Gen. Miles said it broke all records, and Maj.-Gen. Schofield, command- 
ing the United States forces, said that the passage of an army of 80,000 men in re- 
view was a wonder when it was considered that it. was all done in less than three 
hours and in the face of some unavoidable delays. The bearing of every man in 
line was soldierly, although all moved in columns of twenty. Nothing was lacking. 
Everyone of the more than 150 musical organizations in line played good music. 
Every one of the 1,500 banners was borne proudly, and in point of numbers the 
parade exceeded any parade intended to be of a civic nature ever held in America. 



<- 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



Qi 



CHAPTER III. 



GRAND MILITARY PROCESSION AND REVIEW. 

The 21st of October, I892, a Day Long to be Remembered — Grand Review at Washington Park in the 
Presence of Two Hundred Thousand People — The Marine Band of Washington and the Mexican 
Band of the City of Mexico Make Music — Thirty-eight other Bands and Fifteen Thousand Sol- 
diers in the Procession — Vice-President Morton, Director-General Davis, Presidents Palmer and 
Higinbotham, Ex-President Hayes, the Justices of the United States Supreme Court, General 
Schofield and Staff and Governors of Thirty-one States in Carriages — Carriages also Contained 
Henry Watterson, Chauncey M. Depew, Cardinal Gibbons, Bishop Fowler, National Commis- 
sioners, Lady Managers, Foreign Commissioners, Director, Chiefs of Departments — Members of 
City Council and Others— Tremendous Enthusiasm all along the Line from Washington Park to 
the Manufactures Building— All the Governors and All the Soldier Boys Cheered— Flower, Russell, 
Boies and McKinley Vociferously Saluted — The Jolly Author of Peck's Bad Boy an Especial 
Favorite. 

RIDAY, the 21st October, 1892, the day upon which the grand 
military procession and review took place, and also the dedi- 
catory exercises at Jackson Park, will never be forgotten by 
any participant. The weather was simply superb. It was 
sunshiny and cripsy and brought out hundreds of thousands 
of people. There were 15,000 soldiers in line and dis- 
tinguished men and women from all parts of the Union. 
Perhaps the stands overlooking the Midway Plaisance were 
the best points of observation. The grand review had been 
carried out according to program, and at 11:15 a cavalry 
troop turned from the green of Washington Park to the 
gray of Midway Plaisance. It was the advance guard for the 
great procession toward the Manufactures Building. On both 
sides of the Midway Plaisance there was a wall of humanity so deep that many 
who stood at the outer edge could see nothing but the banners and the flags 
waving above the marching men, and get an occasional glimpse of the baton 
of a drum major as it whirled through the air glistening under the rays of a 
noonday sun. Double lines of soldiers kept the spectators back. The advance 
column passed on without hindrance, and crossing the viaduct thrown across the 
tracks of the Illinois Central railroad coming down the incline at an easy canter, 
crossed the dividing line and entered the grounds to be dedicated to the World's 
Columbian Exposition. 

As the horses' hoofs beat a tattoo on the wooden pavement at the entrance 
of the park a shout went up that echoed from the Woman's Building to the Manu- 




Q2 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

fact; ires, and the waiting multitude inside the latter building knew the parade was 
entering the grounds. 

Every step to the Woman's Building was filled with crowds waiting to see 
the procession pass. The line of march inside the grounds was lined with a good 
natured crowd, kept in easy check by the Columbian Guards. From the top of 
the Woman's Building many friends of lady managers viewed the procession and 
waved handkerchiefs to those who passed in review. 

Gen. Nelson A. Miles, in the brilliant uniform o£ his rank, rode by on a big 
black charger, followed by his full staff; then a detachment of cavalry, then one of 
infantry, and from that time on until the carriages of the Joint Committee on Cere- 
monies came insight there passed company after company of state troops, punctuated 
by regimental bands playing lively airs. An exceptionally well drilled company of 
militia or a drum major in bearskin was enough to set the crowd cheering. 

The 5th Regiment Missouri National Guard, from Kansas City, received 
liberal applause, and the members of the bicycle corps, No. 21, mounted on new 
pneumatic safeties, were received with noisy approbation. Jerry Rusk's Own, the 
Rusk Guards, were vociferously cheered. 

Director-General Davis was the recipient of a tremendous round of applause, 
but when Vice-President Morton's carriage reached the top of the viaduct and 
started on the descent a cheer when up that grew and broadened to a storm as he 
entered the gates of the Exposition grounds. His hat was in his hand all the time, 
and as the carriage turned the corner of the Woman's Building the cheering fol- 
lowed him in an unbroken line. 

Chief Justice Fuller, dignified and gray, met with a warm reception from his 
fellow-townsmen. Carter Harrison, looking pale from the confinement of the sick- 
room, with his broken arm in a red, white and blue sling, was driven through the 
grounds by his daughter sitting in the high front seat of a dog cart. 

Mrs. Palmer was received like a princess, and smiled and bowed to right and 
left as her carriage passed. Chauncey M. Depew, Harry Watterson and the other 
orators were recognized at the top of the viaduct, and were cheered continuously 
as they passed. 

The first of the procession passed inside the grounds at 11:15 o'clock; when 
the last carriage and last soldier had passed by it was 2:35 o'clock. It was 3 o'clock 
when the last carriage had discharged its load at the east door of the Manufact- 
ures Building. 

Gov. Fifer, with the twenty-one members of his state, was greeted with up- 
roarious applause. Gov. McKinley was received by cheers and the crowed called 
out "Buckeyes." As Gen. Bulkley rode past, the boys recognizing the Connecticut 
derivation, shouted "Nutmegs, nutmegs." The Wisconsins were called "Bad- 
gers," and the old-time names for the various states were applied in a laughable 
manner. Gov. Russell, of Massachusetts, mounted on a pracing charger, his 
smoothly shaven face looking unusually young to be traveling with such an illustri- 
ous company of eminent men, was greeted by thunders of applause, a tribute alike 
to his youth and his ability. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 93 

Whitelaw Reid, who rode in a carriage with Gov. Fifer, as his guest, was 
given a pleasant informal reception all along the line, and during a brief stoppage 
in the march Congressman Durborow, who was in charge of the party of Congres- 
sional visitors, brought the Congressmen together in a sort of chattv exchange of 
gossip. Among those who were under his chaperonage were Congressmen Houk 
of Ohio, Greenleaf of New York, Neal of Ohio, Outhwaite of Ohio, Haynes of 
Ohio, Hayes of Iowa, Wilson of Missouri, O'Neilof Missouri, Huff of Pennsylvania, 
Riffe of Pennsylvania, Lane of Illinois, Scott of Illinois, Hitt of Illinois, Hopkins of 
Illinois, Dingley of Maine, McClennan of Indiana, Stewart of Illinois, andPaysonof 
Illinois. There were also Senators Sherman, Brice, Washburne, Cullom and 
Sawyer. 

Delegations from the Southern States were uproariously cheered and they 
responded to tributes by dipping flags and doffing hats. When California's beauti- 
ful banner moved between the crowded lines it was hailed with loud acclaim. The 
Californians, appreciating the honor, responded with waving flags. Govs. Flower of 
New York and Pattison of Pennsylvania were roundly applauded. This applause 
was not by Illinoisans; it was an outburst of national enthusiasm, for the crowd was 
a national one. The cheers came from the lungs of Californians, Texans, Louis- 
ianians, and visitors from all other states. 

At this point there blossomed into view a pretty little episode. Thirty little 
eight-year-old girls, dressed in white^had in some manner fallen into the line of 
march and came stepping proudly down between the great banks of the populace, 
carrjdng at their head a huge pansy, six feet across, on whieh was inscribed: "The 
Chicago Pansy society, Union, Culture and Peace." They carried American flags- 1 
They were cheered on all sides and had kisses thrown them from appreciative lips. 
They were quickly, however, led out of the line of march. 

As the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Fair came in sight handker- 
chiefs fluttered and hats were swung and a continuous roll of cheers greeted them- 
Gov. Boies, of Iowa, was heartily cheered, and as the Iowa Governor's guard came 
swinging along with measured tread the crowd started "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the 
Boys are Marching," and the grand old melody rang out from a hundred thousand 
voices. Gov. Peck, of Wisconsin, was a great favorite with the crowd. The boys 
cheered him for the funny things he has written, the Democrats because they liked 
him, and everybody else because he was a sunshinemaker. The thirteen women 
who represented the thirteen original states were vociferously cheered. 
The Connecticut Footguards, with their gorgeous continental uniforms of red coats, 
yellow trousers and black buskins, were applauded till the trees shook. There were 
four regiments from Indiana, three from Illinois, two from Ohio, one from Missouri, 
one each from Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. 

The United States Marine band of Washington, was a favorite with the multi- 
tude. The Mexican band was gieeted by repeated cheers. The beautiful marching 
by Troop K of the Fifth Cavalry was loudly applauded. The Ninth Colored 
Cavalry, which passed on a gallop, was also loudly cheered. The first and second 
Regiments of the Illinois guardsmen were tumultuously greeted. As the Indiana 



94 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



and Wisconsin soldiers swept along the wake of the Illinois boys their marching 
was much admired. An officer of the reviewing party said: "The earth resounds 
to the measured tread of our citizen soldiery; the country has reason to be proud of 
them; they are the bulwark of the nation." The martial bearing of the Minne- 
sota troops was such that Adj.-Gen. Reece of Illinois, said as they passed the re- 
viewing stand: "They are a magnificent body of soldiers. Minnesota can well 
be proud of them." On the whole, it was a grand affair throughout. 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 95 



CHAPTER IV. 
COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXERCISES. 

One Hundred Thousand People in Attendance — Grand Orchestra of Two Hundred Pieces and a Chorus 
of Five Thousand Voices under Theodore Thomas — Bishop Fowler's Prayer and the Opening 
Address of the Director-General — Hempstead Washburne's Brilliant Remarks— Reading and 
Singing the Dedicatory Ode. 

£* N the afternoon of the 21st of October, 1892, where only a 
few years before a solitary Indian was monarch of all he 
surveyed, there transpired an event which will forever 
perpetuate the name and fame of Columbus. This event 
will always be known as the Dedicatory Exercises of the 
World's Columbian Exposition, and took place in the un- 
finished Manufactures Building in the presence of one 
hundred thousand people. There were exercises, or 
there had been for a week or more before, in various 
portions of the globe, all in honor of the man who discov- 
ered America, conspicuously in Italy and Spain, and at va- 
rious points throughout our own country. 

When Vice-President Morton, representing the dignity of the United States, 
supported on his right and left, respectively, by President Palmer and Director 
General Davis, marched down the center aisle, between the long columns of dis- 
tinguished men on the speakers' stand, to take his position facing that immense 
audience, the great iron girders supporting the roof of the Manufactures building 
were made to tremble by the cheer that met him. Instantly 100,000 handkerchiefs 
were in the air, waving such a salute as no man ever received before. 

After the Vice-President had bowed his acknowledgements of the demon- 
stration the Director General, at exactly 1 130 o'clock, touched the electric signal, 
Professor Thomas waved his baton, and with one burst of melody the orchestra 
sounded the opening strain of the " Columbian March." The effect was instanta- 
neous and wonderful. A hush fell upon the multitude, and all through the great 
auditorium penetrated the harmony of Professor Paine's composition. 

Then 5,000 voices in one tremendous chorus swelled the volume of the 
music. For five minutes the audience sat as though entranced. And many 
seconds had elapsed after the baton had been given its final wave before the burst 
of applause came. 

It had been useless to attempt to quiet that throng until it had worked off 




9 6 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



J 



the enthusiasm acquired while the " Columbian March " was being produced. But 
there is an end to all things, and so when Bishop Charles H. Fowler stood forth 
and waved his hands in an appeal for peace the hush that fell was as impressive as 
had been the applause. And then the eloquent divine with head bowed, his voice 
wonderfully loud and clear, uttered a fervent prayer. 

Upon the conclusion of Bishop Fowler's nrayer, Director-General Davis read 
the opening address as follows: 

Ladies and Gentlemen: By virtue of my official position it is my pleasurable 
duty to present the noted personages who, at this hour, in their several functions, 
are to contribute to the exercises with which we here dedicate the grounds and 
buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition. 

In a presence so vast, on an occasion so pre-eminent in the progress of uni- 
versal affairs, I am moved by emotions 
that can sweep a human heart but once 
in life. Awe overmasters inspiration, and 
both are lost in gratitude that I am per- 
mitted to inaugurate these ceremonies. 
The citizens of our common country may 
be pardoned the pride and satisfaction 
with which we study the historic steps by 
which our people have been led to their 
present exalted position. Of the great 
nations of the world, the United States is 
the youngest; our resources are equal to 
those of any other nation. Our sixty mill- 
ions of people are among the most intel- 
ligent, cultured, happy and prosperous of 
mankind. But what we are and what we 
possess as a nation is not ours by pur- 
chase nor by conquest, but by virtue of 
the rich heritage that was spread out be- 
neath the sun and stars, beneath the 
storms and rains and dews, beneath the 
frosts and snows, ages before a David, a 
Homer, or a Virgil sang, or before Italy's 
humble and immortal son had dreamed 
his dream of discovery. This rich heritage is ours, not by our own might, not 
even by our own discovery, but ours by the gift of the Infinite. It is fitting that, 
on the threshold of another century, we reverently pause in the presence of the 
world, and with confession and supplication, with thanksgiving and devotedness, 
with praise and adoration acknowledge our dependence on the Creator of the uni- 
verse, the God of nations, the Father of mankind. 

Nature has given us a virgin soil of incomparable richness and variety. Our 
climate is so diversified that all the fruits of tree and vine ripen under our autumnal 




mmrns 

'/J///////;///.) r////r 

itotai&!ii5iiiiiii 






niii 



■„/,/mi.r 



INVITATION TO THE DEDICATORY CEREMONIES. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. Q7 

skies. The great seas that form our boundaries, and with their ebb and flow bathe 
our shores, are rich with all the treasures of the deep. The granite vaults of our 
mountain chains are stored with untold mineral wealth. In the prodigality of 
nature, bountiful provision has been made for our multiplying people, and in times 
of emergency, from our great abundance we may succor and comfort the distressed 
and afflicted of other lands. A single century has placed this people side by side 
with the oldest and most advanced nations of the world — nations with a history of a 
thousand years. 

But in the midst of our rejoicing no American citizen should forget our 
national starting point, and the quality of the manhood on which was laid the very 
foundation of our government. Our fathers were born under foreign flags. The 
very best brain and nerve, and muscle, and conscience of the older governments 
found their way to this western continent. Our ancestors had the map of the world 
before them; what wonder that they chose this land for their descendants! Over 
the very cradle of our national infancy stood the spirit and form of the completed 
civilization of other lands, and the birth-cries of the Republic rang out over the 
world with a voice as strong as a giant of a thousand years. From the morning of 
our history the subjects of all nations have flocked to our shores and have entered 
into our national life and joined in the upbuilding of our institutions. They have 
spaded and planted, they have sown and gathered, they have wrought and builded, 
and to-day, everywhere over all this land, may be seen the products and results of 
this toil, constituting our national prosperity, promoting our national growth. To 
all such the doors of the nation are ever open. 

The World's Columbian Exposition is the natural outgrowth of this nation's 
place in history. Our continent, discovered by Christopher Columbus, whose spirits 
were revived as his cause was espoused by the generous-hearted Queen of Spain, 
has throughout all the years from that time to this, been a haven to all who saw 
here the promise of requited toil, of liberty and of peace. 

The ceaseless, resistless march of civilization, westward, ever westward, has 
reached and passed the great lakes of North America, and has founded on their 
farthest shore the greatest city of modern times. Chicago, the peerless, has been ^r 
selected for the great celebration which to-day gives new fire to progress, and sheds ** 
its light upon ages yet to come. Established in the heart of this continent, her 
pulse throbs with the quickening current of our national life. And that this city 
was selected as the scene of this great commemorative festival was the natural out- 
growth of predestined events. Here all nations are to meet in peaceful, laudable 
emulation on the fields of art, science and industry, on the fields of research, inven- 
tion, and scholarship, and to learn the universal value of the discovery we com- 
memorate; to learn, as could be learned in no other way, the nearness of man to 
man, the Fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of the human race. 

This, ladies and gentlemen, is the exalted purpose of the World's Columbian 
Exposition. May it be fruitful of its aim, and of peace forever to all the nations of 
the earth. 



y 



q8 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

At the conclusion of the address of the Director-General Hempstead Wash- 
burne, then Mayor of Chicago, made the following brilliant remarks: 

Mr. President, Representatives of Foreign Governments, Ladies and 
Gentlemen: This day is dedicated by the American people to one whose name is 
indissolubly linked with that of our continent. This day shall add new glories to 
him whose prophetic vision beheld in the stars which guided his audacious voyage 
a new world and a new hope for the peoples of the earth. 

The four centuries passing in review have witnessed the settlement of a 
newly-discovered continent, the founding of many nations, and the establishment in 
this country of more than sixty millios of people whose wonderful material pros- 
perity, high intelligence, political institutions and glorious history have excited the 
interest and compelled the admiration of the civilized world. 

These centuries have evolved the liberty loving American people who are 
gathered here to-day. We have with us the pioneer bearing in his person the free- 
dom of his western home— the aging veteran, whom all nations honor, without 
whose valor government, liberty and patriotism would be but idle words. We have 
with us builders of cities, founders of states, dwellers in the forests, tillers of the 
soil, the mechanic and the artisan, and noble women, daughters of the republic, not 
less in patriotism and deserved esteem than those who seem to play the larger part 
in building up a state. 

There are gathered here our President and stately Senate, our grave and 
learned Judges, our Congress and our States, that all mankind may know this is a 
nation's holiday and a people's tribute to him whose dauntless courage and un- 
wavering faith impelled him to traverse undismayed the unsailed waste of waters, 
and whose first prayer upon a waiting continent was saluted on its course by that 
banner which knows no creed, no faith, no nation — that ensign which has repre- 
sented peace, progress and humanity for nineteen hundred years — the holy banner 
of the cross. 

Those foreign nations which have contributed so much to our growth will here 
learn wherein our strength lies — that it is not in standing armies — not in heredity 
or birth — not even in our fertile valleys — not in our commerce nor our wealth — but 
that we have built and are building upon the everlasting rock of individual character 
and intelligence, seeking to secure an education for every man, woman and child 
over whom floats the stars and stripes, that emblem which signifies our government 
and our people. 

That flag guards to-day 21,500,000 school children of a country not yet four 
centuries old and who outnumber nearly four times the population of Spain in 1492. 
This is our hope in the future — the anchor of the Republic — and a rainbow 
of promise for the centuries yet to come. 

As a mark of public gratitude it was decided to carry down into history 
through this celebration the appreciation of this people for him before whose name 
we all bow to-day. 

You, sirs, who are the chosen representatives of our people — you into whose 
keeping we entrust our property and our rights — you whose every act becomes a 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 99 

link in that long chain of history which spans four hundred years without a break 
and whose every link signifies a struggle and victory for man: — you who present that 
last and most perfect experiment of human government have by your official acts 
honored this young city with your choice as the most fitting place to mark this 
country's dawn. 

She accepts the sacred trust with rivalry toward none and fellowship for all. 
She stands ready to fulfill the pledges she has made. She needs no orator to speak 
her merits, no poet to sing her glories. She typifies the civilization of this continent 
and this age; she has no hoary locks, no crumbling ruins; the gray-haired sire who 
saw her birth to-day holds on high his prattling grandchild to see the nations of the 
earth within her gates. 

Over the very spot whereon we stand, within the memory of men still young, 
the wild fowl winged their migratory flight. 

Less than a century ago the site of this young city was unknown; to-day a 
million and a half people support her honor, enterprise and thrift. Her annual 
commerce of one billion and a half tells the eloquent story of her material great- 
ness. Her liberty to all nations and all creeds is boundless, broad as humanity and 
high as the dome of heaven. "Rule Britannia," the "Marseillaise," "Die Wacht am 
Rhein," and every folksong of the older world has drifted over the Atlantic's stormy 
waves, and as each echo, growing fainter with advancing leagues, has reached this 
spot it has been merged into that one grand chorus, "My Country, 'tis- of Thee, 
Sweet Land of Liberty, of Thee I Sing." 

This, sirs, is the American city of your choice ; her gates are open, her people at 
your service. To you and those you represent we offer greeting, hospitality and love. 

To the Old World, whose representatives grace this occasion, whose govern- 
ments are in full accord with this enterprise so full of meaning to them and to us, 
to that old world whose children braved unruly seas and treacherous storms to 
found a new state in an unknown land, we greeting, too, as children greet a parent 
in some new home. 

We are proud of its ancestry, for it is our own. We glory in its history, for 
it was our ancestral blood which inscribed its rolls of honor; and if to-day these dis- 
tinguished men of more distinguished lands behold any spirit, thing or ambition 
which excites their praise, it is but the outcropping of the Roman courage on a new 
continent, in a later age. 

Welcome to you men of older civilizations to this young city whose most 
ancient landmark was built within the span of a present life. Our hospitalities and 
our welcome we now extend without reserve, without regard to nationality, creed 
or race. 

Then was read and sung the dedicatory ode, written at the order of the Ex- 
position managers by Miss Harriet Stone Monroe, of Chicago. 





FLOOR OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



IOI 



CHAPTER V. 
DEDICATION OF THE BUILDINGS. 

President Higinbotham Bestows the Commemoratory Medals — The President of the Commission Receives 
the Buildings from the President of the Exposition and the Latter Presents Them to the Vice-- 
President of the United States for Dedication— Mr. Morton Dedicates Them to the World's 
Progress in Art, Science, Agriculture and Manufactures — " God Save the United States of 
America." 




T the sixth number in the Dedicatory Programme, Pres- 
ident Higinbotham, calling the Director of Works and the 
artists of the Exposition into a conspicuous position, made 
to them the following address, at the same time bestowing 
the commemoratory medals: Mr. Burnham and Gentle- 
men: It becomes my agreeable duty on behalf of the Board 
of Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition, to receive 
from you these buildings, which represent your thought 
skill and labor as master artists of construction. It is difficult to 
command language fully adequate to express our satisfaction with 
your achievements. We have observed with admiration the rapid devel- 
opment of your plans, until there stand before us today structures that 
represent the ripest wisdom of the ages. 

Never before have men brought to their task greater knowledge, higher aims 
or more resolute purpose. Never before have such magnificent fruits been the 
result of thought and toil. The earth and all it contains have been subservient to 
your will. You have pursued your work loyally, heroically and with an unselfish 
devotion that commands the applause of the world. Your country and the nations 
of the earth will join us in congratulating you upon the splendid issue of your plans 
and undertakings. 

We accept these buildings from you, exulting in the belief that these beau- 
ful structures furnish proof to the world that, with all our material growth and 
prosperity since the Columbian discovery of America, we have not neglected 
those civilizing arts which minister to a people's refinement, and become the chief 

glory of a nation. 

" Peace hath her victories, 
No less renowned than war." 
In this Exposition, one of the adorning victories of our age of peace, you take 



102 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

conspicuous part, and the work accomplished reflects, and will continue to reflect, 
honor alike upon yourselves and upon your country. 

In recognition of your faithful and efficient services, and in order to more 
substantially than by mere words the successful termination of your great work as 
master artists of construction, the Board of Directors have issued this medal, which 
I have the honor to present to you. A simple token it is, which finds its real and 
abiding value, not in its intrinsic worth, but rather in the high merit which receives 
and the grateful appreciation which bestows it. 

Turning from the Director of Works and the artists, with President Palmer 
rising, the President of the Exposition continued as follows: 

But yesterday these surrounding acres composed a dismal morass — a resting 
place for the wild fowls in their migratory flight. Today they stand transformed 
by art and science into a beauty and grandeur unrivaled by any other spot on earth. 

Herein we behold a miniature representation of that marvelous development 
and that unprecedented growth of national greatness, which, since the day of 
Columbus, have characterized the history of this New World. 

The idle boy, strolling along the shore of this inland sea, carelessly threw a 
pebble into the blue waters. From that center of agitation there spread the circling 
wave, which fainter and still fainter grew, until lost at last in the far distant calm. 
Not so did the great thought come and vanish which has culminated in these 
preparations for the World's Columbian Exposition. It was not the suggestive im- 
pulse of any single brain or locality that originated this noble enterprise. From 
many minds and many localities there seemed to come, spontaneously and in unison, 
the^suggestions for a Columbian celebration. Those individual and local senti- 
ments did not die out like the waves, but in an inverse ratio grew more and more 
powerful, until they mingled and culminated in the grand and universal resolve of 
the American people, " It shall be done." 

Today, sir, on behalf of the Board of Directors, representing the citizens of 
Chicago, to me has been assigned the pleasant duty of presenting to the World's 
Columbian Commission these buildings, for dedication to the uses of the World's 
Columbian! Exposition, in celebration of the four hundredth anniversary of the 
discovery of America. 

In viewing the work thus far accomplished, we gladly acknowledge our- 
selves debtors to the patriotic pride of our fellow citizens throughout the land; to the 
kindly interest manifested by the President of the United States; to the genorosity 
of the Congress; to the hearty sympaty of the civilized nations of the earth and to 
the efficient co-operation of the honorable commission which you represent. 

The citizens of Chicago have cherished the ambition to furnish the facilities 
for the Exposition, which, in character, should assume a national and international 
importance. They entertain the pleasing hope that they have not come short 
of the nation's demand and of the world's expectation. Permit us, sir, to believe 
that it was not a narrow ambition, born of local pride and selfishness, that asked 
for the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Rather let it 
justly be said that it was in view of the fact that 25,000,000 of people live within a 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 103 

radius of 500 miles of Chicago, and that standing here, so near the center of popu- 
lation, Chicago would be accessible to a larger number of American people, who 
are the creators of our wealth and prosperity, than would any other city on the 
continent. The citizens of Chicago have been actuated by the most patriotic sen- 
timents in asking for the location of the Exposition at thisp^ce. Animated by the 
most public spirited motives they have made such preparations for the Exposition 
as we trust you cannot but look upon with satisfaction. 

The fidelity and remarkable skill of the master artists of construction must 
be a justification for the pride with which we point to the structures which rise 
about us in such graceful and magnificent proportions. In furnishing grounds and 
buildings which should meet the modern demand for utility and scientific adapta- 
tion, we have not done violence, let us hope, to that growing love for the beautiful 
which gratifies the eye and educates the taste. Nature, science and art have been 
called upon to contribute their richest gifts to make these grounds and buildings 
worthy of your acceptance. 

The Board of Directors now beg leave to tender to the World's Columbian 
Commission and to the nation these buildings, in fulfillment of Chicago's pledge 
and in honor of the great event we celebrate." 

The President of the Columbian Commission, on receiving the Exposition 
from the Board of Directors, thus presented it to the Vice-President of the United 
States, Levi P. Morton, for dedication: 

When a structure designed for a beneficient purpose has reached completion 
and is about to be devoted to its object, it is deemed fitting, in accordance with a 
custom which sprang from the aspirations of man, and which has received"^he~ 
sanction of successive generations, that its intent and aim shall be declared amid 
imposing ceremonies, and the good will of the present and the blessing of the future 
invoked upon it. 

If this occasion shall have as one of its results the inauguration of another 
festal day to enlarge the too meager calendar of our people, the world will be 
richer thereby, and a name which has been hitherto held in vague and careless 
remembrance will be made a vital and elevating force to mankind. 

Anniversaries are the punctuations of history. They are the emphasis given 
to events, not by the song of the poet, or the pen of the rhetorician, but by the 
common acclaim of mankind. They are the monuments of the heroes and the 
saviors of the race. They are the Memnons which fill the heart with promise, the 
eye with gladness and the ear with song. 

The teacher of Socrates, when dying was asked what he wished for a monu- 
ment. He answered: " Give the boys a holiday." 

It was a happy thought to have linked with the achievements of Columbus 
and Pinzon, which doubled the area of the habitable globe, an undertaking whereby 
we hope to illustrate the fact that they also made possible more than a duplication 
of blessings to mankind. 

As these great men died ignorant of the magnitude of their work, may we 
not hope that this Exposition will accomplish greater good than will be revealed to 



104 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

us of today, be its outcome never so brilliant? May we not hope that lessons here 
learned, transmitted to the future, will be potent forces long after the multitudes 
that throng these aisles shall have measured their span and faded away? 

Four hundred years ago today, Rodrigo de Triana, from the prow of the 
" Pinta " cried, " Land." That cry marked the commencement of an era wherein 
has been condensed more of good import to the race than in any other. Today, at 
the floodtime of that era we are reminded of what that cry involved, and of how 
much there is yet to do to give it its fullest significance. 

There are no more continents to discover, but there is much to do to make 
both hemispheres the home of intelligence, virtue and consequent happiness. To 
that end no one material thing can contribute than expositions to which are invited, 
in a fraternal spirit, all nations, tribes and peoples, where each shall give and receive 
according to their respective capacities. 

The foundations of civilization have been laid. Universal enlightment, now 
acknowledged as the safe substructure of every state, receives an added impulse 
from the commingling of peoples and the fraternization of races such as are ushered 
in by the pageant of today. 

Hitherto the work of the National Commission and of the Exposition Com- 
pany has been on different but convergent lines; today the roads unite, and it may 
not be amiss at this time to speak of the work already done. Two years ago the 
ground on which we stand was a dreary waste of sand-dunes and quagmires, a home 
for wild fowl and aquatic plants. Under skilled artists, supplemented by intelli- 
gence, force, industry and money, this waste has been changed by the magic hand 
of labor to its present attractive proportions. I do not speak of this work as an 
artist, but as one of the great body of laymen whom it is the high calling of art to 
uplift. To me it seems that, if these buildings should never be occupied, if the 
exhibits should never come to attract and educate, if our people could only look 
upon these walls, towers, avenues and lagoons, a resul' would be accomplished by 
the influence diffused well worth all the cost. 

It was an act of high intelligence which, in the beginning, called a congress 

of the most eminent of our architects for consultation and concerted action. No 

V one brain could have conceived the dream of beauty, or lured from fancy and 

\crystallized in form these habitations where art will love to linger and science, 

Cornelia-like, shall expose here children to those who ask to see her jewels. 

Of the Commission and its agencies, its Director General and the heads of 
its departments, its agents and envoys, I, although a part of that national organiz- 
ation, may be permitted to speak. Called together by the President two years ago 
its organic law difficult of construction, with room for honest and yet contradic- 
tory opinions, it has striven honestly, patriotically and dilligently to do its whole 
duty. Through its agencies it has reached to the uttermost parts of the earth to 
gather in all that could contribute to make this not only the museum of the savant 
and the well read but the kindergarten of the child and sage. 

The National Commission will, in due time, take appropriate action touching 
the formal acceptance of the buildings provided under their direction by the World's 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 105 

Columbian Exposition Company for this National and International Fair, and to 
you, Mr. President, as the highest representative of the Nation, is assigned the 
honor of dedicating them to the purposes determined and declared by the Congress 
of the United States. 

In behalf of the men and women who have devoted themselves to this great 
work, of the rich who have given of their abundance and the poor who have given 
of their necessities; in behalf of the architects who have given to their ideals a local 
habitation and a name, and the artists who have brought hither the three graces of 
modern life, form, color, and melody, to decorate and inspire; of the workmen who 
have prepared the grounds and reared the walls; in behalf of the chiefs who have 
organized the work of the exhibitors; in behalf of the city of Chicago, which has 
munificently voted aid, of the Congress which has generously given of the National 
moneys: in behalf of the World's Columbian Commission, the World's Columbian 
Exposition Company, and the Board of Lady Managers, I ask you to dedicate these 
buildings and grounds to humanity, to the end that all men and women of every 
climate may feel that the evidence of material progress which may here meet the 
eye is good only so far as it may promote that higher life which is the true aim of 
civilization — that the evidences of wealth here exhibited and the stimulus herein 
given to industry are good only so far as they may extend the area of human 
happiness." 

At 4 o'clock, in the presence of a vast audience which rose at the moment, 
but could, as a rule, hear no word of the speaker, the Vice-President of the United 
States, acting by courtesy for the President of the United States, and addressing 
President Palmer, of the National Commission, read the following oration: 

Mr. President: Deep, indeed, must be the sorrow which prohibits the Presi- 
dent of the United States from being the central figure in these ceremonials. 
Realizing from these sumptuous surroundings, the extent of design, the adequacy 
of execution, and the vastness of results, we may well imagine how ardently he has 
aspired to be officially and personally connected with this great work, so linked to 
the past and to the present of America. With what eloquent words he would have 
spoken of the heroic achievements and radiant future of his beloved country. While 
profoundly anguished in his most tender earthly affection, he would not have us 
delay or falter in these dedicatory services, and we can only offer to support his 
courage by a profound and universal sympathy. 

The attention of our whole country, and of all the people elsewhere con- 
cerned in industrial progress, is to-day fixed upon the city of Chicago. The name 
of Chicago has become familiar with the speech of all civilized communities; 
bureaus are established at many points in Europe for the purpose of providing 
transportation hither; and during the coming year the first place suggested to the, 
mind, when men talk of America, will be the city of Chicago. This is due not only 
to the Columbian Exposition which marks an epoch, but to the marvelous growth 
and energy of the second commercial city of the Union. 

I am not here to recount the wonderful story of this city's rise and advance- 
ment, of the matchless courage of her people, of her second birth out of the ashes 



106 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

of the most notable conflagration of modern times, nor of the eminent position she 
has conquered in commerce, in manufactures, in science and in the arts. 

These are known of all men who keep pace with the world's progress. 

I am here in behalf of the government of the United States, in behalf of all 
the people, to bid all hail to Chicago, all hail to the Columbian Exposition. 

From the St. Lawrence to the Gulf, and from the peerless cosmopolitan cap- 
ital by the sea to the Golden Gate of California, there is no longer a rival city to 
Chicago, except to emulate her in promoting the success of this work. 

New York has signalized the opening of the new era by a commemorative 
function, instructive to the student, encouraging to the philanthropist, and admoni- 
tory to the forces arrayed against liberty. 

Her houses of worship, without distinction of creed, have voiced their thanks 
to Almighty God for religious freedom; her children to the amount of five and 
twenty thousand have marched under the inspiration of a light far broader than 
Columbus, with all his thirst for knowledge, enjoyed at the University of Pavia; 
and for three successive days and nights processional progresses on land and water, 
aided by Spain, and Italy, and France, saluted the memory of the great pilot with 
the fruits of the great discovery in a pageant more brilliant than that at Barcelona, 
when upon a throne of Persian fabrics, Ferdinand and Isabella disregarded the 
etiquette of Castile and Aragon, received him standing, attended by the most 
splendid court of Christendom. 

And what a spectacle is presented to us here. As we gaze upon these mun- 
ificent erections, with their columns and arches, their entablatures and adornments, 
when we consider their beauty and rapidity of realization, they would seem to be 
evoked at a wizard's touch of Aladdin's lamp. 

Praise for the organization and accomplishment, for the architect and builder, 
for the artist and artisan, may not now detain me, for in the year to come, in the 
mouths of all men it will be unstinted. 

These are worthy shrines to record the achievements of the two Americas ) 
and to place them side by side with the arts and industries of the elder world, to 
the end that we may be stimulated and encouraged to new endeavors. Columbus 
is not in chains, nor are Columbian ideas in fetters. I see him, as in the great 
picture under the dome of the Capitol with kneeling figures about him, betokening 
no longer the contrition of his followers, but the homage of mankind, with erect 
form and lofty mien animating these children of a new world to higher facts and 
bolder theories. 

We may not now anticipate the character and value of our national exhibit. 
Rather may we modestly anticipate that a conservative award will be made by the 
world's criticism to a young nation eagerly listening to the beckoning future, within 
whose limits the lightning was first plucked from heaven at the will of man, where 
the expansive power of steam was first compelled to transport mankind and 
merchandise over the water-ways of the world, where the implements of agriculture 
and handicraft have been so perfected as to lighten the burdens of toil, and where 
the subtle forces of nature, acting through the telegraph and telephone, are daily 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 107 

startling the world by victories over matter, which in the days of Columbus might 
have been reckoned among the miracles. 

We can safely predict, however, those who will come from the near and dis- 
tant regions of our country, and who will themselves make part of the National 
exhibit. We shall see the descendants of the loyal cavaliers of Virginia, of the 
Pilgrim Fathers of New England, of the sturdy Hollanders who in 1624 bought the 
twenty-two thousand acres of the Island of Manhattan for the sum of $24, of the 
adherents of the old Christian faith who found a resting-place in Baltimore, of the 
Quakers and Palatine Germans who settled in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, of the 
Huguenots who fled from the revocation of the edict of Nantes to the banks of the 
Hudson in the North and those of the Cooper and Ashley rivers in the South, of 
the refugees from Salzburg in Georgia, and of Charles Edward's Highlanders in 
North Carolina. With them also we shall have in person, or in their sons, the 
the thousands of others from many climes who, with moderate fortunes, have 
joined their future to that of the great Republic, or who with sinewy arms have 
opened our waterways and builded our ironways. 

We trust that from the lands beyond the seas many will come to engage in 
fraternal competition, or to point us to more excellent standards. If they shall 
find little in our product to excite their admiration, we shall welcome them to the 
atmosphere of the new world, where some of the best efforts have been made in 
the cause of freedom and progress by Washington and Franklin and Lafayette; by 
Agassiz and Lincoln and Grant; by Bolivar and Juarez and Toussaint L'Ouverture; 
by Fulton and Morse and Edison. 

Columbus lived in the age of great events. When he was a child in 1440 
printing was first done by movable types; seven years later, the Vatican library, 
the great fountain of learning, was founded by Nicholas the Fifth; and 1455 is 
given as the. probable date of the Mazarine Bible, the earliest printed book known. 
It was not until a hundred years after the discovery, that Galileo, pointing his little 
telescope to the sky, found the satelites of Jupiter, and was hailed as the Columbus 
■of the heavens. 

His character was complex, as was that of many of the men of his time who 
made their mark in history. But his character and attainments are to be estimated 
by those of his contemporaries, and not by other standards. Deeply read in 
mathematical science, he was certainly the best geographer of his time. I believe, 
with Castelar, that he was sincerely religious, but his sincerity did not prevent his 
indulging in dreams. He projected, as the eloquent Spanish orator says, the pur- 
chase of the holy places of Jerusalem, in the event of his finding seas of pearls, 
cities of gold, streets paved with sapphires, mountains of emeralds, and rivers of 
diamonds. How remote, and yet how marvelous, has been the realization! Two 
products of the southern continent which he touched and brought into the world's 
economy have proved of inestimable value to the race, far beyond what the im- 
agined wealth of the Indies could buy. 

The potato, brought by the Spaniards from what is now the Republic of 



y 



J 



108 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Ecuador, in the beginning of the century following the discovery, has proved, next 
to the principal cereals, to be the most valuable of all plants for human food. It 
has sensibly increased the wealth of nations and added immeasurably to the welfare 
of the people. More certain than other crops, and having little to fear from storm 
or drouth, it is hailed as an effectual barrier against the recurrence of famines. 

Nor was the other product of less importance to mankind. Peruvian bark 
comes from a tree of spontaneous growth in Peru, and many other parts of South 
America. It received its botanical name from the wife of a Spanish viceroy, liber- 
ated from an intermittent fever by its use. Its most important base, quinine, has 
come to be regarded, as nearly as may be, as a specific for that disease and also for 
the preservation of health in certain latitudes, so that no vessel would dare to ap- 
proach the east or west coast of Africa without, a supply, and parts of our own land 
would be made partially desolate by its disappearance. No words that I could use 
could magnify the blessings brought to mankind by these two individuals of the 
vegetable kingdom from the shores of the New World. 

Limited time for preparation does not permit me to speak authoritatively of 
the progress and proud position of our sister republics and of the Dominion of 
Canada to demonstrate the moral and material fruits of the great discovery. Con- 
cerning ourselves the statistics are familiar and constitute a marvel. One of the 
states recently admitted, the state of Montana, is larger than the empire of 
Turkey. 

We are near the beginning of another century, and if no serious change 
occurs in our present growth, in the year 1935, in the lifetime of many now in man- 
hood, the English-speaking republicans of America will number more than 
180,000,000. And for them, John Bright in a burst of impassioned eloquence pre- 
dicts one people, one language, one law, and one faith; and all over the wide con- 
tinent, the home of freedom and a refuge for the oppressed of every race and 
every clime. 

The transcendent feature in the character of Columbus was his faith. That 
sustained him in days of trial and darkness, and finally gave him the great dis- 
covery. Like him, let us have faith in our future. To insure that future, the 
fountains must be kept pure, public integrity must be preserved. While we rever- 
ence what Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel fought for, the union of peoples, we 
must secure above all else what Steuben and Kosciusko aided our fathers to 
establish — liberty regulated by law. 

If the time should ever come wnen men trifle with the public conscience, let 
me predict the patriotic action of the Republican the language of Milton: 

" Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rousing herself like 
a strong man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks; methinks I see her as 
an eagle mewing her mighty youth, and kindling her undazzled eyes at the full 
mid-day beam; purging and unsealing her long abused sight at the fountain itself 
of heavenly radiance; while the whole noise of timorous and flocking birds, with 
those also that love the twilight flutter about, amazed at what she means." 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



109 



Mr. President, in the name of the Government of the United States, I hereby 
dedicate these buildings and their appurtenances, intended by the Congress of the 
United States for the use of the World's Columbian Exposition, to the world's pro- 
gress in art, in science, in agriculture and in manufactures. 

I dedicate them to humanity. 
God save the United States of America. 





F , , ' 



GROUP DIRECTORS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

1. Victor Lawson. 2. Andrew McNally. 

3. Otto Young. i. C. L. Hutchinson. 5. J. W. Scott. 

6. Chas. T. Yerkes. 
7. G. H. Wheeler. 8. John C. Welling. 9. Mark L. Crawford. 

10. C. H. G. Billings. 11. J. W. Ellsworth. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR, 



in 



CHAPTER VI. 



MRS. POTTER PALMER'S BRILLIANT ADDRESS. 

The Liberation of Women — They Now Have Time to Think, to be Educated, to Plan and Pursue Careers 
of Their Own Choosing — The Application of Machinery to the Performance of Many Heretofore 
Laborious Occupations of Women Relieves Them of Much Oppression— Public Sentiment will 
Yet Favor Woman's Industrial Equality and Just Compensation for Services Rendered — She Now 
Drinks Deeply of the Long-Denied Fountain of Knowledge — Is the World Ready to Give Her 
Industrial and Intellectual Independence, and to Open All Doors Before Her ? 

IRECTOR GENERAL DAVIS announced that Haydn's 
chorus, "The Heavens Are Telling," which was No. 7 on the 
program, would be omitted, and then he introduced Mrs. 
Potter Palmer, President of the Board of Lady Managers. 
Mrs. Palmer's appearance called forth enthusiastic applause. 
Handkerchiefs waved from all parts of the building, and 
from the chorus stand came the shrill voices of hundreds of 
school children, joining in the sound of greeting. Mrs. 
Palmer read the following address: Official representation 
for women, upon so important an occasion as the present, is 
unprecedented. It seems peculiarly appropriate that this 
honor should have been accorded our sex when celebrating 
the great deeds of Columbus, who, inspired though his vis- 
ions may have been, yet required the aid of an Isabella to transform them into 
realities. 

The visible evidences of the progress made since the discovery of this great 
continent will be collected six months hence in these stately buildings now to be 
dedicated. 

The magnificent material exhibit, the import of which will presently be 
eloquently described by our orators, will not, however, so vividly represent the 
great advance of modern thought as does the fact that man's "silent partner" has 
been invited by the Government to leave her retirement to assist in conducting a 
great national enterprise. The provision of the Act of Congress that the Board 
of Lady Managers appoint a jury of her peers to pass judgment upon woman's 
work, adds to the significance of the innovation, for never before was it thought 
necessary to apply this fundamental principle of justice to our sex. 

Realizing the seriousness of the responsibilities devolving upon it, and in- 
spired by a sense of the nobility of its mission, the Board has, from the time of its 
organization, attempted most thoroughly and most conscientiously to carry out the 
intentions of Congress. 




ii2 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

It has been able to broaden the scope of its work and extend its influence 
through the co-operation and assistance so generously furnished by the Columbian 
Commission and the Board of Directors of the Exposition. The latter took the 
initiative in making an appropriation for the Woman's Building, and in allowing 
the Board to call attention to the recent work of women in new fields by selecting 
from their own sex the architect, decorators, sculptors and painters to create both 
the building and its adornments. 

Rivaling the generosity of the Directors, the National Commission has 
honored the Board of Lady Managers by putting into its hands all of the interests 
of women in connection with the Exposition, as well as the entire control of the 
Woman's Building. 

In order the more efficiently to perform the important functions assigned it, 
the Board hastened to secure necessary co-operation. At its request women were 
made members of the World's Fair Boards of almost every state and territory of 
the Union. Inspired by this success at home, it had the courage to attempt to ex- 
tend the benefits it had received to the women of other countries. It officially in- 
vited all foreign governments, which had decided to participate in the Exposition, 
to appoint committees of women, to co-operate with it. The active help given by 
the Department of State was invaluable in promoting this plan, the success of 
which has been notable, for we now have under the patronage of royalty, or the 
heads of government, committees composed of the most influential, intellectual and 
practical women in France, England, Germany, Austria, Russia, Italy, Holland, 
Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, Japan, Siam, Algeria, Cape Colony, Ceylon, 
Brazil, the Argentine Republic, Cuba, Mexico and Nicaragua, and although com- 
mittees have not yet been announced, favorable responses have been received from 
Spain, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Panama and the Sandwich Islands. 

No organization comparable to this has ever before existed among women. 
It is official, acting under government authority and sustained bygovernment funds. 
It is so far-reaching that it encircles the globe. 

Without touching upon politics, suffrage, or other irrelevant issues, this 
unique organization of women for women will devote itself to the promotion of 
their industrial interests. It will address itself to the formation of a public senti- 
ment which will favor woman's industrial equality, and her receiving just compen- 
sation for services rendered. It will try to secure for her work the consideration 
and respect which it deserves, and establish her importance as an economic factor. 
To this end it will endeavor to obtain and install in these buildings exhibits show- 
ing the value of her contributions to the industries, sciences and arts, as well as 
statistics giving the proportionate amount of her work in every country. 

Of all the changes that have resulted from the great ingenuity and inventive- 
ness of the race, there is none that equals in importance to woman the application of 
machinery to the performance of the never-ending tasks that have previously been 
hers. The removal from the household to the various factories where such work is 
now done of spinning, carding, dyeing, knitting, the weaving of textile fabrics, sew- 
ing, the cutting and making of garments and many other laborious occupations has 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 113 

enabled her to lift her eyes from the drudgery that has oppressed her since prehis- 
toric days. 

The result is that women as a sex have been liberated. They now have time 
to think, to be educated, to plan and pursue careers of their own choosing. Con- 
sider the value to the race of one-half of its members being enabled to throw aside 
the intolerable bondage of ignorance that has always weighed them down! See the 
innumerable technical, professional, and art schools, academies and colleges that 
have been suddenly called into existence by the unwonted demand! It is only about 
one hundred years since girls were first permitted to attend the free schools of 
Boston. They were then allowed to take the places of boys for whom the schools 
were instituted, during the season when the latter were helping to gather in the 
harvest. 

It is not strange that woman is drinking deeply of the long-denied fountain of 
knowledge. She had been told, until she almost believed it, by her physician, that 
she was of too delicate and nervous an organization to endure the application and 
mental strain of the schoolroom — by the scientist that the quality of the gray matter 
of her brain would not enable her to grasp the exact sciences, and that its peculiar 
convolutions made it impossible for her to follow a logical proposition from premise 
to conclusion — by her anxious parents that there was nothing that a man so abomi- 
nated as a learned woman, nothing so unlovely as a blue stocking, and yet she comes, 
smiling from her curriculum with her honors fresh upon her, healthy and wise, forc- 
ing us to acknowledge that she is more than ever attractive, companionable, and 
useful. 

What is to be done with this strong, self-poised creature of glowing imagina- 
tion and high ideals, who evidently intends, as a natural and inherent right, to pur- 
sue her self-development in her chosen line of work? Is the world ready to give 
her industrial and intellectual independence, and to open all doors before her? The 
human race is not so rich in talent, genius and useful creative energy that it can 
afford to allow any considerable proportion of these valuable attributes to be wasted 
or unproductive, even though they be possessed by women. 

The sex which numbers more than one-half the population of the world is 
forced to enter the keen competition of life with many disadvantages, both real and 
factitious. Are the legitimate compensation and honors that should come as the 
result of ability and merit to be denied on the untenable ground of sex aristocracy? 
We are told by scientists that the educated eye and ear of today are capable 
of detecting subtle harmonies and delicate gradations of sound and color that were 
imperceptible to our ancestors; that artists and musicians will consequently never 
reach the last possible combination of tones, or of tints, because their fields will 
widen before them, disclosing, constantly, new beauties and attractions. We cannot 
doubt that human intelligence will gain as much by development; that it will 
vibrate with new power because of the uplifting of one-half of its members — and 
of that half, which is, perhaps, conceded to be the more moral, sympathetic, and 
imaginative — from darkness into light. 

As a result of the freedom and training now granted them, we may confi- 



ii 4 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

dently await, not a renaissance, but the first blooming of the perfect flower of woman- 
hood. After centuries of careful pruning into convential shapes, to meet the re- 
quirements of an artificial standard, the shears and props have been thrown away. 
We shall learn by watching the beauty and the vigor of the natural growth in the 
open air and sunshine, how artificial and false was the ideal we had previously 
cherished. Our efforts to frustrate nature will seem grotesque, for she may always 
be trusted to preserve her types. Our utmost hope is, that woman may become a 
more congenial companion and fit partner for her illustrious mate, whose destiny 
she has shared during the centuries. 

We are proud that the statesmen of our own great country have been the 
first to see beneath the surface and to understand that the old order of things has 
passed away, and that new methods must be inaugurated. We wish to express 
our thanks to the Congress of the United States for having made this great 
step forward, and also for having subsequently approved and indorsed the plans of 
the Board of Lady Managers, as was manifested by their liberal appropriation for 
carrying them out. 

We most heartily appreciate the assistance given us by the President of the 
United States, the Department of State, and our foreign ministers. We hope to 
have occasion to thank all of the other great departments of the government before 
we finish our work. 

Even more important than the discovery of Columbus, which we are gathered 
together to celebrate, is the fact that the general government has just discovered 
woman. It has sent out a flash-light from its heights, so inaccessible to us, which 
we shall answer by a return signal when the Exposition is opened. What will be 
its next message to us? 




LORD SALISBURY'S BANQUET HALL, HATFIELD HOUSE, ENGLAND. MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



ii5 



CHAPTER VII. 



THE DEDICATORY ORATION. 

Magnificent Effort of Henry Watterson— Grand and Patriotic Throughout— The Earnest Kentuckian 
Touches Brilliantly Upon Many of the Salient Points from 1492 to the Present Day— From the 
Hillside of Santa Rabida to the Present Hour of Celebration — No Geography in American 
Manhood — No Sections to American Fraternity — The Rise of the Young Republic — The Drum 
Taps of the Revolution — The Tramp of the Minute Men — The Curse of Slavery Gone— The 
Mirage of Separation Vanished— A Great and Undivided Country. 

ITH darkness settling fast, the dedication service had 
only reached its main event, the Dedicatory Oration, 
by Henry Watterson. This effort had been prepared 
at almost a moment's call, on the declination of Mr. 
.0 Breckinridge. In its delivery, too, the great journal- 
ist exhibited that strong good sense which, together 
with his genius, has ensconsed him so securely in the 
hearts of Americans. No orator was ever given a 
more hearty reception than was accorded Henry Wat- 
terson when he was introduced by Director-General 
Davis. And Mr. Watterson entered into the spirit of 
the occasion, delivering his address in his own 
peculiarly effective style. Just before he concluded, 
a ray of sunlight entered one of the western windows, 
and falling upon his gray locks seemed to crown? 
him. The great Kentuckian accepted the gift, and throwing his face into the 
strong light delivered his final sentiment so as to impress each individual of that 
throng. His speech was as follows: 

Among the wonders of creative and constructive genius in the course of pre- 
paration for this festival of the nations, whose formal and official inauguration has 
brought us together, will presently be witnessed upon the margin of the inter- 
ocean which gives to this noble and beautiful city the character and rank of a mari- 
time metropolis, a spectatorium, wherein the Columbian epic will be told with realistic 
effects surpassing the most splendid and impressive achievements of the modern 
stage. No one who has had the good fortune to see the models of this extra- 
ordinary work of art can have failed to be moved by the union which it embodies, 
of the antique in history and the current in life and thought, as, beginning with the 
weird mendicant fainting upon the hillside of Santa Rabida it traces the strange 
adventures of the Genoese seer from the royal camp of Santa Fe to the sunny 
coasts of the Isles of Inde; through the weary watches of the endless night, whose 




ii6 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

sentinel stars seemed set to mock but not to guide; through the trackless and shore- 
less wastes of the mystic sea, spread day by day to bear upon every rise and fall of 
its heaving bosom the death of fair, fond hopes, the birth of fantastic fears; the 
peerless and thrilling revelation, and all that has followed to the very moment that 
beholds us here, citizens, freemen, equal shareholders in the miracle of American 
civilization and development. Is there one among us who does not thank his 
Maker that he has lived to join in this universal celebration, this jubilee of mankind ? 

I am appalled when I reflect upon the portent and meaning of the proclama- 
tion which has been delivered in our presence. The painter employed by the king s 
command to render to the eye some particular exploit of the people, or the throne. 
knows in advance precisely what he has to do; there is a limit set upon his purpose; 
his canvas is measured; his colors are blended, and, with the steady and sure hand 
of the master, he proceeds, touch upon touch, to body forth the forms of things 
known and visible. Who shall measure the canvas or blend the colors that are to 
the mind's eye of the present the scenes of the past in American glory? Who shall 
dare attempt to summon the dead to life, and out of the tomb of the ages recall the 
tones of the martyrs and heroes whose voices, though silent forever, still speak to 
us in all that we are as a nation, in all that we do as men and women? 

We look before and after, and we see through the half-drawn folds of Time 
as through the solemn archways of some grand cathedral the long procession pass, 
as silent and as real as a dream; the caravels, tossing upon Atlantic billows, have 
their sails refilled from the east and bear away to the west; the land is reached, and 
fulfilled is the vision whose actualities are to be gathered by other hands than his 
who planned the voyage and steered the bark of discovery; the long sought, golden 
day has come to Spain at last, and Castilian conquests tread one upon another fast 
enough to pile up perpetual power and riches. 

But even as simple justice was denied Columbus was lasting tenture denied 
the Spaniard. 

We look again and we see in the far northeast the Old World struggle be- 
tween the French and English transferred to the New, ending in the tragedy upon 
the heights above Quebec; we see the sturdy Puritans in bell-crowned hats and 
sable garments assail in unequal battle the savage and the elements, overcoming 
both to rise against a mightier foe; we see the gay but dauntless cavaliers, to the 
southward, join hands with the Roundheads in holy rebellion. And, lo, down from 
the green-walled hills of New England, out of the swamps of the Carolinas, came 
faintly to the ear like far-away forest leaves stirred to music by autumn winds, the 
drum-taps of the Revolution; the tramp of the minute-men, Israel Putnam riding 
before; the hoof-beats of Sumter's horse galloping to the front; the thunder of 
Stark's guns in spirit-battle; the gleam of Marion's watch-fires in ghostly bivouac; 
and there, there in serried, saint-like ranks on fame's eternal camping-ground 
stand — 

" The old Continentals, 
In their ragged regimentals, 
j Yielding not," 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 117 

as amid the singing of angels in heaven, the scene is shut out from our mortal vision 
by proud and happy tears. 

We see the rise of the young republic; and the gentlemen in knee-breeches 
and powdered wigs who signed the Declaration and the gentlemen in knee-breeches 
and powdered wigs who made the Constitution. We see the little Nation menaced 
from without. We see the riflemen in hunting-shirt and buckskin swarm from the 
cabin in the wilderness to the rescue of country and home; and our hearts swell to 
a second and final decree of independence won by the powers and valor of Ameri- 
can arms upon the land and sea. 

And then, and then — since there is no life of nations or of men without its 
shadow and its sorrow — there comes a day when the spirits of the fathers no longer 
"walk upon the battlements of freedom; and all is dark; and all seems lost save 
liberty and honor, and, praise God, our blessed Union. With these surviving, who 
shall marvel at what we see to-day; this land filled with the treasures of earth; this 
city, snatched from the ashes, to rise in splendor and renown passing the mind to 
preconceive. 

Truly, out of trial comes the strength of man, out of disaster comes the glory 
of the State! 

We are met this day to honor the memory of Christopher Columbus, to cele- 
brate the four-hundredth annual return of the year of his transcendent achievement, 
and with fitting rites, to dedicate to America and the universe a concrete exposition 
of the world's progress between 1492 and 1892. No twenty centuries can be com- 
pared with those four centuries, either in importance or in interest, as no previous 
ceremonial can be compared with this in its wide significance and reach; because, 
since the advent of the Son of God, no event has had so great an influence upon 
human affairs as the discovery of the western hemisphere. Each of the centuries 
that have intervened marks many revolutions. The merest catalogue would crowd 
a thousand pages. The story of the least of the nations would fill a volume. In 
what I have to say upon this occasion, therefore, I shall confine myself to our own; 
and, in speaking of the United States of America, I propose rather to dwell upon 
our character as a people, and our reciprocal obligations and duties as an aggrega- 
tion of communities, held together by a fixed constitution, and charged with the 
custody of a union upon whose preservation and perpetuation in its original spirit 
and purpose the future of free popular government depends, than to enter into a 
dissertation upon abstract principles, or to undertake an historic essay. We are a 
plain, practical people. We are a race of inventors and workers, not of poets and 
artists. We have led the world's movement, not its thought. Our deeds are to be 
found not upon frescoed walls, or in ample libraries, but in the machine shop, where 
the spindles sing and the looms thunder; on the open plain, where the steain plow, 
the reaper and the mower contend with one another in friendly war against the 
obduracies of nature; in the magic of electricity as it penetrates the darkest caverns 
with its irresistible power and light. Let us consider ourselves and our conditions, 
as far as we are able, with a candor untinged by cynicism and a confidence having 
no air of assurance. 



n8 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

A better oportunity could not be desired for a study of our peculiarities than 
is furnished by the present moment. 

We are in the midst of the quadrennial period established for the selection 
of a Chief Magistrate. Each citizen has his right of choice, each has his right to 
vote and to have his vote freely cast and fairly counted. Whenever this right is 
assailed for any cause wrong is done and evil must follow, first to the whole country, 
which has an interest in all its parts, but most to the community immediately in- 
volved, which must actually drink of the cup that has contained the poison and can- 
not escape its infection. 

The abridgement of the right of suffrage, however, is very nearly propor- 
tioned to the ignorance or indifference of the parties concerned in it, and there is 
good reason to hope that with- the expanding intelligence of the masses and the 
growing enlightenment of the times, this particular form of corruption in elections 
will be reduced below the danger line. 

To that end, as to all other good ends, the moderation of public sentiment 
must ever be our chief reliance, for when men are forced by the general desire for 
truth, and the light which our modern vehicles of information thrown upon truth, 
to discuss public questions for truth's sake, when it becomes the plain interest of 
public men, as it is their plain duty, to do this, and when, above all, friends and 
neighbors cease to love one another less because of individual differences of opinion 
about public affairs, the struggle for unfair advantage will be relegated to those 
who have either no character to lose or none to seek. 

It is admitted on all sides that the current Presidential campaign is freer 
from excitement and tumult than was ever known before, and it is argued from this 
circumstance that we are traversing the epoch of the commonplace. If this be so, 
thank God for it! We have had full enough of the dramatic and sensational and 
need a season of mediocrity and repose. But may we not ascribe the rational way 
in which the people are going about their business to larger knowledge and experi- 
ence, and a fairer spirit than have hitherto marked our party contentions? 

Parties are as essential to free government as oxygen to the atmosphere, or 
sunshine to vegetation. And party spirit is inseparable from party organism. To 
the extent that it is tempered by good sense and good feeling, by love of country 
and integrity of purpose, it is a supreme virtue; and there should be no gag short 
of a decent regard for the sensibilities of others put upon its freedom and plainness 
of utterance. Otherwise the limpid pool of democracy would stagnate, and we 
would have a republic only in name. But we should never cease to be admonished 
by the warning words of the Father of his Country against the excess of party 
spirit, reenforced as they are by the experience of half a century of party warfare; 
happily culminating in the complete triumph of American principles, but brought 
many times dangerously near to the annihilation of all that was great and noble in 
the national life. 

Sursum Corda. We have in our own time seen the Republic survive an irre- 
pressible conflict sown in the blood and marrow of the social order. We have seen 
the Federal Union, not too strongly put together in the first place, come out of a 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 119 

great war of sections stronger than when it went into it, its faith renewed, its credit 
rehabilitated, and its flag saluted with love and homage by 60,000,000 of God-fearing 
men and women, thoroughly reconciled and homogeneous. We have seen the 
Federal Constitution outlast the strain, not merely of a reconstructory ordeal and 
a presidential impeachment, but a disputed count of the electoral vote, a congres- 
sional deadlock, and an extra constitutional tribunal, yet standing firm against the 
assaults of its enemies, whilst yielding itself with admirable flexibility to the needs 
of the country and the time. And finally we saw the gigantic fabric of the Federal 
Government transferred from hands that had held it a quarter of a century to other 
hands without a protest, although so close was the poll in the final count that a 
single blanket might have covered both contestants for the chief magisterial office. 
With such a record behind us, who shall be afraid of the future? 

The young manhood of the country may take this lesson from those of us 
who lived through times that did indeed try men's souls — when, pressed down from 
day to day by awful responsibilities and suspense, each night brought a terror with 
every thought of the morrow, and, when look where we would, there were light 
and hope nowhere — that God reigns and wills, and that this fair land is and has 
always been in his own keeping. 

The curse of slavery is gone. It was a joint heritage of woe to be wiped out 
and expiated in blood and flame. The mirage of the Confederacy has vanished. 
It was essentially bucolic, a vision of Arcadia, the dream of a most attractive econ- 
omic fallacy. The Constitution is no longer a rope of sand, The exact relations of 
the states to the Federal Government, left open to double construction by the au- 
thors of our organic being because they could not agree among themselves and 
union was the paramount object, has been clearly and definitely fixed by the last 
three amendments to the original chart, which constitute the real treaty ot peace 
between the North and South, and seal our bonds as a nation forever. 

The Republic represents at last the letter and the spirit of the sublime declara- 
tion. The fetters that bound her to the earth are burst asunder. The rags that 
degraded her beauty are cast aside. Like the enchanted princess in the legend, 
clad in spotless raiment and wearing a crown of living light, she steps in the perfec- 
tion of her maturity upon the scene of this, the latest and proudest of her victories, 
to bid a welcome to the world! 

Need I pursue the theme? This vast assemblage speaks with a resonance 
and meaning which words can never reach. It speaks from the fields that are 
blessed by the never-failing waters of the Kennebec and from the farms that sprinkle 
the Valley of the Connecticut with mimic principalities more potent and lasting than 
the real; it speaks in the whirr of the mills of Pennsylvania and in the ring of the 
wood-cutter's axe from the forests of the lake peninsulas; it speaks from the great 
plantations of the South and West, teeming with staples that insure us wealth and 
power and stability; yea, and from the mines, forests and quarries of Michigan and 
Wisconsin, of Alabama and Georgia, of Tennessee and Kentucky, far away to the 
regions of silver and gold, that have linked the Colorado and Rio Grande in close 
embrace, and annihilated time and space between the Atlantic and Pacific; it speaks 



lao HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

in one word from the hearthstone in Iowa and Illinois, from the home in Mississippi 
and Arkansas, from the hearts of 70,000,000 of fearless, free-born men and women, 
and that one word is " Union!" 

There is no geography in American manhood. There are no sections to 
American fraternity. It needs but six weeks to change a Vermonter into a Texan, 
and there has been a time when upon the battlefield, or the frontier, Puritan and 
Cavalier were not convertible terms, having in the beginning a common origin, and 
so diffused and diluted on American soil as no longer to possess a local habitation, 
or a nativity, except in the national unit. 

The men who planted the signals of American civilization upon that sacred 
rock by Plymouth Bay were Englishmen, and so were the men who struck the coast 
a little lower down, calling their haven of rest after the great republican commoner, 
and founding by Hampton Roads a race of heroes and statesmen, the mention of 
whose names brings a thrill to every heart, The South claims Lincoln, the immor- 
tal, for its own; the North has no right to reject Stonewall Jackson, the one typical 
Puritan soldier of the war, for its own! Nor will it! The time is coming, is almost 
here, when hanging above many a mantel-board in fair New England— glorifying 
many a cottage in the Sunny South — shall be seen bound together, in everlasting 
love and honor, two cross-swords carried to battle respectively by the grandfather 
who wore the blue and the granfather who wore the gray. 

I cannot trust myself to proceed. We have come here not so much to recall 
bygone sorrows and glories as to bask in the sunshine of present prosperity and 
happiness, to interchange patriotic greetings and indulge good auguries, and, above 
all, to meet upon the threshold the stranger within our gate, not as a foreigner, but 
as a guest and friend, for whom nothing that we have is too good. 

From wheresoever he cometh we welcome him with all our hearts; the son 
of the Rhone and the Garonne, our godmother, France, to whom we owe so much, 
he shall be our Lafayette; the son of the Rhine and the Mozelle, he shall be our 
Goethe and Wagner; the son of the Campagna and the Vesuvian Bay, he shall be 
our Michael Angelo and our Garibaldi; the son of Arragon and the Indies, he 
shall be our Christopher Columbus, fitly honored at last throughout the world. 

Our good cousin of England needs no words of special civility and courtesy 
from us. For him the latchstring is ever on the outer side; though, whether it be 
or not, we are sure that he will enter and make himself at home. A common lan- 
guage enables us to do full justice to one another at the festive board or in the 
arena of debate, warning both of us in equal tones against further parley on the 
field of arms. 

All nations and all creeds be welcome here; from the Bosphorous and the 
Black sea, the Viennese woods and the Danubian plains; from Holland dike to 
Alpine crag; from Belgrade and Calcutta and round to China seas and the busy 
marts of Japan, the isles of the Pacific and the far-away capes of Africa — Armenian, 
Christian, and Jew — the American, loving no country except his own, but loving 
all mankind as his brother, bids you partake with us of these fruits of 400 years of 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 121 

American civilization and development and behold these trophies of 100 years of 

American independence and freedom! 

At this moment in every part of the American Union the children are taking 

up the wondrous tale of the discovery, and from Boston to Galveston, from the little 

log schoolhouse in the wilderness to the towering academy in the city and the town, 

may be witnessed the unprecedented spectacle of a powerful nation captured by an 

army of Lilliputians, of embryo men and women, of toppling boys and girls, and tiny 

elves scarce big enough to lisp the numbers of the national anthem, scarce strong 

enough to lift the miniature flags that make of arid street and autumn wood an 

emblematic garden to gladden the sight and to glorify the red, white and blue. 

See 

" Our young barbarians all at play," 

for better than these we have nothing to exhibit. They, indeed, are our crown 
jewels: the truest, though the inevitable, offspring of our civilization and develop- 
ment; the representatives of a manhood vitalized and invigorated by toil and care, 
of a womanhood elevated and inspired by liberty and education. God bless the 
children and their mothers! God bless our country's flag! And God be with us 
now and ever, God in the roof-tree's shade and God on the highway, God in the 
winds and waves, and God in all our hearts! 




CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



123 



CHAPTER VIII. 
THE GLOWING TRIBUTE OF CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. 

An Oration So Brillant As To Hold Every Listener Spell-Bound— Columbus, the Discoverer, Washington, 
the Founder, Lincoln, the Savior — God Always Has in Training Some Commanding Genius for 
the Control of Great Crises in the Affairs of Nations and People — Neither Realism nor Romance 
Furnishes a More Striking and Picturesque Picture than that of Christopher Columbus — The 
Magician of the Compass Belonged to that High Order of " Cranks " who Confidently Walk 
Where "Angels Fear to Tread "—Continents Are His Monuments— Prayer by Cardinal Gibbons 
and Benediction by Rev. H. C. McCosh, of Philadelphia— Grand Display of Fireworks Closed 
the Dedication Festivities. 

FTER Mr. Watterson had concluded and the applause had 
died away, Director-General Davis stepped forward and 
said: "The chorus will now sing 'The Star Spangled Ban- 
ner,' and everybody is invited to join in the chorus." The 
audience rose and as the strains of the grand old anthem 
floated out over the immense assemblage they lent the in- 
spiration and the music of their voices to the great volume 
of harmony. Chauncey Depew had been on his feet during 
the singing of the anthem, and at its conclusion stepped 
quickly to the front and launched into his address. He was forced 
to halt, however, as his voice was drowned by the cheers of the 
audience. For nearly five minutes the gifted orator stood awaiting the 
applause to die out. Finally he was allowed to proceed, but -was inter- 
rupted at frequent intervals by bursts of enthusiasm from his hearers. 
He said: 

This day belongs not to America, but to the world. The results of the event 
it commemorates are the heritage of the peoples of every race and clime. We 
celebrate the emancipation of man. The preparation was the work of almost 
countless centuries, the realization was the revelation of one. The Cross on Cal- 
vary was hope; the cross raised on San Salvador was opportunity. But for the 
first, Columbus would never have sailed; but for the second, there would have been 
no place for the planting, the nurture and the expansion of civil and religious liberty. 
Ancient history is a dreary record of unstable civilizations. Each reached its zenith 
of material splendor and perished. The Assyrian, Persian, Egyptian, Grecian and 
Roman empires were proofs of the possibilities and limitations of man for conquest 
and intellectual development. Their destruction involved a sum of misery and re- 
lapse which made their creation rather a curse than a blessing. Force was the 
factor in the government of the world when Christ was born, and force was the 




i2 4 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

sole source and exercise of authority, both by church and state when Columbus 
sailed from Palos. The wise men traveled from the East toward the West under 
the guidance of the Star of Bethlehem. The spirit of the equality of all men before 
God and the law moved westward from Calvary with its revolutionary influence 
upon old institutions, to the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus carried it westward across 
the seas. The immigrants from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, from Ger- 
many and Holland, from Sweden and Denmark, from France and Italy, have, under 
its guidance and inspiration, moved west and again west, building states and found- 
ing cities until the Pacific limited their march. The exhibition of arts and sciences, 
of industries and inventions, of education and civilization, which the Republic of 
the United States will here present, and to which, through its Chief Magistrate, it 
invites all nations, condenses and displays the flower and fruitage of this trans- 
cendent miracle. 

The anarchy and chaos which followed the breaking up of the Roman em- 
pire necessarily produced the feudal system. The people preferring slavery to 
annihilation by robber chiefs, became the vassals of territorial lords. The reign of 
physical force is one of perpetual struggle for the mastery. Power which rests upon 
the sword neither shares nor limits its authority. The king destroyed the lords, 
and the monarchy succeeded feudalism. Neither of these institutions considered 
or consulted the people. They had no part, but to suffer or die in this mighty 
strife of masters for the mastery. But the throne, by its broader view and greater 
resources, made possible the construction of the highways of freedom. Under its 
banner race, could unite, and petty principalities be merged, law substituted for 
brute force, and right for might. It founded and endowed universities, and encour- 
aged commerce. It conceded no political privileges, but unconsciously prepared its 
subjects to demand them. 

Absolutism in the state, and bigoted intolerance in the church, shackled 
popular unrest, and imprisoned thought and enterprise in the fifteenth century. 
The divine right of kings stamped out the faintest glimmer of revolt against 
tyranny; and the problems of science, whether of the skies or of the earth, whether 
of astronomy or geography, were solved or submerged by ecclesiastical decrees. 
The dungeon was ready for the philosopher who proclaimed the truths of the solar 
system, or the navigator who would prove the sphericity of the earth. An English 
Gladstone, or a French Gambetta, or a German Bismarck, or an Italian Garibaldi, 
or a Spanish Castelar, would have been thought monsters, and their deaths at the 
stake, or on the scaffold, and under the anathemas of the Church, would have re- 
ceived the praise and approval of kings and nobles, of priests and peoples. Reason 
had no seat in spiritual or temporal realms. Punishment was the incentive to 
patriotism, and piety was held possible by torture. Confessions of faith ex- 
torted from the writhing victim on the rack, were believed efficacious in saving 
his soul from fires eternal beyond the grave. For all that humanity to-day cherishes 
as its best heritage and choicest gifts, there was neither thought nor hope. 

Fifty years before Columbus sailed from Palos, Gutenberg and Faust had 
forged the hammer which was to break the bonds of superstition, and open the 



HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 125 

prison doors of the mind*. The}- had invented the printing press and movable types. 
The prior adoption of a cheap process for the manufacture of paper, at once utilized 
the press. Its first service, like all its succeeding efforts, was for the people. The 
universities and the schoolmen, the privileged and learned few of that age, were 
longing for the revelation and preservation of the classic treasures of antiquity, 
hidden, and yet insecure in monastic cells and libraries. But the firstborn of the 
marvelous creation of these primitive printers of Mayence was the printed Bible. 
The priceless contributions of Greece and Rome to the intellectual training and 
development of the modern world came afterward, through the same wondrous 
machine. The force, however, which made possible America, and its reflex influ- 
ence upon Europe, was the open Bible by the family fireside. And yet neither the 
enlightenment of the new learning, nor the dynamic power of the spiritual awaken- 
ing, could break through the crust of caste which had been forming for centuries. 
Church and state had so firmly and dexterously interwoven the bars of privilege 
and authority that liberty was impossible from within. Its piercing light and fervent 
heat must penetrate from without. 

Civil and religious freedom are founded upon the individual and his inde- 
pendence, his worth, his rights and his equal status and opportunity. For his 
planting and developement, anew land must be found, where, with limitless areas for 
expansion, the avenues of progress would have no bars of custom or heredity, of 
social orders, or privileged classes. The time had come for the emancipation of the 
mind and soul of humanity. The factors wanting for its fulfillment were the new 
world and its discoverer. 

God always has in training some commanding genius for the control of great 
crises in the affairs of nations and peoples. The number of these leaders are less 
than the centuries, but their lives are the history of human progress. Though 
Caesar and Charlemagne, and Hildebrand, and Luther, and William the Conqueror, 
and Oliver Cromwell, and all the epoch makers prepared Europe for the event, and 
contributed to the result, the lights which illumine our firmament to-day are Colum- 
bus the discoverer, Washington the founder, and Lincoln the savior. 

Neither realism nor romance furnishes a more striking and picturesque 
figure than that of Christopher Columbus. The mystery about his origin heightens 
the charm of his story. That he came from among the toilers of his time is in har- 
mony with the struggles of our period. Forty-four authentic portraits of him have 
descended to us, and no two of them are the counterfeits of the same person. Each 
represents a character as distinct as its canvas. Strength and weakness, intel- 
lectuality and stupidity, high moral purpose and brutal ferocity, purity and licentious- 
ness, the dreamer and the miser, the pirate, and the puritan, are the types from 
which we may select our hero. We dismiss the painter, and piercing with the clari- 
fied vision of the dawn of the twentieth century the veil of four hundred years, we 
construct our Columbus. 

The perils of the sea in his youth upon the rich argosies of Genoa, or in the 
service of the licensed rovers who made them their prey, had developed a skillful 
navigator and intrepid mariner. They had given him a glimpse of the possibilities 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 127 

of the unknown, beyond the highways of travel, which roused an unquenchable 
thirst for adventure and research. The study of the narratives of previous ex- 
plorers, and diligent questionings of the daring spirits who have ventured far to- 
ward the fabled West, gradually evolved a theory, which became in his mind so 
fixed a fact, that he could inspire others with his own passionate beliefs. The 
words, "that is a lie," written by him on the margin of nearly every page of a 
volume of the travels of Marco Polo, which is still to be found in a Genoese library, 
illustrated the scepticism of his beginning, and the first vision of the new world the 
fulfillment of his faith. 

To secure the means to test the truth of his speculations, this poor and un- 
known dreamer must win the support of kings and overcome the hostility of the 
church. He never doubted his ability to do both, though he knew of no man living 
who was so great in power, or lineage, or learning that he could accomplish either. 
Unaided and alone he succeeded in arousing the jealousies of the sovereigns and 
dividing the councils of the ecclesiastics. "I will command your fleet and discover 
for you new realms, but only on condition that you confer on me hereditary nobility, 
the Admiralty of the Ocean, and the vice-royalty and one-tenth the revenues of 
the New World," were his haughty terms to King John of Portugal. After ten 
years of disappointment and poverty, subsisting most of the time upon the charity 
of the enlightened monk of the Convent of Rabida, who was his unfaltering friend, 
he stood before the throne of Ferdinand and Isabella, and rising to imperial dignity 
in his rags, embodied the same royal conditions in his petition. The capture of 
Grenada, the expulsion of Islam from Europe and the triumph of the Cross aroused 
the admiration and devotion of Christendom. But this proud beggar, holding in 
his grasp the potential promise and dominion of Eldorado and Cathay, divided with 
the Moslem surrender the attention of sovereigns and bishops. France and Eng- 
land indicated a desire to hear his theories and see his maps, while he was still a 
suppliant at the gates of the camp of Castile and Aragon, the sport of its courtiers 
and the scoff of its confessors. His unshakable faith that Christopher Columbus 
was commissioned from Heaven, both by his name and by Divine command, to 
carry "Christ across the sea" to new continents and pagan peoples, lifted him so far 
above the discouragements of an empty purse and a contemptuous court that he 
was proof against the rebuffs of fortune or of friends. To conquer the prejudices 
of the clergy, to win the approval and financial support of the state, to venture 
upon that unknown ocean, which, according to the beliefs of the age was peopled 
with demons and savage beasts of frightful shape, and from which there was no 
possibility of return, required the zeal of Peter the Hermit, the Chivalric courage 
of the Cid and the imagination of Dante. Columbus belonged to that high order 
of Cranks who confidently walk where "angels fear to tread," and often become the 
benefactors of their country, or their kind. 

It was a happy omen of the position which woman was to hold in America, 
that the only person who comprehended the majestic scope of his plans, and the 
invincible qualities of his genius, was the able and gracious Queen of Castile. Is- 
abella alone of all the dignitaries of that age, shares with Columbus the honors of 



123 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

his great achievement. She arrayed her kingdom and her private fortune behind 
the enthusiasm of this mystic mariner, and posterity pays homage to her wisdom 
and taith. 

The overthrow of the Mahommedan power in Spain would have been a for- 
gotten scene, in one of the innumerable acts in the grand drama of history, had 
not Isabella conferred immortality upon herself, her husband and her dual crown 
by her recognition of Columbus. The devout spirit of the Queen, and the high 
purpose of the explorer inspired the voyage, subdued the mutinous crew, and pre- 
vailed over the raging storms. They covered with the divine radiance of religion 
and humanity, the degrading search for gold and the horrors of its quest, which 
filled the first century of conquest with every form of lust and greed. 

The mighty soul of the great Admiral was undaunted by the ingratitude of 
Princes, and the hostility of the people, by imprisonment and neglect. He died as 
he was securing the means, and preparing a campaign for the rescue of the Holy 
Sepulchre at Jerusalem from the infidel. He did not know what time has revealed, 
that while the misson of the crusades, of Godfrey of Bouillon and Richard of the 
Lion Heart, was a bloody and fruitless romance, the discovery of America was the 
salvation of the world. The one was the symbol, the other the spirit; the one death, 
the other life. The tomb of the Savior was a narrow and empty vault, precious 
only for its memories of the supreme tragedy of the centuries, but the new conti- 
nent was to be the home and temple of the living God. 

The rulers of the Old World began with partitioning the new. To them the 
discovery was expansion of empire and grandeur to the throne. Vast territories, 
whose properties and possibilities were little understood, and whose extent was 
greater than the kingdoms of the sovereigns, were the gifts to court favorites, and 
the prizes of royal approval. But individual intelligence and independent con- 
science found here haven and refuge. They were the passengers upon the cara- 
vels of Columbus, and he was unconsciously making for the port of civil and religious 
liberty. Thinkers, who believed men capable of higher destinies and larger respon- 
sibilities, and pious people who preferred the Bible to that union of church and state 
where each serves the other for the temporal benefit of both, fled to these distant 
and hospitable lands from intolerable and hopeless oppression at home. It required 
three hundred years, for the people thus happily situated, to understand their own 
powers and resources, and to break bonds which were still reverenced, or loved no 
matter how deeply they wounded, or how hard they galled. 

The nations of Europe were so completely absorbed in dynastic difficulties, 
and devastating wars, with diplomacy and ambitions, that they neither heeded nor 
heard of the growing democratic spirit, and intelligence in their American colonies. 
To them, these colonies were sources of revenue, and they never dreamed that they 
were also schools of liberty. That it exhausted three centuries under the most 
favorable conditions for the evolution of freedom on this continent, demonstrates 
the tremendous strength of custom and heredity when sanctioned and sanctified 
by religion. The very chains which fettered became inextricably interwoven with 
the habits of life, the associations of childhood, the tenderest ties of the family, and 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 129 

the sacred offices of the Church from the cradle to the grave. It clearly proves 
that if the people of the Old World and their descendants had not possessed the 
oportunities afforded by the New for their emancipation, and mankind had never 
experienced and learned the American example, instead of hdng in the light and 
glory of nineteenth century conditions, they would still be strugghng with mediaeval 
problems. 

The northern continent was divided between England, France and Spain, 
and the southern between Spain and Portugal. France wanting the capacity for 
colonization, which still characterizes her, gave up her western possessions and left 
the English, who have the genius of universal empire, masters of North America. 
The development of the experiment in the English makes this day memorable. It 
is due to the wisdom and courage, the faith and virtue of the inhabitants of this 
territory that government of the people, for the people and by the people was in- 
augurated, and has become a triumphant success. The Puritan settled in New 
England and the Cavalier in the South. They represent the opposites of spiritual 
and temporal life and opinions. The process of liberty liberalized the one and ele- 
vated the other. Washington and Adams were the new types. There union in a 
common cause gave the world a Republic both stable and free. It possessed con- 
servatism without bigotry, and liberty without license. It founded institutions 
strong enough to resist revolution, and elastic enough for indefinite extension to 
meet the requirements in government of ever enlarging areas of population, and 
the needs of progress and growth. 

The Mayflower with the Pilgrims, and a Dutch ship laden with African 
slaves, were on the ocean at the same time, the one sailing for Massachusetts, and 
the other for Virginia. This company of saints, and first cargo of slaves, repre- 
sented the forces which were to peril and rescue free government. The slaver was 
the product of commercial spirit of Great Britain, and the greed of the times to 
stimulate production in the colonies. The men who wrote in the cabin of the May- 
flower the first charter of freedom, a government of just and equal laws, were a 
little band of protestants against every form of injustice and tyranny. The leaven 
of their principles made possible the Declaration of Independence, liberated the 
slaves, and founded the free commonwealths which form the Republic of the 
United States. 

Platforms of principles, by petition, or protest, or statement, have been as 
frequent as revolts against established authority. They are part of the political 
literature of all nations. The Declaration of Independence proclaimed at Phila- 
delphia, July 4, 1776, is the only one of them which arrested the attention of the 
world when it was published, and has held its undivided interest ever since. The 
vocabulary of the equality of man had been in familiar use by philosophers and 
statesmen for ages. It expressed noble sentiments, but their application was lim- 
ited to classes or conditions. The masses care little for them nor remembered them 
long. Jefferson's superb crystallization of the popular opinion, " all men are created 
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that 
among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," had its force and effect 



130 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

of being the deliberate utterance of the people. It swept away in a single sentence 
kings and nobles, poets and prelates. It was Magna Charta, and the Petition 
of Rights planted in the virgin soil of the American wilderness, and bearing richer 
and riper fruit. Under its vitalizing influence upon the individual, the farmer left 
his plow in the furrow, the lawyer his bench, to enlist in the patriotic army. They 
were fighting for themselves and their children. They embodied the idea in their 
constitution, in the immortal words with which that great instrument of liberty and 
order began: " We, the people of the United States, do ordain." 

The scope and limitations of this idea of freedom have neither been misin- 
terpreted nor misunderstood. The laws of nature in their application to the rise 
and recognition of men according to their mental, moral, spiritual and physical en- 
dowments are left undisturbed. But the accident of birth gives no rank and con- 
fers no privilege. Equal rights and common opportunity for all have been the 
spurs of ambition, and the motors of progress. They have established the common 
schools, and built the public libraries. A sovereign people have learned and en- 
forced the lesson of free education. The practice of government is itself a liberal 
education. People who make their own laws need no law-givers. After a century 
of successful trial, the system has passed the period of experiment, and its dem- 
onstrated permanency and power are revolutionizing the governments of the world. 
It has raised the largest armies of modern times for self preservation, and at the 
successful termination of the war returned the soldiers to the pursuits of peace. It 
has so adjusted itself to the pride and patriotism of the defeated, that they vie with 
the victors in their support and enthusiasm for the old flag and our common coun- 
try. Imported anarchists have preached their baleful doctrines, but have made no 
converts. They have tried to inaugurate a reign of terror under the banner of the 
violent seizure and distribution of property, only to be defeated, imprisoned and exe- 
cuted by the law made by the people and enforced by juries selected from the 
people, and judges and prosecuting officers elected by the people. Socialism finds 
disciples only among those who were its votaries before they were forced to fly from 
their native land, but it does not take root upon American soil. The State neither 
supports nor permits taxation to maintain the Church. The citizen can worship 
God according to his belief and conscience, or he may neither reverence nor rec- 
ognize the Almighty. And yet religion has flourished, churches abound, the min- 
istry is sustained, and millions of dollars are contributed annually for the evan- 
gelization of the world. The United States is a Christian country a living and 
practical Christianity is the characteristic of the people. 

Benjamin Franklin, philosopher and patriot, amused the jaded courtiers of 
Louis XIV. by his talks about liberty, and entertained the scientists of France by 
bringing lightning from the clouds. In the reckoning of time, the period from 
Franklin to Morse, and from Morse to Edison, is but a span, and yet it makes a 
material development as marvelous as it has been beneficient. The world has been 
brought into contact and sympathy. The electric current thrills and unifies the 
people of the globe. Power and production, highways and transports have been so 
multiplied and improved by inventive genius, that within the century of our inde- 




CARDINAL GIBBONS 



132 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

pendence sixty-four millions of people have happy homes and improved conditions 
within our borders. We have accumulated wealth far beyond the visions of the 
Cathay of Columbus, or the El Dorada of De Sota. But the farmers and free- 
holders, the savings banks and shops illustrate its universal distribution. The ma- 
jority are its possessors and administrators. In housing and living, in the elements 
which make the toiler a self-respecting and respected citizen, in avenues of 
hope and ambition for children, in all that gives broader scope and keener pleasure 
to existence, the people of this republic enjoy advantages far beyond those of other 
lands. The unequaled and phenomenal progress of the country has opened won- 
derful opportunities for making fortunes, and stimulated to madness the desire and 
rush for the accumulation of money. Material prosperity has not debased litera- 
ture nor debauched the press; it has neither paralyzed nor repressed intellectual 
activity. American science and letters have received rank and recognition in the 
older centers of learning. The demand for higher education has so taxed the re- 
sources of the ancient universities, as to compel the foundation and liberal endow- 
ment of colleges all over the union. Journals remarkable for their ability, inde- 
pendence and power, find their strength, not in the patronage of government, or 
the subsides of wealth, but in the support of a nation of newspaper readers. The 
humblest and poorest person, has in periodicals whose price is counted in pennies, a 
library larger, fuller and more varied, than was within reach of the rich in the time 
of Columbus. 

The sum of human happiness has been infinitely increased by the millions 
from the Old World who have improved their conditions in the New, and the 
returning tide of lesson and experience has incalculably enriched the Fatherlands. 
The divine right of kings has taken its place with the instruments of mediaeval tor- 
ture among the curiosities of the antiquary. Only the shadow of kingly authority 
stands between the government of themselves by themselves and the people of 
Norway and Sweden. The union in one empire of states of Germany is the symbol 
of Teutonic power, and the hope of German liberalism. The petty despotisms of 
Italy have been merged into a nationality which has centralized its authority in its 
ancient capitol on the hills of Rome. France was rudely roused from the sullen 
submission of centuries to intolerable tyranny by her soldiers returning from service 
in the American Revolution. The wild orgies of the reign of terror were the reven- 
ges and excesses of a people who had discovered their power but were not pre- 
pared for its beneficient use. She fled from herself into the arms of Napoleon. 
He, too, was a product of the American experiment. He played with kings as with 
toys, and educated France for liberty. In the process of her evolution frcm dark- 
ness to light she tried Bourbon, and Orleanist and the third Napoleon, and cast 
them aside. Now in the fullness of time, and .through the training in the school 
of hardest experience, the French people have reared and enjoy a permanent 
republic. England of the Mayflower and of James the Second, England of George 
the Third and of Lord North, has enlarged suffrage and is to-day animated and 
governed by the democratic spirit. She has her throne, admirably occupied by one 
of the wisest of sovereigns and best of women, but it would not survive one dissolute 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 133 

and unworthy successor. She has her hereditary peers, but the House of Lords 
will be brushed aside the moment it resists the will of the people. 

The time has arrived for both a closer union, and greater distance between 
the Old World and the New. The former indiscriminate welcome to our prairies j 
and the present invitation to these palaces of art and industry, mark the passing 
period. Unwatched and unhealthy immigration can no longer be permitted to our 
shores. We must have a national quarantine against disease, pauperism and crime. 
We do not want candidates for our hospitals, our poorhouses or our jails. We can- 
not admit those who come to undermine our institutions and subvert our laws. 
But we will gladly throw wide our gate for, and receive with open arms, those who 
by intelligence and virtue, by thrift and loyalty, are worthy of receiving the equal 
advantages of the priceless gift of American citizenship. The spirit and object of 
this exhibition are peace and kinship. 

Three millions of Germans, who are among the best citizens of the Republic, 
send greeting to the Fatherland their pride in its glorious history, its ripe literature 
its traditions and associations. Irish, equal in number to those who still remain 
upon the Emerald Isle, who have illustrated their devotion to their adopted country 
on many a battlefield fighting for the Union and its perpetuity, have rather intensi- 
fied than diminished their love for the land of the shamrock, and their sympathy 
with the aspirations of their brethren at home. The Italian, the Spaniard, and the 
Frenchman, the Norwegian, the Swede, and the Dane, the English, the Scotch, 
and the Welsh, are none the less loyal and devoted Americans, because in this con- 
gress of their kin, the tendrils of affection draw them closer to the hills and valleys, 
the legends and the loves associated with their youth. 

Edmund Burke, speaking in the British Parliment with prophetic voice, said: 
"A great revolution has happened — a revolution made, not by chopping and chang- 
ing of power in any of the existing States, but by the appearance of a new State, of 
a new species, in a new part of the globe. It has made as great a change in all the 
relations and balances and gravitations of power as the appearance of a new planet 
would in the system of the solar world." Thus was the humiliation of our suc- 
cessful revolt tempered to the motherland by pride in the State created by her 
children. If we claim heritage in Bacon, Shakespeare and Milton, we also acknow- 
ledge that it was for liberties guaranteed Englishmen by sacred charters our 
fathers triumphantly fought. While wisely rejecting throne and caste and privilege 
and an established church in their new-born state, they adopted the substance of 
English liberty and the body of English law. Closer relations than with other 
lands, and a common language rendering easy interchanges of criticisms and 
epithet, sometimes irritate and offend, but the heart of Republican America beats 
with responsive pulsations to the hopes and aspirations of the people of Great 
Britain. 

The grandeur and beauty of this spectacle are the eloquent witnesses of 
peace and progress. The Parthenon and the cathedral exhausted the genius of 
the ancient, and the skill of the mediaeval architects, in housing the statue or spirit 
of Deity. In their ruins or their antiquity they are mute protests against the 



i 3 4 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

merciless enmity of nations, which forced art to flee to the altar for protection 
The United States welcomes the sister republics of the southern and northern con- 
tinents, and the nations and peoples of Europe and Asia, of Africa and Australia, 
with the products of their lands, of their skill and of their industry to this city of 
yesterday, yet clothed with loyal splendor as the Queen of the Great Lakes. The 
artists and architects of the country have been bidden to design and erect the 
buildings which shall fitly illustrate the height of our civilization and the breadth of 
our hospitality. The peace of the world permits and protects their efforts in util- 
izing their powers for man's temporal welfare- The result is this Park of Palaces. 
The originality and boldness of their conceptions and the magnitude and harmony 
of their creations are the contributions of America to the oldest of the arts and the 
cordial bidding of America to. the peoples of the earth to come and bring the 
fruitage of their age to the boundless opportunities of this unparalled exhibition. 

If interest in the affairs of this world are vouchsafed to those who have gone 
before, the spirit of Columbus hovers over us to-day. Only by celestial intelligence 
can it grasp the full significance of this spectacle and ceremonial. 

From the first century to the fifteenth counts for little in the history of pro- 
gress, but in the period between the fifteenth and twentieth is crowded the romance 
and reality of human development. Life has been prolonged and its enjoyment 
intensified. The powers of the air and water, the resistless forces of the elements, 
which in the time of the discoverer were the visible terrors of the wrath of God, 
have been subdued to the service of man. Art and luxuries which could be pos- 
sessed and enjoyed only by the rich and noble, the works of genius which were read, 
and understood by the learned few, domestic comforts and surroundings beyond the 
reach of lord or bishop now adorn and illumine the homes of our citizens. Serfs are 
sovereigns and the people are kings. The trophies and splendors of their reign 
are commonwealths, rich in every attribute of great states, and united in a republic 
whose power and prosperity, and liberty and enlightenment are the wonder and 
admiration of the world. 

All hail Columbus, discoverer, dreamer, hero and apostle. We, here, of every 
race and country, recognize the horizon which bounded his vision and the infinite 
scope of his genius. The voice of gratitude and praise for all the blessings which have 
showered upon mankind by his adventure is limited to no language, but is uttered 
in every tongue. Neither marble nor brass can fitly form his statue. Continents 
are his monuments, and unnumbered millions, past, present and to come, who en- 
joy in their liberty and their happiness the fruits of his faith, will reverently guard 
and preserve from century to century his name and fame. 

Great applause followed the sublime effort, at the cessation of which Car- 
dinal Gibbons invoked the divine blessing. Then Rev. H. C. McCook, of Phila- 
delphia, delivered the benediction, and a national salute closed the dedicatory cer- 
emonies. 

That night there were three sets of fireworks on the north, south and west 
sides, which were seen and enjoyed by half a million or more people. Chicago 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



135 



never before witnessed such pyrotechnical displays. The upward rays of the 
search-lights at Jackson Park were also visible all over the city. 

On the night of October 25th, President Palmer's banquet at Chicago prac- 
tically closed the festivities of Dedication. The guests included national commis- 
sioners, local directors, officers of the Fair, military men, foreign commissioners and 
professional entertainers, whose presence lent enjoyment to the occasion. 





COLUMBIAN ARCH, FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, OCTOBER 22, 1892. 



PART V. 



OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE EXPOSITION. 

CHAPTER I. 
THE GREAT REVIEW ON THE HUDSON RIVER. 

Rendezvous of War Vessels of Many Nations at Fortress Monroe — The Caravels and the Infanta 
Isabella — The Fleet at Sandy Hook — Review on the Hudson River — The Most Spectacular and 
Impressive Marine Event of Any Age — A Million of People Present — Mrs. Cleveland on the 
Dolphin — Description of the Caravels — The Strength of the United States Navy Never Shown to 
Better Advantage — The British Cruisers Represented the Best Attainments in Marine Construction 
— How France and Germany Engaged in Friendly Salutations — Vessels from the Baltic, the 
Mediterranean and South American Waters. 

REFACING the official opening of the Exposition, and 
leading straight up to that auspicious occasion, was the ar- 
rival off Fortress Monroe, during the month of April, 1893, 
of the crack warships of many nations (along with the 
caravels in the wake of the Spanish warship "Infanta 
Isabella") , and the subsequent review on the Hudson River, 
which took place on Thursday, the 28th, and which will 
long rank as the grandest and most imposing marine event 
of any day, defining, as it did, an epoch in the wondrous 
story of humanity, and which was speedily followed by a 
JM I ^» marvelous succession of gigantii pictures at Jackson Park— 

themselves no insignificant tribute to the memory that called 
forth the Exposition. 
The fleet left Fortress Monroe on Monday, the 24th, and arrived in the 
lower bay of New York on the Tuesday following. The United States steamship 
Dolphin, with the Secretary of the Navy on board, was the first of the reviewing 
fleet to arrive. In an hour afterward fortress and vessel thundered out the an- 
nouncement of the arrival of the peaceful fleet that a million Americans were 
awaiting, and in a short time the great naval procession passed Sandy Hook in the 
presence of a vast multitude, the flagship of Admiral Gberardi in the lead and fol- 
lowed by the Atlanta, Bancroft, Bennington, Baltimore, Chicago, Yorktown, 
Charleston, Vesuvius and Concord; the Dutch ship Vanspey K.; the German 
Kaiserin Augusta and See Adler; the English flagship Blake, with the Magicienne, 
Tartar asd Australia; the Russian cruiser General Admiral and Rynda; the 
French Arethuse, Jean Bart and Hussard; and the Italian Etna and Giovanna 
Bausin. 

137 




i 3 8 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

The fleet when first sighted was moving along at the rate of fully ten knots 
an hour in double column and perfect alignment. The distances were marked, 300 
yards between each ship, with 600 yards between each squadron. The big white 
flagship Admiral Gherardi, the Philadelphia, headed the port column; the huge 
black British cruiser Blake, Admiral Hopkins' flagship, led the starboard column, in 
accordance with the program. As the Philadelphia in the lead neared the Sandy 
Hook lightship, at 1 150 p. m., the fog whistle of the latter gave a series of 
welcoming screams, but the monster white flagship swung around in majestic silence, 
and crossing the bar and entering Gedney's Channel set the pace at a good ten and 
a half knots an hour. The Philadelphia then signaled the fleet to proceed without 
reference to formation. The vessels of the starboard column slowed down and 
allowed all the American fleet to round the lightship first. Then the Blake and 
the other Britishers followed, the squadrons of each column alternating until all had 
safely rounded and entered the channel. The big guns of the Miantonomah boomed 
a welcome, but the Hook was passed in silence. The leading vessels of the fleet 
turned to the southwest and entered the main ship channel. 

In the channel the Philadelphia slackened speed so as to allow the other ves- 
sels to catch up, and the entire fleet proceeded in single file and impressive silence 
up the bay to the anchorage grounds, which Capt. Rogers and his aides had selected. 
Gravesend Bay was reached at 3:30, and the Philadelphia opened the salutes by 
firing fifteen guns in honor of the Russian Admiral and his flagship, the Dimitri 
Donskoi, the band on board the Philadelphia playing the Russian national air. The 
Russian promptly acknowleged the salute. At 3:35 the Philadelphia fired one gun 
as a signal to come to anchor, and the Newark passed the signal to the other vessels. 

The voyage of 270 miles from Fortress Monroe to the anchorage had been a 
most delightful but uneventful one. When the fleet sailed out of Hampton Roads 
it consisted of twenty-seven ships formed in two columns. In this position and with 
the dark bottle green torpedo Cushing, tossing like a cork under the port quarter 
o the Philadelphia, the combined fleet passed out to sea. The United States ves- 
sels kept in excellent line and position. Admiral Hopkins signaled his compliments 
to Admiral Gherardi. The vessels kept steadily out to sea until Cape Henry light- 
house was some distance astern, and then the Philadelphia flew combinations of 
signals. "Prepare to change your course," said the silent flags, and a few minutes 
later the bows of the Philadelphia and the Blake, instead of being headed straight 
across the Atlantic, were turned northwesterly in the direction of New York harbor. 
Like sheep in a pasture all the other vessels, as soon as they reached the place 
where the leaders had turned, also swung around. 

The starboard column became demoralized soon after the long, low sand 
hills of Cape Henry had disappeared from sight. The Brazilians were speedily left 
in the rear. The Italians were also mere specks upon the horizon, but a thickness 
of smoke above their dark hulls told how gallantly they were striving to keep in 
the long procession. Shortly after 2 o'clock in the afternoon the Jean Bart, 
evidently weary of following the Hussard at a snail's pace, sheered off to the right 













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Ho HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

and then ran ahead of the little gunboat, taking a position directly astern of the 
Arethuse. 

All this time the Blake kept abreast of the Philadelphia and the Australia; 
the Magicienne and Tartar followed so evenly and steadily that an iron bar con- 
necting them could not have secured greater precision of movement. 

The fleet sailed in double column during the afternoon and until evening 
quarters were sounded. Signals were then made for each column to double. The 
Chicago, with the ships astern, moved up abreast of the Philadelphia. The Rus- 
sian, French and Italian ships went around to the right of the English squadron 
until they were parallel with it, and then, four columns abreast, the ships settled 
down for an all-night run. 

There was a premonition of rain when morning dawned, the sky was over- 
cast with dull clouds, and there, was a thickness along the horizon which sailors 
would call a streak of dirty weather. The ships of the United States were well in 
line, the Kaiserin Augusta and the See Adler were close up, and the Dutchman 
was on the extreme left. On the right the Englishmen were trailing along one 
after the other, as precise and regular as ever. The two Russians were far on the 
outside, as if they were starting on a cruise for the missing admiral. The Italians 
were a squadron to themselves, and the French were bunched together close by. 
The Hussard had used sail during the night and had fallen in behind the Jean Bart. 

At 10 o'clock Tuesday morning the American and foreign vessels were 
signaled from the Philadelphia to fall into line similar to that which they presented 
on leaving Hampton Roads. This evolution was accomplished most creditably not 
only by the United States vessels, which might have been expected to act well to- 
gether, but also by the foreign men-of-war. The Italians did not fall in behind the 
Frenchmen, but remained off to one side. In this formation the procession of ships 
headed for Sandy Hook. Just outside the lightship and when Admiral Gherardi 
was discussing his noonday breakfast the Argentine cruiser Nueve de Julio ap- 
peared in sight and made its presence known by a salute of fifteen guns to the 
admiral's flag. As soon as the salute had been returned the fleet was signaled to 
push into the bay in single column. The flagship and Admiral Benham's squadron 
steamed ahead, then the Englishmen fell in; then followed Admiral Walker's 
squadron, the Russians, the Hollander, the Frenchmen, the Germansand the Italians 
in the order named. The Brazilian fleet arrived in the bay at 5 o'clock and took its 
place at the foot of the starboard column. 

Thursday was a thunderous day on the Hudson. A million of people, includ- 
ing the President of the United States, saw the most amazing collection of modern 
war vessels ever witnessed in any harbor. The day was less radiant than the multi- 
tude. Fog and rain conspired to play mischief with ship and spectator. Grover 
Cleveland looked out of his window at the Victoria and remarked to Lamont, his 
War Secretary, that there was no scarcity of water. This was interpreted as a ref- 
erence to the remarks of the two southern governors. Presently the fog lifted, but 
no sunshine came to embellish the scene. But it was a grand sight, nevertheless. 
Stretching north and south was the restless sheet of water reaching in from the 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 141 

ocean. Holding the center of this great body were two lines of war vessels stand- 
ing as regular as soldiers. 

To the west of the lines a thousand boats of all descriptions jostled and 
pushed each other, and filled the air with discordant sounds. The shore lines, the 
jumble of buildings, the uplifts of the Jersey coast were spotted and specked, and 
browned with shifting masses of people. From boats and shore and ragged wharf- 
lines, confusion of colors rose and fell with the puffing winds. 

Down the center of the mighty aisle made by the anchored warships moved 
three vessels, great because of their cargoes. On the first was the President of the 
United States and Mrs. Cleveland, on the second were the diplomats representing 
all the powers of earth, and on the third were many of the senators and representa- 
tives of the United states. As the snow-white yacht floating at its fore the eagle 
flag of the president passed each warship, long arms of yellow fire reached out and 
deafening sounds went echoing and rumbling against the highlands to the west. 
The yard arms of the old-fashioned vessels were filled with sailors, who stood in 
silent rows up in the dizzy heights like so many carved figures. As the smoke puffs 
were caught by the wind and lifted away, as the bellowing of the guns made the 
whole picture tremble, a riot of steam whistling broke loose, and from every point 
on shore and in the scramble of boats to the west there could be seen waving hats 
and tossing handkerchiefs. 

Even in the noise and fury of it all the meaning was apparent. In these two 
lines were English, Russian, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Brazilian, Hollander, 
Argentine and American warships gathered in friendly jubilee, and each carried 
the American flag at its fore. 

Immediately after the review President Cleveland gave a reception, which 
was largely attended and was a brilliant affair and lasted until 4:40 p. m. Then 
his flag was hauled down on the Dolphin and he went ashore at Ninety-sixth street, 
and at a signal from the Philadelphia the guns of the entire fleet belched forth, 
simultaneously. Each vessel fired twenty-one shots, and the roar that ensued was 
deafening. When it subsided smoke hung in heavy clouds over the river, and the 
Jersey shore was invisible for some minutes. The Admirals turned to their ships, 
the steamboats which still lingered with passengers desirous of seeing all of the 
great noval pageant went to their piers, and the ceremonies were over. 

The caravels which participated in the pageant shared evenly in the honor 
accorded the great thunderers. They are almost exact imitations of the craft com- 
posing the original fleet of discovery. The largest, the Santa Maria, commanded 
by the great Columbus himself, is 75 feet long. She has a beam of 27 feet and a 
depth of about 13 feet amidship, and is much smaller than a great many pleasure 
yachts to be found in our waters. Her hull is short, wide and very high as com- 
pared with the ships of to-day, very full below, with short runs, convex knees and 
flat bottom. The ends overhang considerably, being sufficiently broad to have 
large displacement, thus enabling them to bear the great weight of the castles. 
The castles in fact look as though they made up the greater part of the 127.57 tons. 
The sides of the boat have quite a bulge. The gunwale is high, broad and thick. 







REAR ADMIRAL BANCROFT GHERARDI, COMMANDER OF THE "PHILADELPHIA." 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



143 



Stiakes run from stem to stern, securing the frame with the side bracers called 
"riders." For the purpose of strengthing it vertically the bows are full and round. 
The stern is entirely flat in the shape of a shield, as it was formerly called, with a 
large hole, called the helm port, above the first transom, through which the tiller 
passes. The rudder is a broad blade. The boat has only one deck. Her rigging 
consists of three masts, main, fore and mizzen. She is painted black with white 
trimmings. 

The Pinta and Nina are smaller than the Santa Maria, but of the same style 
of architecture and altogether very ridiculous looking to folks who are used to see- 
ing modern boats. The Pinta is about ten tons heavier than the Nina. The Pinta 
is 52 feet long on her keel, 65 feet long on her main deck and has 23 feet breadth 
of beam. The Nina is 46 feet long on her keel, 50 feet long on her main deck and 
has 18 feet breadth of beam. They arrived off the Exposition grounds early in 
July, and have been one of the main attractions. The Viking ship arrived and 
took its place near the caravels on the 12th of July, amidst a vast concourse of peo- 
ple, and Captain Anderssen was given an ovation. 




REAR ADMIRAL WALKER, COMMANDER OF THE "CHICAGO." 



144 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



DIRECTOR OF WORKS D. H. BURNHAM ON THE EARLY WORK. 




FTER the selection of Chicago by the act of Congress, in 
April, 1890, as the place for holding the World's Columbian 
Exposition, one of the first steps taken was the selection of 
Messrs. F. L. Olmsted & Co., as consulting landscape archi- 
tects, in August, 1890. In the following September, Messrs. 
Burnham & Root were appointed consulting architects and 
Mr. A. Gottlieb consulting engineer. Messrs. Burnham & 
Root resigned in November, Mr. Burnham being appointed 
Chief of Construction and Mr. Root Consulting Architect. 
The necessity for early determination as to the methods by which the 
great buildings should be designed immediately after the designation 
of Jackson Park as the site for the Exposition was apparent. The Chief 
of Construction then recommended the direct appointment of architects 
rather than that the designs be secured by competition. This method 
was finally agreed upon and the following gentlemen were appointed by the Chief 
of Construction: 

Mr. Richard M. Hunt, of New York, as architect of the Administration Build- 
ing; Messrs Adler & Sullivan, of Chicago, Transportation Building; Messrs. 
McKim, Mead & White, of New York, Agricultural Building; Mr. W. L. V. Jenney, 
of Chicago,, Horticultural Building; Mr. George B. Post, of New York, Manufact- 
ures and Liberal Arts Building; Mr. Henry Ives Cobb, of Chicago, Fisheries Build- 
ing; Messrs. Peabody & Stearns, of Boston, Machinery Hall; Messrs. Burling & 
Whitehouse of Chicago, Venetian Village; Messrs. Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas 
City, Electrical Building; Messrs. Holabird & Roche, of Chicago, Stock Ring and 
Pavilion; Mr. S. S. Beman, of Chicago, Mines and Mining Building. The Venetian 
Village was abandoned, and Mr. Whitehouse (whose partnership with Mr. Burling 
had been dissolved by death) was selected as the architect of the Choral Building. 
Mr. Augustus St. Gaudens has acted in an advisory capacity on sculpture, fountains, 
etc. Mr. Charles B. Atwood was made Designer-in-Chief, and is the architect of 
the following buildings: Galleries of Fine Arts. Peristyle Music Hall and Casino, 
Railway Terminal Station, guard stations, fire stations, balustrades, bridges, rostral 
columns, and many other important works- In addition to this his duties have 
included the examination of each of the plans submitted for foreign and State 
buildings. 

Pursuant to the call issued, the gentlemen first selected met at Chicago in 
January, 1891. Mr. Root was at that time absent from the city attending a meeting 
of the American Institute of Architects, of which he was secretary. He returned 
to Chicago upon Saturday, January 10, and was present for an hour or two at the 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 145 

conference then in session. Upon the following Monday he was stricken down 
with pneumonia and died upon the succeeding Thursday, while only upon the 
threshold of the great work which he had undertaken. The duties of Consulting 
Architect then fell upon the Chief of Construction, as did those of Chief Engineer, 
upon the resignation of the latter in August, 1891. The sketches which had been 
prepared by the various architects, being in due course accepted by the World's 
Columbian Exposition and the World's Columbian Commission, in March, 1891. 
the permanent organization of the working forces was vigorously prosecuted. Mr. 
Ernest R. Graham was appointed Assistant Chief of Construction; Mr. William 
Prettyman, Director of Color; Mr. Frederick Sargent, Electrical Engineer; Mr. 
J. C. Slocum, Mechanical Engineer; Mr. E. G. Nourse, Engineer of Railroads; Mr. 
William S. MacHarg, Engineer of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Fire Protection; 
Mr. J. W. Alvord, Engineer of Grades and Surveys; and Mr. Dion Geraldine, 
General Superintendent. Mr. Slocum resigned as Mechanical Engineer in the 
early spring of 1891, and Mr. Frederick Sargent then assumed charge of the 
mechanical as well as the electrical plants. Mr. Prettyman resigned in May, 1891, 
and was succeeded by Mr. Francis D. Millet as Director of Decoration. In com- 
petition restricted to women alone Miss Sophia G. Haydenwas chosen as the archi- 
tect of the Woman's Building and has executed the design and supervised the 
preparation of plans for this structure. Col. Edmund Rice, United States army, 
was, in the spring of 1892, appointed Commandant, and has organized the 
Columbian Guard. Mrs. M. H. Holcomb is Master of Transportation, in charge of 
the important duties indicated by his title. 

At the time of this organization, Jackson Park was, with the exception of a 
small portion which had been improved by the South Park Commission, covered 
with marshes and wild oak ridges. It was necessary that this vast area be re- 
claimed, and in twenty months transformed from a desolate waste into a park 
highly improved and embellished with all that skilled designers could suggest; 
that upon the stately terraces a dozen or more palaces of great extent be con- 
structed, and that they be supplemented by over 200 other buildings, some of which 
are almost of the importance and size of the main structures; that great canals, 
basins, lagoon's, and islands be formed; that extensive docks, bridges and towers 
be constructed. It was necessary that a standard of excellence be attained which 
would place the work upon an equality with the monuments of other ages — it meant, 
in short, that an organization be quickly formed which would associate together 
the ablest architects, painters and sculptors of the world. Many of the great prob- 
lems to be solved were new, no precedent having been established for the guidance 
of those assuming this great responsibility. 

For the preparation of the grounds alone it was necessary to handle about 
1,500,000 cubic yards of material. This was secured by the cutting of canals,, 
lagoons and other waterways, the earth taken therefrom being utilized in elevating 
the grounds and establishing the proper grades. The main buildings of the Fair 
cover a ground area of 5,382,000 square feet, or over 123 acres; other buildings, 
1,155,000 square feet, or about 26 acres; the State buildings, 420,000 square feet; 



146 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



foreign buildings, about 290,000 square feet; concession buildings, about 1,050,000, 
making a grand total area of the buildings of the Fair of about 190 acres. 

To mention, even in the briefest manner, the principal details of operation, 
both in matters artistic and mechanical, would consume greater space and time 
than I have at my command. I can only add that our work of construction, which 
but two years ago had not been organized, is now completed. 





AUTUMN TWILIGHT. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



147 



CHAPTER II. 



ARRIVAL OF MR. CLEVELAND AND THE DUKE OF VERAGUA. 



The President of the United States and the Duke of Veragua Come to 



Chicago 



to be Present at the 



Opening of the Exposition — They Are Met at the Depot by Distinguished People and Escorted 
to their Hotels by Military — Great Turnouts All Along the Line — How Mr. Cleveland Spent 
Sunday in Chicago — He Attends Church in the Morning and Christens a Grandchild of Secretary 
Gresham in the Afternoon — The Duke Attends Mass and Receives Calls. 




UN DAY, the 30th of April, 1893, the threshold of the Open- 
ing Day of the Exposition, was itself a happy interlude 
between the International Naval Review and the premier 
exercises and attractions at Jackson Park on the Monday 
following. President Cleveland had arrived at Chicago 
on the 29th and had been received in a manner befitting 
his high station, and escorted to the Lexington hotel and 
shown to luxurious apartments prepared with great care 
and artistic taste. Costly tapestries adorned the walls. 
Flowers were everywhere — furnished and arranged by 
"Uncle John" Thorpe, except one jardinierre of La 
j v** France roses, which had been sent by Mrs. Cleveland. 

There were other roses, and there were lilies of the valley, and hundreds of pan- 
sies, Mr. Cleveland's favorite flower. 

At 8 o'clock Sunday morning the President, in company with a number of his 
Cabinet ministers and a few other friends, breakfasted in a private dining room at 
his hotel. " I feel very friendly with everybody," said Mr. Cleveland, after rising, 
" and I think I shall go to church, as I have had several invitations." 

It had commenced to rain forty-eight hours before, and had never ceased 
long enough to force a smile from the face of a World's Fair director. It rained 
so violently and blew so furiously when the President started for the Second Pres- 
byterian church on 20th Street, in company with Secretaries Gresham and Hoke 
Smith, that it was with difficulty that the trio could avoid a drenching. On arriv- 
ing the distinguished party was ushered to a pew near the front of the audience- 
room. The visit of the Presidential party had not been announced, and the church 
was sparsely filled. While the choir was singing the opening hymn all eyes were 
directed upon the President, who was attired in his usual black suit, with frock 
coat, and who maintained a dignified, reserved manner, scarcely looking at any one, 
but paying close attention to the sermon and the services. 

The two members of the Cabinet occasionally exchanged a few whispered 
10 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. i 4 q 

words with each other, but seldom spoke to the President, and, though they both 
read the response, he did not. 

When the plate was passed Mr. Cleveland quietly laid upon it a two-dollar 
bill, numbered A1940559, with a picture of Jefferson on the left — correct Jefferson- 
ian principles surely, so the deacon thought. After the close of the service a 
woman in the audience advanced to the President and shook hands with him, 
introducing her companion, probablvher husband. One or two others shook hands 
with him as he left the vestibule. Aside from these there were no special demon- 
strations. 

In his prayer the pastor, the Rev. Dr. S. J. McPherson, alluded to the Presi- 
dent and others high in authority, invoking special blessings upon them, but other- 
wise made no reference to the distinguished personage. 

The text was from Matthew xiii., 2. The sermon was a clear analysis of 
true manhood as illustrated by a Christian citizen, the nearest perfection in its 
resemblance to the character of Christ while on earth. In brief it was as follows: 

" The crown of civilization is true manhood. Character is the maker, and 
safeguard, and measure of all civilization. Our Lord came down in order that he 
might give to us qualities like his own. Character is an effect and a cause. In all, 
it is a creation of the past and a creator of the future. Every true citizen, noble 
man, and true Christian will cherish true conservatism and true progress. False 
conservatism stifles energy and freezes nerve and heart. False radicalism recklessly 
-assaults, tears up the heart as well as the weeds, and rushes after every new will-o'- 
the-wisp. 

" The treasures of art and sculpture have been kept for us by the conserva- 
tive cherishing and embalming of history. No character is possible without the 
energy of the character builder himself. The deadliest thing in human life and the 
meanest thing is a lie. The value of personal puritv is through the force of the 
word of God in Christ's own shadow. Following after skeptics, cynics, and mys- 
terious leaders like Confucius is agnosticism. Hope and despair are ever ready at 
hand. Look up to the former and listen not to the latter. Christ is our ideal type 
of the mixture of those two forces. A life spent in the struggle to promote spirit- 
ual character is the only life worthy of man." 

On Sunday afternoon the President christened a grand-daughter of Secretary 
Gresham, and afterward took dinner with Mr. Higinbotham. 

The Duke of Veragua, a grandee of Spain, and a descendant of Columbus, 
accompanied by his family and other distinguished people, also arrived in Chicago 
on Saturday, April 29th, and was received by President T. W. Palmer, of the Com- 
mission, and acting President Ferdinand Peck of the Directory. Shortly after ten 
in the morning the train carrying the Duke pulled into the Union Depot, and at 
a proper time and place after he had stepped from the car, Mr. Palmer delivered 
an address of welcome to which the Duke responded warmly. 

Mrs. John A. Logan was at the depot as Chairman of the Ceremonies Com- 
mittee of the Board of Lady Managers, and she was presented to the Duchess of 
Yeragua, who carried a large bunch of American Beauty roses which had been 



i 5 o HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

handed her at the depot by the Spanish Commissioner to the World's Fair. After 
Mrs. Logan had been presented to the Duchess and to the wife of Commander 
Dickinson, who was charged with the itinerary of the ducal party, the procession 
was formed to the carriages. 

President Palmer led the way with the Duke and the cheer that went up as 
the start was made passed along in a wave line and reached the .curbstone before 
the smiling features of the Duke had appeared above the landing at the top of the 
steps. Then the cheer increased to a roar that never ceased until the party was 
safely housed inside the thick walls of the Auditorium. The apartments assigned 
his grace and suite had been beautifully decorated. The Duke and his family 
attended mass on the preceeding Sunday and received many callers at their hotel 
during the afternoon and evening. 

[In this connection it may be appropriately stated that in June the Infanta 
Eulalia, who represents the youthful Spanish ruler, visited Chicago and the Fair, 
and was received in a fitting manner and handsomely entertained during her stay. 
She was royally looked after by President Thomas W. Palmer, Mayor Carter Har- 
rison, Messrs. Higinbotham, Potter Palmer — at whose hotel she was a guest — 
and others. She had a pleasant time, and departed thoroughly delighted with all 
she had seen and that had been done for her.] 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 151 



CHAPTER III. 
ANOTHER DISTINGUISHED ARRIVAL, 

Independence Bell— Its Progress From Philadelphia to Chicago— It Receives an Ovation all the Way — 
Cannons and Speeches by Day and Bonfires and Red Lights by Night— The Venerable Relic Seen 
by Great Crowds of People— It Shares the Honorable Welcome Paid to President Cleveland and 
the Duke of Veragua Upon its Arrival in Chicago — Received by Military and Music and Escorted 
to Jackson Park by a Procession Two Miles Long — George Lippard's Vivid Picture of the Revo- 
lutionary Tones Whose Echoes Have Never Died Away — Its Sounds Still Listened to by the 
American People. 

/: ^ * NE of the most interesting events connected with the offi- 

cial opening of the Exposition was the trip of the Lib- 
erty Bell from Philadelphia and its arrival at Jackson 
Park. Throughout its entire journey this possibly great- 
est of all Revolutionary relics was the recipient of pro- 
found homage and respect; and the thoroughfare over 
which it traveled was lighted with bonfires and red and 
blue lights by night and decorated with flags and bunting 
by day. At all the towns along its way large numbers of 
people gathered and made the event occasion for cannonad- 
ing and speech-making. Attended by all the pomp and cere- 
mony which may well appertain to the transit of this historic heirloom, it left 
Philadelphia on the morning of April 28, and was carried to Chicago 
mounted on an open flat car constructed specially for the occasion by the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad company. About the car containing the venerable relic was a nickel 
fence with thirteen posts, representing the original thirteen states, each post having 
the name of the state in raised letters on a gilt ball. Thirty-one polished steel bars 
represented the remaining states. The fence was octagonal in shape and its panels 
were interlinked in a manner emblematic of the union of the states. The car was 
attached to a special train conveying the members of the committee, the mayor of 
Philadelphia, the director of public works and public safety, the city comptroller 
and others. 

It arrived in Chicago on Saturday, the 29th, and was received by a vast mul- 
titude, dividing the honor of welcome to President Cleveland and the Duke of 
Veragua who arrived the same day. 

This great bell, weighing 2,080 pounds, was cast by Pass & Stow, Philadelphia, 
and around it near the top were cast the prophetic words from the book of Leviticus, 
" Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all thp inhabitants thereof." Early 






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HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 153 

in June, 1753, it was hung in the belfry of the State House in Philadelphia, with no 
thought of the liberty it would one day proclaim. 

Let us look back over the hundred and seventeen years that have passed 
since this bell rang on that Fourth of July, 1776, and gaze upon the picture of the 
scene so vividly drawn by George Lippard in his " Annals of the American Revolu- 
tion." 

" Let me paint you a picture upon the canvas of the past. 

" It is a cloudless summer day, a clear sky arches and smiles above a quaint 
old edifice rising among the giant trees, in the center of a wide city. Plain red 
brick the walls; the windows partly framed in stone; the roof eaves heavy with 
intricate carvings; the hall door ornamented with pillars of dark stone. Such is 
the State House, Philadelphia, in the year of our Lord 1776." 

"Within the house was Congress assembled. During the session of Congress 
this summer Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, moved that 'the reunited colonies are, 
and ought to be,jree and independent States! John Adams, of Massachusetts, 
seconded the motion, and a committee of five was appointed to draw up a declara- 
tion of independence. It was Thomas Jefferson that wrote this strong and forcible 
declaration. And now it was submitted to Congress for adoption. 

"The people knew that their destiny was hanging in the balance. All day the 
streets were crowded with anxious men and women, impatiently waiting to hear 
the decision. They surged against the barred doors of the assembly rooms and 
stood upon one another's shoulders to peer in the windows. 

"In yonder wooden steeple which crowns the red brick State House stands an 
old man, with white hair and sunburnt face. He is clad in humble attire, yet his 
eye gleams as it is fixed upon the ponderous outline of the bell suspended in the steeple 
there. The old man tries to read the inscription on that bell, but cannot. * * * 
He is no scholar, he scarcely can spell one of those strange 'words carved on the 
surface of the bell. 

" By his side, gazing in his face in wonder, stands a flaxen-haired boy, with 
laughing eyes of summer blue. 

' ' Come here, my boy; you are a rich man's child, you can read. Spell me 
those words and I'll bless you, my good child!' 

' The child raised himself on tiptoe and pressed his tiny hands against the 
bell, and read in lisping tones these memorable words: 

" ' Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, tmto all the inhabitants thereof.' 

" The old man ponders for a moment on those words; then gathering the 
boy in his arms he speaks: 

" ' Look here, my child! Wilt do the old man a kindness? Then haste you 
down stairs and wait in the hall by the big door until a man shall give you a mes- 
sage forme. A man with a velvet dress and a kind face will come out from the big 
door and give you a word for me. When he gives you that word, then run out 
yonder in the street and shout it up to me. Do you mind?' 

" It needed no second command. The boy sprang from the old bell-keeper's 
arms and threaded his way down the dark stairs. 



154 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

" The old bell-keeper was alone. Many minutes passed. Leaning over the 
railing of the steeple, his face toward Chestnut street, he looked anxiously for that 
fair-haired boy. Moments passed — an hour — yet still he came not. Impatiently the 
old man shook his head and repeated : ' They will never do it; they will never do it!' 

" As the words were on his lips a merry, ringing laugh broke on the ear. 
There among the crowds on the pavement stood the blue-eyed boy, clapping his 
hands, while the breeze blew his flaxen hair all about his face, and, swelling his 
little chest, he raised himself on tiptoe and shouted a single word — 

"'Ring!' 

" Do you see that old man's eye fire? Do you see that withered hand grasp- 
ing the iron tongue of the bell? The old man is young again; his veins are filled 
with new life. Backward and forward, with sturdy strokes, he swung the tongue. 
The bell speaks out! The crowd in the street hears it, and bursts forth in one long 
shout. Old Delaware hears it and gives it back in the hurrah of her thousand-sailors. 
The city hears it, and starts up from desk and work bench, as though an earthquake 
had spoken. 

" Yet still, while the sweat pours from his brow, that old bell-keeper hurls 
the iron tongue, and still — boom — boom — boom — the bell speaks to the city and to 
the world. 

" Yes, as the old man swung the iron tongue the bell spoke to all the world. 
That sound crossed the Atlantic, pierced the dungeons of Europe, the workshops 
of England, the vassal fields of France. 

" Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, and to all the inhabitants 
thereof! 

" That iron tongue spoke to the slave — bade him lock from his toil and know 
himself a man. 

" That iron tongue startled the kings upon their crumbling thrones. 

" That echo was the knell of kingcraft and priestcraft, and all other crafts 
born of the darkness of ages and baptized in seas of blood. 

" Yes, the voice of that little boy, who, lifting himself on tiptoe, with his flaxen 
hair blowing in the breeze, shouted 'Ring!" had a deep and awful meaning in its 
infant tones." 

Yes, sturdy John Hancock, President of the Congress, had signed the 
declaration of American independence in that bold hand which " the King of Eng- 
land could read without spectacles," and the other signatures followed and our 
Nation was born. 

When the British forces approached Philadelphia in 1777 the bell was taken 
down and carried to Allentown to prevent its falling into the hands of the enemy. 

In 1 781 it was placed in the brick tower of the State House. For more than fifty 
years the bell was rung on the anniversary of Independence Day, when it was cracked 
while ringing. For many years the old bell remained in silent dignity in the tower, 
when it was taken down and placed on a platform in Independence Hall, where it 
has ever since remained. The great bell was conveyed to New Orleans for the 
exposition held there in i884,and now it rests in the Pennsylvania State building in 
the "White City." 




CLEVELAND PRESSING THE BUTTON THAT STARTED THE EXPOSITION. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



155 



CHAPTER IV. 
THE FORMAL OPENING OF THE EXPOSITION. 

Nearly a Quarter of a Million People Present — President Cleveland Presses the Magic Electric Button at 
Noon, May 1, 1893, and the Monster Allis Engine in Machinery Hall is Set in Motion Amidst the 
Booming of Cannon, the Blowing of Trumpets, the Ringing of Bells, the Unfurling of Flags and 
the Vociferations of the Multitude — The White Palaces Abloom and Ablaze with Color — Twenty 
Thousand Flags are Unfurled— Half a Hundred Foreign Emblems Cheered by the People Who 
Live Under Them — The Orchestra Play the National Hymn and Thousands of Patriotic Men and 
Women Join in the Chorus — The Spectacle as Seen From the Administration Building — President 
Cleveland's Address. 




AY 1, 1893, was the greatest and grandest day in the his- 
tory of Chicago — and an interesting and important one 
to the world — for it was the day of the official opening 
of the World's Columbian Exposition. As Columbus 
achieved success only after peril and disappointment, 
so the Exposition which was to honor the four hun- 
dredth anniversary of the discovery of America by the 
noble navigator attained completeness only after many 
months of internecine conflicts and misunderstandings, 
and long-continued tempestuousness of weather never 
before experienced throughout the great city upon the 
waters of Lake Michigan. It was not expected that 
the Exposition would reach perfection of readiness at 
exactly the day set for the opening exercises, even if 
the winter's storms of winds and rains and snows had been less destructive and 
severe, because no great exposition has been strictly complete in all its depart- 
ments upon its opening day. As the fashionable party woman disdains to be- 
come the first arrival at the house of her entertainer, so the experienced exhib- 
itor at all great expositions hangs back until some less punctilious or more heed- 
less one opens the installation ball. 

But notwithstanding the "winter of their discontent," the Exposition authori- 
ties were so well aware of the proximity to completeness of their great show that 
President Cleveland was invited to come to Chicago and press the magic button 
which should make the enormous Allis engine throb, and say to the world that he 
had officially opened their Columbian Exposition. This the President of the United 
States did at 12 o'clock (Meridian), on Monday, May 1, 1S93, i n the presence of 
nearly a quarter of a million of people, amidst the unfurling of thousands of flags, 




COMMISSIONERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION, 



1. Alexander B. Andrews, 
North Carolina. 

6. Wa. McIntyre, 

South Dakota. 

7. Archelacs M. Cochran, 

Texas. 

12. Richard Mansfield White, 

New Mexico. 

13. Othneil Beeson, 

Oklahoma. 



2. Thos. B. Keogh, 

North Carolina. 
5. Merritt H. Day, 

South Dakota. 
8. John T. Dickinson, 

Texas. 
11. Thomas C. Gutdzeres, 

New Mexico. 
14. Frank R. Gammon, 
Oklahoma. 



3. K. B. Eicketts, 

Pennsylvania, 
I. John W. Woodside, 

Pennsylvania. 
9. George P. Coats, 
Arizona. 
10. Wm. K. Meade, 

A rizona. 
15. Frederick J. Kiesel, 
Utah. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 157 

the sounding of trumpets, the booming of cannon and the vociferations of the vast 
multitude. 

To be strictly correct, at precisely 12:08 o'clock President Cleveland stepped 
forward and placed his finger on the golden key. The white-coated sailor stand- 
1 ing at the main mast before the Presidental box tugged madly at the rope which 
bound the mighty flag in place. Slowly it fell and the wind swept its silken folds out 
over the seething mass of people below. They hailed it with wild cheers, and at the 
sign other flags leaped and blossomed from the thousand masts. At the right the 
crimson and gold of Spain fluttered beneath the gorgeous caravel. At the left 
the flag of the great Columbus fell from the folds which bound it. Down the long 
white roof line of Machinery Hall ran a sudden burst of crimson flame. From every 
tower and parapet fell and fluttered some brilliant ensign. The white palaces were 
abloom and ablaze with color. Citizens of half a hundred nations looked upward 
and cheered the flag of their devotion. 

At the instant the drapery fell from the golden figure of the "Republic," 
backed by the classic peristyle, she stood forth in radiant beauty welcoming the 
world. From the electric fountains jets of water shot a hundred feet into the air, 
the mist falling upon the upturned faces of the cheering crowd. But above their 
cheers came the deep thunder of the guns fired from the white and gold hull of the 
Michigan lying in the harbor. Steam whistles filled the air with a shrill din and the 
deep chiming of far-off bells added to the uproar. President Cleveland bowed and 
smiled and shook hands with Director-General Davis. The orchestra struck up 
the strain of the national hymn, and with one voice 10,000 human beings in the throng 
before the platform carried the swelling chorus. 

The Duke of Yeragua stepped forward and congratulated the Director-Gen- 
eral and the people broke into a tremendous shout. Back from the post of honor 
the guests slowly passed, the thunder of the guns over the lake still coming to their 
ears. Gondolas and launches, laden with flags, shot and skimmed over the waters 
' like things alive. In a hundred directions the great crowd surged at once. Like a 
torrent released from a dam which holds it, it beat and broke. On every hand the 
White City was crowned with flags, running the gamut of color, but above the 
splendor of imperial banners the starry folds of "Old Glory" rose and fell, dearer 
to every patriotic eye than all the rest. Men pressed about the Presidential box 
and tore pieces of cloth from its sides as mementoes of the occasion. Ladies 
crushed into the jam were lifted over the rail and hurried to places of safety. The 
strain was over. The Columbian Exposition had been opened to the world. 

When the President touched the golden key on the table in front of him, that 
act opened an electric current, in a wire circuit 3,000 feet in length, which connected 
the key with the minute temporary motors placed at the Allis engine and the 
Worthington pump for the occasion. The subsequent process was a little different 
at these two places. 

At the Allis engine the wire passed through a beautiful-mounted box of 
polished oak, a foot square, containing an electro-automatic engine-stop. As the 
key was touched the electric current energized a magnet within the box ; the magnet 



158 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

attracted its armature; and the movement of the armature released a trigger, and 
set off a coiled spring inclosed in a brass drum. The recoil of the spring revolved 
the axis of the drum and a sprocket-wheel on the outside of the box. The 
sprocket-wheel was connected by a brass drive-chain with the sprocket-wheel that 
opened the throttle, and in less than a second after the President touched the but- 
ton these sprocket-wheels had made a dozen revolutions, the throttle had been 
thrown open, and the ponderous fly-wheel of the engine slowly awoke to life and 
began to turn. 

So it was at the pumping-station. When the President touched the key a 
magnet connected with an electric valve was energized. The armature was at- 
tracted to the magnet and at the same time operated a miniature steam chest on a 
miniature cylinder. This admitted steam through a pipe no larger than a pipe- 
stem into one end of the miniature cylinder, and when the piston moved it opened 
the throttle of the great machine. The steam rushed into the great cylinders, and 
the immense pump, fifty feet high, gave a sigh and began to heave its enormous 
burden of 15,000,000 gallons of water a day. 

The life and motion of the Allis engine and the Worthington pump were 
contagious. In Machinery Hall at least thirty great engines, as if they had heard 
the ringing of the gong on the electro-automatic engine-stop, started up into life 
with a roar and thrashed the air with their immense fly-wheels like a cyclone. So 
in the pumping station, the Worthington vertical was joined instantlyby the Worth- 
ington horizontal and the Worthington triple expansion, the three together, puff- 
ing and groaning, forcing water into the great mains at the rate of 40,000,000 gallons 
a day. 

What President Cleveland really touched was a key similar to that seen on 
nearly all telegraphic instruments. There is this difference, however, that the 
ordinary key is made of brass and the push is made of hard rubber, while the key 
that played such an important part in the ceremonies of the opening day is made 
of gold and has a button of ivory. The reason for this is that it was manufactured 
for this express purpose by E. S. Greeley & Co., of New York, who only loaned it 
for one day, and who expect to treasure it as a souvenir of the occasion. 

The key is mounted on a three-tiered pedestal, which measures 24x18 inches 
at the bottom of 16x10 inches at the top. The horizontal surfaces of the pedestal 
are covered with blue, in honor of the United States, and its vertical surfaces with 
golden yellow plush, in honor of Spain. On the side of the lowest tier, in silver 
figures, is seen "1492-1893." 

The spectacle, as seen from the roof of the Administration Building, was 
grand and enlivening- As early as 9 o'clock two thousand people had crowded be-- 
fore the circular platform on which the Presidental party was to sit. A drizzling 
rain was falling and the streets were heavy with yellow mud. Wagons piled high 
with ferns and palms were pushing their way through the crowd. Stretching their 
long lines diagonally from either end of the great platform troops were drawn up 
at present arms. By 10 o'clock the Iowa State band of sixty musicians in gay uni- 
form, plodded their way through the mud and disappeared in the direction of the 




DUKE OF VERAGUA. 



i6o HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

State Building. The water had been let into the MacMonnies fountain, and the 
dolphins and sea horses were afloat once more in their native element. Against 
the gray, gloomy skies the white palaces stood out in burnished beauty. On every 
roof men, looking from the ground like ants, were climbing about, pulling up the 
thousand flags and banners in readiness for the touch of the President's finger 
which would give them to the breeze. 

With every moment the crowd grew. Looking down upon it 250 feet above 
the earth, the hats and upturned faces, varied here and there by the bright bonnets 
of the women, seemed like the constantly changing facets of a kaleidoscope. Over 
■the green waters of the white-walled basin electric launches pushed their way. 
About them the white-winged gulls soared and circled. Now and then a gaudy 
gondola shot by. Slowly the platform filled, and as the members of the diplo- 
matic corps, in their gaudy costumes, and the army officers, in all the glory of gold 
and crimson and black, took their places, the scene from above was a brilliant 
■one. 

At 10:30 o'clock, as if by providential interference, the clouds suddenly lifted 
and a golden gleam of sunshine fell upon the pure white beauty of the peristyle. 
The crowd, by this time numbering 25,000 people, greeted the sun with a cheer. 
Suddenly from the west forty Indian chiefs, led by Rain-in-the-Face, in all the bar- 
baric splendor of red and yellow, pressed their way through the crowd. Again the 
■expectant and impatient crowd struck up a cheer. 

Far down on the projecting platform where the seats of the Presidental party 
were placed, men were laying Turkish rugs and preparing the last decorations. 
With the coming of the sunlight the waterproof which had covered the table upon 
which rested the golden key was removed. Mounted on a pillow of blue and crimson 
velvet the magical golden emblem rested upon the folds of a flag. -Men, pressing 
closely about the circumference of the platform, saw it as it glistened and greeted 
it with a cheer. All about the high columns and the jutting ledges of the east front 
of the Administration Building, men and women climbed and dangled in dangerous 
and exposed positions. From the little jets in the basin of the MacMonnies foun- 
tain water spouted into the air. The sky began to clear and great sweeps of sap- 
phire stood ravishingly out against the prevailing clouds of gray; and on all the 
buildings, high upon pillar and parapet, human beings swarmed. 

The following is the address of the President upon opening the Fair: 

I am here to join my fellow-citizens in the congratulations which befit this 
occasion. Surrounded by the stupendous results of American enterprise and 
activity, and in view of magnificent evidences of American skill and intelligence, 
we need not fear that these congratulations will be exaggerated. We stand today 
in the presence of the oldest nations of the world and point to the great achieve- 
ments we here exhibit, asking no allowance on the score of youth. 

The enthusiasm with which we contemplate our work intensifies the warmth 
of the greeting we extend to those who have come from foreign lands to illustrate 
with us the growth and progress of human endeavor in the direction of a higher 
civilization. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 161 

We who believe that popular education and the stimulation of the best im- 
pulses of our citizens lead the way to a realization of the proud national destiny 
which our faith promises, gladly welcome the opportunity here afforded us to see the 
results accomplished by efforts which have been exerted longer than ours in the 
field of man's improvement, while in appreciative return we exhibit the unparalleled 
advancement and wonderful accomplishments of a young nation, and present the 
triumphs of a vigorous, self-reliant and independent people. We have built these 
splendid edifices, but we have also built the magnificent fabric of a popular govern- 
ment, whose grand proportions are seen throughout the world. We have made 
and here gathered together objects of use and beauty, the products of American 
skill and invention. We have also made men who rule themselves. 

It is an exalted mission in which we and our guests from other lands are en- 
gaged, and we co-operate in the inauguration of an enterprise devoted to human 
enlightenment; and in the undertaking we here enter upon we exemplify in the 
noblest sense the brotherhood of nations. 

Let us hold fast to the meaning that underlies this ceremony, and let us not 
lose the impressiveness of this moment. As by a touch the machinery that gives 
life to this vast Exposition is now set in motion, so at the same instant let our hopes 
and aspirations awaken forces which in all time to come shall influence the welfare, 
the dignity, and the freedom of mankind. 

[The President then touched the key before him.] 




HIT 
THE KEY WHICH PRESIDENT CLEVELAND TOUCHED. 




ED. PINAUD'S PERFUMERY PAVILION, MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 



PART VI. 

THE WOMEN OF THE EXPOSITION AND 

WOMAN'S WORK 

CHAPTER I. 
THE WOMAN'S BUILDING AND ITS PURPOSES. 

New Methods of Usefulness Created — The Woman's Building an Additional Agency for the Exposition 
of Woman's Work — This Conception Concerning Woman's Skill and Inventiveness Cleared 
Away — Women the Originators of Most of the Industrial Arts — The Woman's Building an 
Inspiration of Woman's Genius — Some of the Exhibits — Mrs. Palmer's Curious Office Room — 
The Fish Women of New Jersey. 

N no previous exposition has woman essayed so important and 
conspicuous a part as she has been called upon to perform at 
the great Columbian Exposition of 1893. At no time in her 
history has she been accorded such a place as she now occu- 
pies as an integral part of a mammoth display of the achieve- 
ments of mankind. It seems fitting that contemporaneously 
%M> with her advanced position as part of the world's force she 

should display the benefits which her emancipation has 
worked, and that side by side with the products of man's 
brain and energy, woman's should be placed for compari- 
son. The Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia and the 
Cotton Centennial in New Orleans were greatly aided by the 
participation of women, who created what they termed the woman's department, 
wherein was installed a collective exhibit of all the interesting and meritorious 
work by women that could be brought together. This woman's department proved 
so useful and attractive that the co-operation of women in exposition work was 
recognized as a valuable addition, and in consequence the original Act of Congress 
providing for the celebration of the quadro-centennial created an official organiza- 
tion known as the Board of Lady Managers. 

When the board first assembled to organize its work for the Columbian Ex- 
position it was found that, though the previous work had been most effective, the 
impelling law of progress demanded a different plan of action for the Exposition of 
1893. Established precedent had to be thrown aside and new methods of useful- 
ness created. This proved to be necessary because of the strong sentiment among 
those most interested against taking the exhibits of women from the general build- 

163 




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HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



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ings and placing them apart in a "Woman's 
Department." Women who were doing the 
most creditable work in the arts and industries 
strenuously opposed such a separation, and 
insisted that their exhibits should be so placed 
as to compete with the best and most success- 
ful productions in all departments of classified 
exhibits without regard to sex distinction. As 
in some classes of work women are not cred- 
ited with having arrived at a degree of excel- 
lence equal to that of men, a competition 
among women only would result in the award 
of premiums to articles which would not nec- 
essarily have been successful if entered in a 
general competition. In an international com- 
petitive exhibition the object is to honor the 
highest grade of work only, and thereby give 
it an international reputation and added com- 
mercial value. This intention might there- 
fore, be entirely defeated in case of a competition restricted to women only. 

Women, therefore, have exhibits in every department of the fair in every line 
of industrial, scientific and artistic work. One of the ~r|cherished ideals is to re- 
move the impression that women are doing little skilled labor, or little steady and 
valuable work, and that they consequently are not to be taken seriously into con- 
sideration when dealing with industrial problems; that they never learn to do any- 
thing thoroughly well, and that, therefore, the 
small compensation given them is a just and 
proper equivalent for their services, because it 
has no abstract commercial value. An effort 
has, therefore, been made to demonstrate that 
their labor is a fixed and permanent element 
and an important factor in the industrial 
world, and must be carefully studied in its re- 
lations to che general whole. Upon a strong 
presentation of the facts, it is hoped that a 
healthy public sentiment may be created which 
will condemn the disproportionate wages paid 
men and women for equal services. The 
Woman's Building is an additional agency for 
the exposition of woman's work. It is the in- 
spiration of woman's genius, and provides all 
the comforts and conveniences for women dur- 
ing the Exposition. The design was selected 
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HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 165 

mitted by women architects. It is 400 feet long by 200 wide and cost $200,000. It 
has land and water approaches and a big rotunda, around which runs a gallery 
which is devoted to an exhibition of the most distinguished works of women, 

A roof garden is supported by caryatides, which was modeled by a woman; 
the statuary above the roof line, relief compositions, mural decorations, structural 
decorations, carved wainscoting and balustrades for the staircases, open carved 
screens, ornamental iron and brass work, decorative tapestries and panels are all 
the work of women, and illustrate the rank which they hold as artisans and de- 
•s. 

The building has social headquarters, parlors, reading, writing and committee 
rooms, and a great congress hall. The building has many rooms, which are vari- 
ously occupied — as a library of books by women, records and statistics of employ- 
ments in which women are engaged, a kindergarden room, model kitchen, exhibits 
of lace, embroideries, fans, jewels, silver, and other women's work, and a hospital 
and training school for nurses in operation. 

In the exhibits there is not a single thing made by the hand of man. Every- 
thing is by women, and the hope is that they will clear away misconceptions as to 
the originality and inventiveness of women, and will demonstrate that while they 
have been largely occupied as home makers and not trained or educated for indus- 
trial or artistic pursuits, their adaptability and talents have enabled them to sur- 
mount the barriers and limitations which have hemmed them in. 

Women, among all the primitive people, it. is alleged, were the originators of 
most of the industrial arts. While man the protector fought or hunted, woman con- 
structed the home, ground the grain, dressed the skins and fashioned them into 
garments. She invented the needle, thread, and the shuttle, and was the first 
potter. She originated basket making and ornamental work, and all of this is 
shown in the ethnological display. 

Portraits of Sappho and Hypatia and other women of the classic and mediae- 
val times are to be seen, and what remains of the textile fabrics, drawn work, rare 
tapestries, and laces. The old Bayeux tapestry made by Matilda of Flanders, re- 
productions of the statues made by Sabina von Steinbach for the Strasburg Cathe- 
dral; the book of Abbess Herrad, which contains a compendium of all the know- 
ledge of her day, and a long list of similar products by women are shown. Naturally 
a field as extensive as this must bear much fruit, and the Woman's Building ranks 
very close to the more pretentious expositions in the interest it will arouse. 

Great Britain, America, and Germany make the best exhibits. The former 
shows every kind of work in which the women of England, Scotland, Ireland, and 
Wales are engaged. Notable are embroideries by Princess Louise, the Royal School 
of Needlework, of which Queen Victoria is a patron, and the Countess of Tanker- 
ville; sketches by Kate Greenaway and Gertrude Bradley; table napkins made 
from flax spun by Queen Victoria; a table cloth embroidered by Princess Helena, 
and a straw hat plaited by the Queen for Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein. 
The English lace display is very fine, and its paintings are numerous. 

One of the most interesting as well as one of the most unique rooms in the 



166 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



Woman's Building is the private office of Mrs. Palmer. It is a room with a history, 
and contains the exhibit of the New Jersey fish-women, arranged under the personal 
supervision of Mrs. Charles W. Compton of Newark, one of the New Jersey lady 
alternates. The work is one in which Mrs. Compton is greatly interested, and it 
was to obtain some recognition of it that she visited Chicago some months before 
the opening. When she applied for space the committee could find none for her, 
and she sought out Mrs. Palmer. To her she told the story of the sad lives of the 
women of the fishing districts, and of the benefit it would be to them if they could 
in some way be recognized in the great Fair. Mrs. Palmer's heart was touched as 
she listened to tales of privation at all times and of actual suffering when winter 
lays his icy hand on sea and shore. "Room shall be found for them," she said, 
"even if I have to have the exhibit in my own private office." Many of the lady 
managers protested at the idea of having fishing nets and baskets put up in their 
president's room, but the work went on. The decorations of the room are seines, 
fishing nets, and baskets, while dolls are used in practical demonstration. The 
seines are festooned from the ceilings, and a huge casting net is used as a dais over 
Mrs. Palmer's desk. The women of Salem county, New Jersey, sent the furniture, 
which is of the old colonial style. 




SEAT OF STOOL IN LEATHER WORK— PRINCESS VICTORIA OF WALES, ENGLAND. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



107 



CHAPTER II. 




THE WOMEN WHO CONTROL. 

Generally Known as the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition — A Large 
Number of Prominent Women Among the Members — Names and Residences and Official 
Positions. 

HE Board of Lady Managers was created by Act of Congress, 
approved April 25, 1S90. It consists of 117 members, with 
alternates — eight at large, two each from the several states 
and territories and District of Columbia, and nine from the 
City of Chicago. Its members were selected by the World's 
Columbian Commission. The Board has general direction 
and supervision of the representation of women at the Ex- 
position. Officials of the Board. — President — Mrs. Potter 
Palmer, of Chicago. Vice-Presidents — First, Mrs. Ralph 
Trautmann, of New York; Second, Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh, 
of Maine; Third, Mrs. Charles Price, of North Craolina; 
Fourth, Miss Katherine L. Minor, of Louisiana; Fifth, Mrs. 
Beriah Wilkins, of the District of Columbia; Sixth, Mrs. M. D. Thatcher, of Colo- 
rado; Seventh, Mrs. Flora Beall Ginty, of Wisconsin; Eighth, Mrs. Margaret Blaine 
Salisbury, of Utah; at large, Mrs. Russell B. Harrison, of Nebraska. Vice-Chair- 
man of Executive Committee — Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith, of Indiana. Secretary 
— Mrs. Susan Gale Cooke, of Tennesee. 

Lady Managers at Large. — Mrs. D. F. Verdenal, NewYork; Mrs. Mary- 
Cecil Cantrill, Georgetown, Ky.; Mrs. Mary S. Lockwood, Washington, D. C; 
Mrs. John J. Bagley, Detroit, Mich.; Miss Ellen A. Ford, NewYork; Mrs. Mary S. 
Harrison, Omaha, Neb.; Mrs. Ida Elkins Taylor, Philadelphia, Pa.; Mrs. Rosine 
Ryan, Austin, Texas. Alternates — Mrs. Benjamin C. Truman, Los Angeles, Cal.; 
Mrs. Nancy Huston Banks, Morganfield, Ky.; Mrs. James B. Stone, Worcester, 
Mass.; Mrs. Schuyler Colfax, South Bend, Ind.; Miss Helen A. Peck, Kansas 
City; Miss Caroline E. Dennis, Auburn, N. Y.; Mrs. George R. Yarrow, Philadel- 
phia, Pa,; Mrs. Caroline Willis Ladd, Galveston, Texas. 

Members of the Board. — Lady Managers from States — Alabama — Miss 
Hattie Toney Hundley, Mooresville; Mrs. Anna M. Fosdick, Mobile. Alternates — 
Mrs. Sallie H. Bush, Birmingham; Mrs. Irene W. Semple, Montgomery. 

Arkansas— Mrs. James P. Eagle, Little Rock; Mrs. Rollin A. Edgerton, 
Little Rock. Alternates— Margaret M. Ratcliff, Little Rock; Mrs. William B. 
Empie, Newport. 




LADY MANAGERS, RESIDENTS OF CHICAGO. 

1. Mhs. Potter Palmer. 2. Mks. Solomon Thatcher, Jr. 

Mrs. James A. Mulligan. 4. Francis Dickinson, M. D. 5. Mrs. M. E. M. Wallace. 

Mrs. Myra Bradwell. 7. Mrs. James R. Doolittle, Jr. 8. Mrs. Matilda B. Carse. 

f artha H. Ten Eyck. 10. Mrs. Margaret I. Sanders. 11. Mrs. Leander Stone. 

12. Mrs. Gen. A. L. Chetlaik 13. Frances E. Willard. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 169 

California — Mrs. Parthenia P. Rue, Santa Rosa; Mrs. James R. Deane, San 
Francisco. Alternates — Mrs. Isaac L. Requa, Piedmont; Mrs. Frona E. Wait, San 
Francisco. 

Colorado — Mrs. Laura P. Coleman, Buena Vista; Mrs. M. D. Thatcher, 
Pueblo. Alternates — Mrs. Annie B. Patrick, Leadville; Mrs. Susan R. Ashley, 
Denver. 

Connecticut — Miss Frances S. Ives, New Haven; Mrs. Isabella Beecher 
Hooker, Hartford. Alternates — Mrs. Amelia B. Hinman, Stevenson; Mrs. Vir- 
ginia T. Smith, Hartford. 

Delaware— Mrs. Mary Richards Kinder, Milford; Mrs. J. Frank Ball, Wil- 
mington. Alternates — Mrs. Mar}- E. Torbert, Milford; Mrs. Theodore F. Arm- 
strong, Newark. 

Florida — Mrs. Mary C. Bell, Gainesville; Miss E. Nellie Beck, Tampa. 
Alternates — Mrs. Chloe Merrick Reed, South Jacksonville; Mrs. H. K. Ingram, 
Jacksonville. 

Georgia — Mrs. Wm. H. Felton, Cartersville; Mrs. Charles H. Olmstead, 
Savannah. Alternates — Miss Meta Telfair McLaws, Augusta; Mrs. Geo. W. 
Lamar, Savannah. 

Idaho — Mrs. Anna E. M. Farnum, Hauser Junction; Mrs. Joseph C. Straugh- 
an, Boise, City. Alternates — Mrs. Louise L. Barton, Moscow; Mrs. Ella Ray 
Miller. Pocatello. 

Illinois — Mrs. Richard J. Oglesby, Elkhart; Mrs. Frances Welles Shepard, 
Chicago. Alternates — Mrs. Marcia Louise Gould, Moline; Mrs. Isabella L 
Candee, Cairo. 

Indiana — Miss Wilhemine Reitz, Evansville; Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith, 
Cambridge City. Alternates — Miss Susan \V. Ball, Terre Haute; Miss Mary H. 
Krout, Crawfordsville. 

Iowa — Mrs. Whiting S. Clark, Des Moines; Miss Ora Elizabeth Miller, 
Cedar Rapids. Alternates — Mrs. Ira F. Hendricks, Council Bluffs; Miss Mary 
B. Hancock, Dubuque. 

Kansas — Mrs. Jennie S. Mitchell, Topeka; Mrs. Hester A. Hanback, Topeka. 
Alternates — Mrs. Sara Blair Lynch, Leavenworth; Mrs. Jane H. Haynes, Fort 
Scott. 

Kentucky — Miss Jean W. Faulkner, Lancaster; Mrs. A. C. Jackson, Coving- 
ton. Alternates — Miss Sarah F. Holt, Frankfort; Mrs. Alice B. Castleman, 
Louisville. 

Louisiana — Miss Catherine L. Minor, Houma; Mrs. Belle Hamilton Perkins, 
New Orleans. Alternates — Mrs. Bowling S. Leathers, Steamer Laura Lee, New 
Orleans; Mrs. W. W. Carre, New Orleans. 

Maine — Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh, Augusta; Mrs. L. M. N. Stevens, Portland. 
Alternates — Mrs. Sarah H. Dixby, Showhegan, Miss Helen M. Staples, Hanover. 

Maryland — Mrs. William Reed, Baltimore; Mrs. Alexander Thomson, Mt. 
Savage. Alternates — Mrs. J. Wilson Patterson, Baltimore; Miss Eloise Roman 
Cumberland. 



i 7 o HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Massachusetts — Mrs. Rufus S. Frost, Chelsea; Mrs. Jonas H. French, Bay, 
View. Alternates — Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, Cambridge; Miss Mary Crease 
Sears, Boston. 

Michigan — Mrs. Eliza J. Pendry Howes, Battle Creek; Mrs. Angell, Ann 
Arbor. Alternates — Mrs. Frances P. Burrows, Kalamazoo; Miss Anna M. Cutcheon 
Detroit. 

Minnesota — Mrs. Frances B. Clarke, St Paul; Mrs. H. F. Brown, Minneapolis. 
Alternates— Mrs. P. B. Winston, Minneapolis; Mrs. M. M. Williams, Little Falls. 

Mississippi — Mrs. James W. Lee, Aberdeen; Mrs. John M. Stone, Jackson. 
Alternates — Mrs. George M. Buchanan, Holy Springs; Miss Varina Davis, Beau- 
voir. 

Missouri — Miss Phoebe W. Couzins, LL.B., St Louis; Miss Lillian Mason 
Brown, Kirkwood. Alternates — Mrs. Patti Moore, Kansas City; Mrs. Annie L. Y. 
Orff, St. Louis, care of Chaperone Magazine. 

Montana — Mrs. Eliza Rickards, Butte City; Mrs. Clara L. McAdow, Helena. 
Alternates — Mrs. Laura E. Howey, Helena; Mrs. Marian D. Cooper, Bozeman 

Nebraska — Mrs. John S. Briggs, Omaha; Mrs. E. C. Langworthy, Seward. 
Alternates — Mrs. M. A. B. Martin, Beatrice; Mrs. Lana A. Bates, Aurora. 

Nevada— Miss Eliza M. Russell, Elko; Mrs. M. D. Foley, Reno. Alternates 
— Miss Mary E. Davies, Genoa; Miss Jennie Torreyson, Carson City. 

New Hampshire — Mrs. Mira B. F. Ladd, Lancaster; Mrs. Daniel Hall, Dover« 
Alternates — Mrs, Frank H. Daniell, Franklin Falls; Miss Ellen J. Coles, Lake 
village. 

New Jersey — Miss Mary E. Busselle, Newark; Mrs. Martha B. Stevens, 
Hoboken. Alternates — Mrs. Jas. W. Compton, Newark; Mrs. Amanda M. Smith, 
Newark. 

New York — Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, New York City; Mrs. William Kissam 
Vanderbilt, New York. Alternates— Mrs. John Pope, New York City; Mrs. A. M. 
Palmer, New York. 

North Carolina — Mrs. George Wilson Kidder, Wilmington; Mrs. Charles 
Price, Salisbury. Alternates — Mrs. Sallie S. Cotton, Falkland; Miss Virginia Stella 
Divine, Wilmington. 

North Dakota— Mrs. S. W. McLaughlin, Grand Forks; Mrs. W. D. 
McConnell, Fargo. Alternates — Mrs. Alice Vineyard Brown, Lisbon; Mrs. 
Frances C. Holley, Bismarck. 

Ohio — Mrs. Mary A. Hart, Glendale; Mrs. Walter Hartpence, Harrison. 
Alternates — Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, Warren; Mrs. Asa S. Bushnell, Spring- 
field. 

Oregon— Mrs. E.W.Allen, Portland; Mrs. M. Payton, Salem. Alternates 
— Mrs. Anna L. Riggs, Portland; Mrs. Hattie E. Sladden, Eugene. 

Pennsylvania — Miss Mary E. McCandless, Hays, Pittsburg; Mrs. Harriet 
Anne Lucas, Philadelphia. Alternates — Mrs. Samuel Plumer, Franklin; Mrs. W. 
S. Elkins, Philadelphia, 




MRS. POTTER PALMER, 

PRESIDENT BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 171 

Rhode Island — Mrs. Amey M. Starkweather, Pawtucket; Miss Charlotte 
Field Dailey, Providence. Alternates — Mrs. Geo. A. Mumford, Pawtucket; Miss 
Loraine Pearce Bucklin, Providence. 

South Carolina — Miss F. Cunningham, Charleston; Mrs. Ellery M. Brayton, 
Columbia. Alternates — Mrs. Clark Waring, Columbia; Miss Carrie A. Perry, 
Walhalla. 

South Dakota — Mrs. John R. Wilson, Deadwood; Mrs. Helen Morton 
Barker, Huron. Alternates — Mrs. Minnie Daniels, Watertown; Mrs. Marie J. 
Gaston, Deadwood. 

Tennessee — Mrs. Laura Gillespie, Nashville; Mrs. Susan Gale Cooke, Knox- 
ville. Alternates — Mrs. Carrington Mason, Memphis; Mrs Charles J. McClung, 
Knoxville. 

Texas — Mrs. Ida Loving Turner, Forth Worth; Mrs. Mary A. Cochran, 
Dallas. Alternate — Mrs. Kate Cawthorn McDaniel, Anderson. 

Vermont — Mrs. Ellen M. Chandler, Pomfret; Mrs. Elizabeth V. Grinnell, 
Burlington. Alternates — Mrs. Minna G. Hooker, Battleboro; Mrs. Theresa J. 
Cochrane, Groton. 

Virginia — Mrs. John Sergent Wise, Richmond; Mrs. K. S. G. Paul, Harrison- 
burgh- Alternates — Mrs. Mary H. Drewey, Westerner; Miss Mattie P. Harris 
Stanton. 

Washington — Mrs. Melissa D. Owings, Olympia; Mrs. Alice Houghton, 
Spokane Falls. Alternates — Mrs. Chauncey Wright Griggs, Tacoma; Miss Joseph- 
ine H. Stimson, Colfax. 

West Virginia — Mrs. W. Newton Linch, Martinsburg; Miss Lily Irene Jack- 
sun, Parkersburg. Alternates — Mrs. George W. Z. Black, Halltown; Miss Anna M. 
Mahan, Fayettville. 

Wisconsin — Mrs. Flora Beall Ginty, Chippewa Falls; Mrs. William P. Lynde, 
Milwaukee. Alternates — Mrs. Samuel S. Fifield, Ashland; Mrs. J. Montgomery 
Smith, Mineral Point. 

Wyoming — Mrs. F. H. Harrison, Evanston; Mrs. Frances E. Hale, Cheyenne. 
Alternates — Mrs. Elizabeth A. Stone, Evanston; Miss Gertrude M. Huntington, 
Saratoga. 

Lady Managers from Territories. — Alaska — Miss A. K. Delaney, Juneau; 
Mrs. Alonzo E. Austin, Sitka. Alternates — Miss Maxwell Stevenson, Juneau; Mrs. 
Lena Vanderbier, Sitka. 

Arizona — Mrs. Thomas J. Butler, Prescott, Miss Laurettu Lovell, Tucson- 
Alternates — Mrs. Geo. Hoxworth, Flagstaff, Mrs. H. J. Peto, Tombstone. 

New Mexico — Mrs. Franc Luse Albright, Albuquerque; Mrs. Edward L. 
Bartlett, Santa ■ Fe. Alternates — Miss Lucia Paria, Albuquerque; Mrs. Louise 
Dakin Campbell, Eddy. 

Oklahoma — Mrs. Marie P. Harmon Beeson, El Reno; Mrs. Genevieve 
Guthrie, Oklahoma City. Alternates — Mrs. Julia Wallace, Oklahoma City; Mrs. 
Mary McNeal, Guthrie. 



172 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



Utah — Mrs. Thomas A. Whalen, Ogden; Mrs. Margaret Blaine Salisbury, Salt 
Lake City. Alternates — Mrs. Susie B. Emery, Park City; Miss Maggie Keogh, Salt 
Lake City. 

From District of Columbia. — Mrs. John A. Logan, Washington; Mrs. 
Beriah Wilkins, Washington. Alternates — Mrs. Emma Dean Powell, Washing- 
ton; Miss Emma C. Wimsatt, Washington. 

Lady Managers from Chicago. — Mrs. Bertha M. Honore Palmer, 
Mrs. Solomon Thatcher, Jr., River Forest ; Mrs. L. Brace Shattuck, 
Mrs. James A. Mulligan, Frances Dickinson, M. D., Mrs. M. R. M. Wallace, Mrs. 
Myra Bradwell, Mrs. James R. Doolittle, Jr., Mrs. Matilda B. Carse. Alternates — 
Mrs. Sarah M. Hallowel, Mrs. George L. Dunlap, Mrs. William Kimball, Mrs. 
Annie C. Meyers, Martha H. Ten Eyck, Mrs. Margaret Isabelle Sandes, Ravens- 
wood, 111., Mrs. Leander Stone, Mrs. Gen. A. L. Chetlain, Frances E. Willard, 
Evanston, 111. 




OIL PAINTING— LANDSCAPE— FRAU SCHROEDER, GERMANY. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



i?3 



CHAPTER III. 



FORMAL OPENING OF THE WOMAN'S BUILDING. 



Mrs. Potter Palmer's Address — Driving of the Last Nail — A Woman's Hand Drives the Golden Nail 
with a Silver Hammer — A Beautiful Structure, the Completion of Which Signified an Accomplish- 
ment of Which the United Womanhood of. the World Has Had a Part— rLarge Number of 
Distinguished Women Present — A Grand March Composed by a German Woman, Frau Ingeborg 
von Bronsart of Weimar — Prayer by Miss Ida Hutton — Overture by Miss Frances Elliott, of 
London, England — Reading of a Poem by Miss Flora Wilkinson — Remarks by Lady Aberdeen, 
the Duchess of Veragua, Mrs. Bedford Fenwick, Mrs. Kaselowsky and the Princess Schachoffsky. 

O EVENT of the Exposition except the official opening 
produced more transportthan the formal dedication of 
the Woman's Building, which took place on the after- 
noon of May 1. That the opening ceremonies of this 
building should be held in its own main hall was pecu- 
liarly appropriate. A long room, whose arches and 
columns were decorated delicately in white and gold, 
I > whose walls were hung with the praiseworthy pro- 

ducts of nineteenth century woman artists — this is 
what met the vision of those who entered for the first 
time. And this was not all. On the temporary platform erected 
at the west entrance were palms and potted plants, gracefully 
grouped, while above it on either side were draped the commingled colors of Spain 
and America. Palms, too, filled in the spaces between the arches of the north and 
south ends of the gallery, from which rows of smiling faces looked on at the cere- 
monies. 

At the north end of the Hall of Honor was massed the great World's Fair 
chorus, which on this occasion interpreted only the music of women composers. 
The remaining space, when Mrs. Potter Palmer arose to open the exercises, was 
filled to overflowing with a gathering whose enthusiasm as it caught sight of the 
gracious President of the Board of Lady Managers found vent in cheers, applause 
and a fluttering of white handkerchiefs. When some thoughtful individual well 
versed in the art of delicate flattery took upon himself the task of removing from 
the platform the palms and the big bunch of American beauty roses, behind which, 
when she was seated, she was half concealed, the demonstration broke out with re- 
newed vigor. 

Mrs. Palmer presided at the Pennsylvania table, on which were placed a block 
of yew taken from the Washington State Building, the golden nail, and Colorado's 
silver jewel box. On a small table of Mexican onyx at her left reposed the ham- 





MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. 



1. Mrs. Richard J. Oglesby, 
Illinois. 

6. Mrs. Jonas H. French, 

Massachusetts. 

7. Mrs. Mart A. Hart, 

Ohio. 

12. Mrs. I. J. Austin, 

Alaska. 

13. Mrs. Marie P. Harmon Beeson, 

Oklahoma. 



2. Mrs. Frances Welles Shepard, 

Illinois. 
5. Mrs. Kufus S. Fbost, 
Massachusetts. 
8. Mrs. Walter Hartpence, 

Ohio. 
11. Mrs. A. K. Delaney, 

Alaska. 
14. Mrs. Genevieve Guthrie, 
Oklahoma. 



3. Miss Wilhelmine Reit«.. 

Indiana. 

4. Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith. 

Indiana. 
9. Mrs. F. H. Harrison, 
Wyoming. 
10. Mrs. Frances E. Hall, 

Wyoming. 
15. Mrs. Jno. A. Logan, 

District Columbia. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 175 

mer in its leather case. Behind Mrs. Palmer was seated a group of distinguished 
women, both foreign and American, whose gay toilets lent a pleasing touch of color 
and brightness to the assembly. Among them were the Duchess of Veragua and 
the Hon. Maria del Pilar Colon y Aguielera, Mme. Mariotti, Lady Aberdeen, Mrs. 
Bedford Fenwick, Frau Professor von Kasetowsky of Germany, Princess Mary A. 
Schahovsky of Russia, Miss Hulda Leinden of Russia, Mme. Zorn, Senora d'Oleiv- 
ria Austen of Brazil, Mrs. Dickens, the Duchess of Sutherlayd, Lady Wolf, Miss 
Windeye, Mrs. Robert Austen of England, Lady Arnot, Miss Arnot, Miss Weiner, 
Mme - Meaulle of Austria, Mrs. Linchee Suriya of Siam, Baroness Thornburg Rappe 
of Sweden, Mrs. Romero of Mexico, Mrs. John G. Carlisle, Mrs. W. K. Carlisle, Miss 
Leila Herbert, Mrs. George T. Werts of New Jersey. Mrs. Adlai T. Stevenson, Mrs. 
John P. Altgeld, Miss Ida C. Hultin, Miss Wilkinson, Mrs. John A. Logan, Miss 
Catherine Minor, Mrs. Walter Q. Gresham, Mrs. Eliza Rickards, Mrs. Candace 
Wheeler, Mrs. Ralph Trautman, Mrs. Sarah S. C. Angell and Mrs. V. C. Merideth. 
A grand march composed by Frau Ingeborg von Bronsart, of Weimar, Ger- 
many, and rendered by Theodore Thomas' men opened the exercises. Miss Ida Hut- 
ton offered the prayer, which was followed by a dramatic overture composed by Miss 
Frances Ellicott, of London, England. The following ode was then read by Miss 
Flora Wilkinson, daughter of W. E. Wilkinson, of Chicago University: 

From the lovely land of Alhambra and out from the mists of the years, 

Let us summon a presence before us, as spirits are summoned by seers. 

Behold, a woman is standing, the glitter of gems in her hands, 

With far gazing eyes that are turned toward the river of invisible lands. 

Behold, royally bending to heed a stranger's appeal, 

With gift of grace and of godspeed, Isabella, the Queen of Castile. 

Let us join to man's glory the woman's, the glory of faith and of deed, 

That cheered the brave mariner on in the day of his desperate need. 

He, sailing, and sailing, and sailing into the sunset seas, 

Little dreamed of the land that he sailed to, the sage and the sad Genoese. 

She, dreaming, and dreaming, and dreaming apart in her palace of Spain 

Little dreamed of the future awaiting that land of the Western main. 

The future, a plant of God's garden, unfolding in beauty supreme 

To blossom into the splendor of this White City of dream. 

Not as Oueen but as woman we hail Isabella, and crown her to-day 

In these halls that women have built and illumined with costly array. 

Here, gravely let us be grateful, as heirs of a generous past, 

For the pleasures and powers and duties fallen to woman at last. 

They have yielded to her their kingdoms, science, and letters, and art, 

And still she controls undisputed the realm of the home and the heart. 

Mrs. Palmer's rising for the purpose of delivering her address was the signal 
for another outburst of applause. She said: 

Members of the Board of Lady Managers, Ladies and Gentemen: The 
moment of fruition has arrived. Hopes for more than two years have gradually 



i 7 6 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

been gaining strength and definiteness have now become realities. To-day the Expo- 
sition opens its gates. On this occasion of the formal opening of the Woman's 
Building the Board of Lady Managers is singularly fortunate in having the honor 
to welcome distinguished official representatives of many of the able foreign com- 
mittees and of the state boards which have so effectively co-operated with it in ac- 
complishing the results now to be disclosed to the world. 

We have traveled together a hitherto untrodden path, have been subjected 
to tedious delays and overshadowed by dark clouds, which threaten disaster to our 
enterprise. We have been obliged to march with peace offerings in our hands lest 
hostile motives be ascribed to us. Our burdens have been greatly lightened, how- 
ever, by the spontaneous sympathy and aid which have reached us from women in 
every part of the world, and which have proved and added incentive and inspira- 
tion. [Applause.] Experience has brought many surprises, not the least of which 
is an impressive realization of the unity of human interests, notwithstanding differ- 
ences of race, government, language, temperament and external conditions. The 
people of all civilized lands are studying the same problems. Each success and 
each failure in testing and developing new theories is valuable to the whole world. 
Social and industrial questions are paramount, and are receiving the thoughtful 
consideration of statesmen, students, political economists, humanitarians, employers 
and employed. 

The few forward steps which have been taken during our boasted nineteenth 
century — the so-called aid of invention — have promoted the general use of machin- 
ery and economic motive powers with the result of cheapened manufactured arti- 
cles, but have not afforded the relief to the masses which was expected. The 
struggle for bread is as fierce as of old. We find everywhere the same picture pre- 
sented — overcrowded industrial centers; factories surrounded by dense populations 
of operatives; keen competition; many individuals forced to use such strenuous 
efforts that vitality is drained in the effort to maintain life under conditions so un- 
inviting and discouraging that it scarcely seems worth living. It is a grave reproach 
to modern enlightenment that we seem no nearer the solution of many of these prob^ 
lems than during feudal days. 

It is not our province, however, to discuss these weighty questions except in 
so far as they affect the compensation paid to wage earners, and more especially 
that paid to women and children. Of all existing forms of injustice there is none so 
cruel and inconsistent as is the position in which women are placed with regard to 
self-maintenance — the calm ignoring of their rights and responsibilities which has 
gone on for centuries. If the economic conditions are hard for men to meet, sub- 
jected as they are to the constant weeding out of the less expert and steady hands, 
it is evident that women, thrown upon their own resources, have a frightful strug- 
gle to endure, especially as they have always to contend against a public sentiment 
which discountenances their seeking industrial employment as a means of live- 
lihood. 

The theory which exists among conservative people that the sphere of wo- 
man is her home — that it is unfeminine, even monstrous for her to wish to take a 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 177 

place beside or compete with men in the various lucrative industries — tells heavily 
against her, for manufacturers and producers take advantage of it to disparage her 
work and obtain her services for a nominal price, thus profiting largely by the ne- 
cessities and helplessness of their victim. That so many should cling to respectable 
occupations while starving in following them and should refuse to yield to discour- 
agement and despair shows a high quality of steadfastness and principle. [Ap- 
plause.] These are the real heroines of life, whose handiwork we are proud to 
install in the Exposition, because it has been produced in factories, workshops and- 
studios under the most adverse conditions and with the most sublime patience and 
endurance. [Applause.] 

Men of the finest and most chivalric type, who have poetic theories about 
the sanctity of the home and the refining, elevating influence of woman in it, theo- 
ries inherited from the days of romance and chivalry, and which we wish might 
prevail forever — these men have asked many times whether the Board of Lady 
Managers thinks it well to promote a sentiment which may tend to destroy the 
home by encouraging occupations for women which take them out of it. We feel, 
therefore, obliged to state in our opinion every woman who is presiding over a 
happy home is fulfilling her highest and truest function, and could not be lured 
from it by temptations offered by factories or studios. Would that the eyes of 
these idealists could be thoroughly opened that they might see, not the fortunate 
few of a favored class, with whom they possibly are in daily contact, but the gen- 
eral status of the labor market throughout the world and the relation to it of wo- 
men. They might be astonished to learn that the conditions under which the vast 
majority of the "gentler sex" are living are not so ideal as they assume; that each 
is not "dwelling in a home of which she is the queen, with a manly and a loving 
arm to shield her from rough contact with life." Because of the impossibility of 
reconciling their theories with the stern facts, they might possibly consent to for- 
give the offense of widows with dependent children and of wives of drunkards and 
criminals who so far forget the high standard established for them as to attempt to 
earn for themselves daily bread, lacking which they must perish. [Great Applause.] 
The necessity for their work under present conditions is too evident and too urgent 
to be questioned. They must work or they must starve. Women everywhere in 
large numbers are actively engaged in the lowest and most degrading industrial 
occupations, laboring mainly as underpaid drudges, to the great profit of manufact- 
urers and producers. 

We are forced, therefore, to turn from the realm of fancy to meet and deal 
with existing facts. The absence of a just and general appreciation of the truth 
concerning the position and status of women has caused us to call special attention 
to it, and to make a point of attempting to create, by means of the Exposition, a 
well-defined public sentiment in regard to their rights and duties, and the proprie- 
ty of their becoming not only self-supporting, but able to assist in maintaining their 
families when necessary. [Applause.] We hope that the statistics which the Board 
of Lady Managers has been so earnestly attempting to secure, may give a correct 
idea of the number of women — not only those without natural protectors, or those 



i 7 8 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

thrown suddenly upon their own resources, but the number of wives of mechanics, 
laborers, artists, artisans and workmen of every degree— who are forced to work 
shoulder to shoulder with their husbands in order to maintain the family. 

There are two classes of the community who wish to restrain women froTi 
actual participation in the business of the world, and each gives, apparently, very 
strong reasons in support of its views. These are, first, the idealists, who hold the 
opinion already mentioned that woman should be tenderly guarded and cherished 
within the sacred precincts of the home, which alone is her sphere of action; and. 
second, certain political economists, with whom may be ranged most of the men 
engaged in the profitable pursuit of the industries of the world, who object to 
the competition that would result from the participation of women, because they 
claim that it would reduce the general scale of wages paid and lessen the earning 
power of men, who require their present income to maintain their families. Plaus- 
ible as these theories are we cannot accept them without pausing to inquire what 
then would become of all women but the very few who have independent fortunes 
or are the happy wives of men able and willing to support thern? The interests of 
probably three-fourths of the women in the world would be sacrificed. Are they 
to be allowed to starve, or to rush to self-destruction? If not permitted to work, 
what course is open to them? 

Our oriental neighbors have seen the logic of the situation far more clearly 
than we, and have been consistent enough to meet it without shrinking from heroic 
measures when necessary. The question is happily solved in some countries by the 
practice of polygamy, which allows every man to maintain as many wives as his 
means permits. In others, etiquette requires that a newly made widow be burned 
on the funeral pyre with her husband's body, while the Chinese take the precaution 
to drown surplus female children. [Murmurs of indignation.] It would seem that 
any of these methods is more logical and less cruel than the system we pursue of 
permitting the entire female population to live, but making it impossible for those 
born to poverty to maintain themselves in comfort, because they are hampered by 
a caste feeling almost as strong as that ruling India, which will not permit them to 
work on equal terms with men. [Applause.] These unhappy members of an infe- 
rior class must be content to remain in penury, living on the crumbs that fall from 
tables spread for those of another and higher caste. This relative position has 
been exacted on the one side, accepted on the other. It has been considered by 
each an inexorable law. 

We shrink with horror from the unjust treatment of child widows and other 
unfortunates on the opposite side of the globe, but our own follies and inconsisten- 
cies are too close to our eyes for us to see them in proper perspective. Sentimen- 
talists should have reduced their theories to set terms and applied them. They 
have had ample time and opportunity to provide means by which helpless women 
could be cherished, protected and removed from the storm and stress of life. 
Women could have asked nothing better. We have no respect for a theory which 
touches only the favored few who do not need its protection, and leaves 
unaided the great mass it has assisted to push into the mire. [Applause.] Talk 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 179 

not of it, therefore, until it can be uttered not only in polite drawing-rooms but 
also in factories and workshops without a blush of shame for its weakness and 
inefficiency. 

But the sentimentalist again exclaims : "Would you have woman step down 
from her pedestal in order to enter practical life? " Yes! A thousand times, yes! 
[Applause.] If we can really find, after a careful search, any women mounted upon 
pedestals, we should willingly ask them to step down — [laughter and applause] — in 
order that they may meet and help to uplift their sisters. Freedom and justice for 
all are infinitely more to be desired than pedestals for a few. I beg leave to state 
that personally I am not a believer in the pedestal theory — [laughter] — never having 
seen an actual example of it, and that I always suspect the motives of any one advanc- 
ing it. It does not represent the natural and fine relation between husband and wife 
or between friends. They should stand side by side, the fine qualities of each sup- 
plementing and assisting those of the other. Men naturally cherish high ideas of 
womanhood, as women do of manliness and strength. These ideas will dwell with 
the human race forever without our' striving to preserve and protect them. [Ap- 
plause.] 

If we now look at the question from the economic standpoint and decide for 
good and logical reasons that women should be kept out of industrial fields in 
order that they may leave the harvest for men, whose duty it is to maintain women 
and children, then by all the laws of justice and equity, these latter should be pro- 
vided for by their natural protectors, and if deprived of them should become wards 
of the state and be maintained in honor and comfort. The acceptance of even this 
doctrine of tardy justice would not, however, I feel sure, be welcomed by the 
women of to-day who, having had a taste of independence, will never willingly 
relinquish it. [Applause]. They have no desire to be helpless and dependent. 
Having the full use of their faculties they rejoice in exercising them. This is en- 
tirely in conformity with the trend of modern thought, which is in the direction of 
establishing proper respect for human individuality and the right of self-develop- 
ment. Our highest aim now is to train each to find happiness in the full and 
healthy exercise of the gifts bestowed by a generous nature. Ignorance is too ex- 
pensive and wasteful to be tolerated. We cannot afford to lose the reserve power 
of any individual. [Great applause]. 

We advocate, therefore, the thorough education and training of women to 
fit her to meet whatever fate life may bring, not only to prepare her for the factory 
and workshop, for the professions and arts, but, more important than all else, to 
prepare her for presiding over the home. [Applause]. It is for this, the highest 
field of woman's effort, that the broadest training and greatest preparation are 
required. The illogical, extravagant, whimsical, unthrifty mother and housekeeper 
belongs to the dark ages. She has no place in our present era of enlightenment. 
Xo course of study is too elaborate, no amount of knowledge and culture too 
abundant to meet the actual requirements of the wife and mother in dealing with 
the interests committed to her hands. [Applause]. Realizing that women can 
never hope to receive the proper recompense for her services until her usefulness 
12 



180 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

and success are not only demonstrated but fully understood and acknowledged, 
we have taken advantage of the opportunity presented by the exposition to bring 
together such evidences of her skill in the various industries, arts and professions 
as may convince the world that ability is not a matter of sex. Urged by necessity, 
she has shown that her powers are the same as her brothers' and that like encour- 
agement and fostering care may develop her to an equal point of usefulness. 

The board does not wish to be understood as placing an extravagant or 
sentimental value upon the work of any woman because of her sex. It willingly 
acknowledges that the industries, arts and commerce of the world have been for 
centuries in the hands of men who have carefully trained themselves for the re- 
sponsibilities devolving upon them, and who have, consequently, without question, 
contributed vastly more than women to the valuable thought, research, invention, 
science, art and literature, which have become the rich heritage of the human race- 
Notwithstanding their disadvantages, however, a few gifted women have made 
their value felt and have rendered exceptional service to the cause of humanity. 

The fact that the woman's building is so small that it can hold only a little 
of the beautiful objects offered has been a great disadvantage. The character of 
the exhibits and the high standard attained by most of them serve, therefore, only 
as an index of the quality and range of the material from which we have drawn. 
When our invitation asking co-operation was sent to foreign lands the commis- 
sioners already appointed generally smiled doubtfully and explained that their 
women were doing nothing, that they would not feel inclined to help us, and, in 
many cases, stated that it was not the custom of their country for women to take 
part in any public effort; that they only attended to social duties. But as soon as 
these ladies received our message, sent in a brief and formal letter, the freemasonry 
among women proved to be such that they needed no explanation; they understood 
at once the possibilities. Strong committees were immediately formed of women 
having large hearts and brains, women who cannot selfishly enjoy the ease of their 
own lives without giving a thought to their helpless and wretched sisters. 

Our unbounded thanks are due to the exalted and influential personages who 
became, in their respective countries, patronessess and leaders of the movement 
inaugurated by us to represent what women are doing. They entered with appre- 
ciation into our work for the Exposition because theysaw an opportunity, which they 
gracefully and delicately veiled behind the magnificent laces forming the central 
objects in their superb collections, to aid their women by opening new markets for 
their wares. This was the earnest purpose of their majesties, the Empress of Rus- 
sia and the Queen of Italy, both so noted for the progressive spirit they have dis- 
played in promoting the welfare of the women under their kindly rule. They have 
sent large collections of the work of peasant women through organizations which 
exist under their patronage for selling their handiwork. The collection of her per- 
sonal laces sent by Queen Margherita is one of the most notable features of the 
Exposition. 

The committee of Belgian ladies was kind enough to take special pains to 
comply with our request for statistics concerning the industries and condition of 




MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. 



1. Mrs. Mary Kinder, 
Delaware. 

6. Mrs. Clara L. McAdow, 
Montana. 

1. Mrs. 8. W. McLaughlin, 
North Dakota, 

12. Mrs. Mary A. Cochran, 

Texas. 

13. Mes. Jno. 8. Wise, 

Virginia. 



2. Mrs. J. Frank Ball, 

Delaware. 
5. Mes. J. Eliza Eickards, 

Montana. 
8. Mrs. W. B. McConnell, 

North. Dakota. 
11. Mrs. Ida Loving Tuener, 

14. Mes. K. S. G. Paul. 

Virginia. 



3. Mrs. Eliza J. P. Howes, 

Michigan. 

4. Mrs. Sabah S. C. Angell, 

Mich igan. 
9. Mes. Jno. R. Wilson, 
South Dakota. 
10. Mes. H. M. Barker, 

South Dakota. 
15. Mrs. E. C Langwoetht, 
Nebraska. 



i82 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

women, notwithstanding the fact that the collection of statistics is not in Europe so 
popular as with us. It has sent complete reports, very attractively prepared, in the 
form of monographs and charts, giving details which have been secured only by 
great personal effort. These figures have never before been obtained in that coun- 
try, and the committee itself is surprised at the great amount of novel and valuable 
information it has succeeded in presenting. 

Her Majesty, the Queen of England, has kindly sent an exhibit of the work 
of her own hands, with the message that, while she usually feels no interest in ex- 
positions, she gives this special token of sympathy with the work of the Board of 
Lady Managers because of its efforts for women. [Applause.] That the English 
Committee has included in its exhibit and in its catalogue a plea for the higher edu- 
cation of women is in itself a significant fact. 

Her Majesty, the Queen Regent of Spain, has kindly sent some relics of a 
former ruler whose name is so closely associated with that of the discoverer of our 
continent. [Applause.] 

The orient has not been behind in its efforts to co-operate with us, although 
it has succeeded in doing so only on a limited scale and in many cases unofficially. 
We have received the most pathetic letters from those countries, in which women 
are only beginning to learn that there is a fuller development and a higher liberty 
of action permitted their sex elsewhere. Japan, under the guidance of its liberal 
and intelligent Empress, has promptly and cordially promoted our plans; i Her 
Majesty, the Queen of Siam, has sent a special delegate with directions that she 
put herself under our leadership and learn what industrial and educational advan- 
tages are open to women in other countries, so that Siam may adopt such measures 
as will elevate the condition of her women. [Great applause.] 

The Exposition will thus benefit women, not alone by means of the material 
objects brought together, but there will be a more lasting and permanent result 
through the interchange of thought and sympathy from influential and leading wo- 
men of all countries, now, for the first time, working together with a common pur- 
pose and an established means of communication. Government recognition and 
sanction give to these committees of women official character and dignity. Their 
work has been magnificently successful and the reports which will be made of the 
conditions found to exist will be placed on record, as public documents, among the 
archives of every country. Realizing the needs and responsibilities of the hour, 
and that this will be the first official utterance of women in behalf of women, we 
shall weigh well our words, words which should be so judicious and convincing that 
hereafter they may be treasured among the happy influences which made possible 
new and better conditions. We rejoice in the possession of this beautiful building, 
in which we meet to-day, in its delicacy, symmetry and strength. [Applause.] We 
honor our architect — 

[Mrs. Palmer was here interrupted by a spontaneous outburst of applause, 
the lady managers and their friends vying with the men present to see who could 
applaud the loudest. Mrs. Palmer smiled pleasantly and, dropping her manuscript, 
joined heartily in swelling the applause of the assemblage. She then continued:] 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 183 

We honor our architects and the artists who have given not only their hands 
but their hearts and their genius to its decoration. For it women in every part of 
the world have been exerting their efforts and talents; for it looms have wrought 
their most delicate fabrics, the needle has flashed in the hands of maidens under 
tropical suns, the lace-maker has bent over her cushion weaving her most artful 
web, the brush and chisel have sought to give form and reality to the visions 
haunting the brain of the artist— all have wrought with the thought of making our 
building worthy to serve its great end. We thank all for their successful efforts. 
The eloquent president of the commission last October dedicated the great expo- 
sition buildings to humanity. We now dedicate the woman's building to an eleva- 
ted womanhood — [Applause] — knowing that by so doing we shall best serve the 
cause of humanity. 

At the conclusion of the address of Mrs. Palmer, the lady managers arose 
and expressed their appreciation of the magnificent address of the President of 
their Board by giving the "Chatauquan salute." 

Germany's representative, Mrs. Kaselowsky, gave a short description of the 
exhibit from her country under her charge, which is one of the largest in the woman's 
building. 

Princess Schachorfsky, commissioner from Russia, then spoke as follows: 

Mrs. President and Ladies: — I begin by asking s your indulgence. The 
slight knowledge I have of the English language, which I am obliged to use the 
very first time I address any audience, makes it still more difficult and intimidating 
when the audience is the one I have before me — so numerous and consisting of all 
the leading and representative women of America, which all over the world is 
known by her prominent women. I wish to tell you that, though so very far away, 
we have many sympathisers in common, and the women in Russia through me 
hoped to stretch and clasp hands with their American sisters. All those that I met 
offered me all the information they could give concerning our women and their 
work in all departments, which, though not so numerous as yours, have a very wide 
extent. One of the widest is to find profitable employment for the peasant women, 
and in the last few years several industries have been started with much success, 
by many of the wives of our landed proprietors and lady landowners. Samples of 
these you will see in our section of the women's building, which, unfortunately is 
not yet ready, and I hope you will be pleased with them. 

It is not the moment and I do not feel equal to the task of giving even a faint 
outline of all that is being done by our women, but some things and names I must 
mention. The high class education having been open to them since 1872, more 
than 700 women doctors are doing a lovely mission all through the country, and 
when you know that 15,000,000 Mohamedans form in the east part of our population, 
so that 7,500,000 women are entirely dependent on their own sex for medical help, 
not being allowed to see men, you will understand what a boon a woman doctor is 
in our country. 



184 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Princess Schachoffsky had to rise and bow again and again in response to the 
applause that followed her address. Then came one of the most pleasant incidents 
of the occasion. Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, the vice-president from New York, and 
chairman of the committee on federal legislation, suddenly advanced to where Mrs. 
Palmer was sitting. She addressed the president in praise of her work, and, refer- 
ring to her as the queen of fame, presented her with a silver laurel wreath. 

" This is our crowning day of glory," Mrs Trautmann said. " When we grow 
old may we look back to this occasion with a pride that can never diminish." 

The two women then arose and clasped hands, while every lady manager 
and everybody else stood up on their chairs in impressive silence. The effect was 
heightened by Mrs. Trautmann presenting Mrs. Candace Wheeler, director of the 
building, and Mrs. MacMonnies, the artist, to the audience. 

The final number of the programme had been reached, and Mrs. Richards, 
of Montana, made her way to the stage to present the golden nail to Mrs. Palmer, 
Her address was read so distinctly as to reach all parts of the big hall. It was 
graceful and eloquent, fully meeting the demands of the occasion. As she handed 
the shining nail to Mrs. Palmer a cheer broke forth. It was a trying moment to 
Mrs. Palmer. She took the nail and looked at it rather doubtfully, while a smile 
came over her face. With a few words of acceptance, she referred laughingly to 
the new role in which she was about to appear. Everybody was wondering whether 
Mrs. Palmer was going to hit her fingers with the glittering silver hammer, that 
she took from a plush covered case. Anxiety was pictured on the faces of hun- 
dreds of women who watched with absorbing interest. An oblong block of wood lay 
on the table in front of Mrs. Palmer that had been contributed by the women of 
Washington. Everybody knew without being told that that block was going to re- 
ceive the nail if Mrs Palmer succeeded in hitting it on the head every time. As 
she placed the point of the nail on the block, Mrs Palmer paused to look trium- 
phantly at the audience. She raised the hammer aloft, and with a smile let it fall 
on the yellow head of the nail. It sank to a suspicious depth in the block at the 
first blow. Then, while the lady managers waved their handkerchiefs and every- 
body else applauded after her own fashion, Mrs. Palmer dealt blow after blow un- 
til the nail had been driven its full length. 

Theodore Thomas waved his baton once more and the entire audience 
joined in singing " America." With the pronouncing of the benediction the cere- 
monies came to a close. 

Theodore Thomas waved his baton at his singers and players and the 
"Jubilate," by Mrs. H. H. A. Beach, of Boston, filled the building with waves of 
melody that drowned the sound of clapping hands. The presentation of a flag of 
American silk which was carried at the head of the procession to Jackson Park 
during the ceremonies of October, 1892, was then made by G. W. Knapp. When 
he concluded his speech he presented Mrs. Palmer with a piece of fringe cut from 
the flag with a pair of souvenir scissors. The scissors were presented to Mrs. 
Palmer by Mrs. Sol Thatcher, one of the lady managers of Chicago, with the fol- 
lowing address: 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 185 

Mme. President: — I "have the honor to present to you the silver scissors with 
which the souvenir was cut from the woman's flag. These scissors, though of 
beautiful workmanship and purest silver, are most celebrated for their magical 
qualities. They came from the far east, from the land of the astrologer and the 
necromancer. It is said that the happy possessor of this talisman need never fear 
entanglement. 

The addresses of the distinguished women from foreign lands were one of 
the most interesting features of the exercises. The Duchess of Veragua presented 
her compliments and excuses to the audience through Mrs. Palmer, not having a 
sufficient command of the English language to make herself understood. As she 
arose and bowed she was greeted with great applause. Countess di Brazza, of 
Italy, was unable to appear because of sickness in her family and Mme. Mariotti 
acted as her representative. She spoke in tones easily understood and told of her 
distinguished kinswoman's efforts to elevate the condition of Italian women. Mme. 
Mariotti also related how it became possible for the women of Italy to make an 
exhibit for the first time at a foreign exposition. 

Mrs. Bedford Fenwick, commissioner from England, made an interesting 
address, largely descriptive of the social conditions prevailing among the women of 
her country and also gave an account of the character of the English exhibit in the 
woman's building. 

Lady Aberdeen had become so well known through her former visits to 
Chicago, and her great prominence in philanthropic work, that she was received 
by the audience with a warmth almost as pronounced as that which marked Mrs- 
Palmer's reception. It was a compliment of the most graceful description, and 
the noted woman showed unmistakable signs of appreciation. 

" I feel it to be a great honor," Lady Aberdeen said, " to take part in these 
ceremonies, to which all the women of the civilized world have turned their eyes. 
We have heard from Mrs. Palmer what we hope to realize. I take it that one 
of the objects of this friendly emulation among women is to show how much 
they have served their countries. If I am right in this conclusion I am proud to 
stand here as the representative of the two countries in which I claim nationality — 
Scotland and Ireland." Lady Aberdeen alluded in glowing terms to the laces 
contributed to the exhibit by the Irish peasant women, and said that much good 
was expected to come out of the opportunity afforded to display them to the world. 




MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. 



1. Miss H. T. Hundley, 

Alabama. 
4. Mrs. Rollin A. Edgerton, 

Arkansas. 
7. Miss Francis S. Ives, 

Connecticut. 
10. Miss Ora E. Miller, 

loioa. 
13. Mrs. Francis B. Clarke, 

Minnesota. 



2. Mrs. Anna M. Fosdick, 

Alabama. 
5. Mrs. E. J. Coleman, 

Colorado. 
8. Mrs. Isabella B. Hooker, 

Connecticut. 
11. Mrs. E. C. Burleigh, 

Maine. 
14. Mrs. H. F. Brown, 

Minnesota. 



3. Mrs. James P. Eagle, 

Arkansas. 
6. Mrs. Susan R. Ashley, 

Colorado. 
9. Mrs. Whiting S. Clark, 

Iowa. 
12. Mrs. L. M. N. Stevens, 

Maine. 
15. Mrs. John S. Beiggs, 

Nebraska. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



187 



CHAPTER IV. 




OTHER FEATURES OF THE WOMAN'S BUILDING. 

Illustrated English Hospital Methods— Costumes of the Nurses Displayed to Advantage -Even the 
Demonstration of Intense Suffering Proves of Great Interest — Surgical Instruments Used by 
Nurses — Opal Glasses Used for Measuring Medicines — Display of Infants' Hygienic Clothing — 
Models of Nurses— The Dainty Dietary Section— Gowns and Caps of the Sisters of St. Thomas 
— Egyptian and Arabian Nurses in Nursing and Holiday Attire — Miss Marsden's Model Siberian 
Leper Village— What a Denver Woman Would Do Illustrated — Work of Navajoe Indian Women 
— Work of East Indian Women — Rare Specimens of Needlework — Mrs. Rogers' Culinary Lectures 
and Examples in Cooking. 

O room in the Woman's Building is attracting more 
attention than that in which the British nursery exhibit 
is displayed. This is under the control of the British 
royal commission, under the presidency of Mrs. Bedford 
Fenwick, who is herself a practical and professional 
nurse. The exhibit is in charge of Mrs. Bond, at one 
( time one of Her Majesty's nurses. Mrs. Bond has, for 

noble service rendered in her profession, been the 
recipient of four medals, noticeably that of the Royal 
Red Cross, conferred by Oueen Victoria. The exhibit 
SJ/$> is divided into sections and is placed in large glass cases against 

' ■-' _. 1 the walls. The first section is devoted to specimens of all sorts 

of ligatures and bandages used in binding wounds and in hospital service. The 
bandages are of all materials, from gauze to oil silk, and are in infinite variety. 
A model of a rack for holding bandages is in this collection. Below are the sur- 
gical instruments used bv nurses in their profession, including everything from a 
cambric needle to syringes and cases of scissors. Every sort of thermometer from 
the wall thermometer to that used for testing children's food is here. Particularly 
interesting are glasses for measuring medicine, made of opal glass. These are in- 
tended for use in a dim light and are a' great protection. This section also con- 
tains a set of crockery to be used in typhoid cases, consisting of all the parapher- 
nalia of the sick room. Each piece is marked typhoid and the use of it is considered 
necessary in order to avoid contagion. 

The second section is devoted to hygienic clothing designed by Miss Franks, 
of London, the different articles being such as are worn by British professional 
nurses and by them recommended to their patients. Of course all articles displayed 
in this section are for underwear, and consist of flannel undergarments, ventilated 
corsets for summer wear and knit ones for winter, stockings and the hygienic shoe 



i88 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

invented by Mrs. Fenwick. This shoe is adapted for the sick room and is modeled 
on the human foot. It is well ventilated, has steel springs over the instep and a 
rubber heel, rendering it perfectly noiseless. The Eureka stocking clipper attracts 
the attention of most women, promising as it does relief from the uncomfortable 
garter. The clipper is so adjusted as to bear on no vein, and thus perfect comfort 
and perfect freedom are secured. Infants' hygienic clothing is also displayed, and 
here the articles are complete throughout, from the tiny inner band to the 
outside robe. 

The next section is devoted to splints, padded in various materials, and to 
different baskets and bags used by nurses. The first to attract attention is Mrs. 
Fenwick's ward basket, which is stocked with everything in daily use by nurses 
and the wonder is how so much can be packed in so small a space. Nothing is 
lacking. There is the boxwood powder box, the bottle for rectified spirits incased 
in boxwood, brush, comb, nail brush, tooth brush, whisk broom and duster. The 
bag used by the Queen Victoria jubilee nurses in their work among the poor is also 
on exhibition and is, like the ward basket, very complete in appointments, contain- 
ing nearly one hundred articles. This is of oil silk, but instead of toilet articles, 
it contains necessary articles for the sick, antiseptics, etc. 

A pitiful section is that in which doll models are use to depict children in all 
stages of suffering. Here a maternity nurse in pure white holds in her motherly 
arms an infant in long robes. On a steel tent bedstead lies a little one who has 
undergone the operation of tracheotomy. Beside the bed stands the steel steamer 
which furnishes the warm air she breathes through the tube in her throat. On 
another bed is a little girl under three years of age slung for fracture of femur, for 
vertical extension. Special clothing incases the little limbs and flannel covers the 
chest. There is, too, the model of a child suffering with hip disease, limbs extended 
by means of the Bryant splint, and the same child convalescent and lying on a flat 
couch, clothed in flannel. Another little one in long, woolen garments is in the arms 
of the nurse, all ready for an operation. 

Another exhibit which appeals strongly to the heart of the philanthropist is 
the model of Kate Marsden's Siberian leper village. Miss Marsden is a profes- 
sional nurse of the order of the Red Cross, an English girl whose heart was moved 
with pity for the sufferings of the lepers in the lonely depths of the forests of 
Siberia. Of her own accord she started on the mission which has become her life- 
work, and no more thrilling account of adventures, whether by land or sea, can be 
found than the story of her heroic search for those who since time was have been 
accursed. She traveled 7,000 miles, 2,000 of them on horseback. Even after she 
reached her journey's end her search for the unfortunates was long and tedious, 
but at last she found them, in the heart of the forest, living in rude mud huts, in 
the deepest degradation and despair. Her appeals for help touched the heart of 
her queen, Victoria, and reached the ears of the Empress of Russia. They are 
rendering her assistance. In Russia and Siberia she raised money enough to erect 
temporary habitations for the lepers, and she is now in America for the purpose of 
raising more money with which to complete her plans. She is at present in 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 189 

Chicago, and can almost any time be found in her section. The exhibit at the 
Fair consists of photographs and autograph letters, and a plan of the village, or 
rather leper station, which stands in the northeast portion of Siberia, in the 
province of Takulsh. There are two immense hospital buildings for the use of 
those utterly incapacitated for work, surrounded by a village of smaller houses, 
where leper families can live as happily as it is possible for those so affected to do. 
The village itself is located on a river, and back of it is a lake. The whole — as 
well as the small huts in which the wretched people lived when found — is faithfully 
reproduced in the model. 

The women of Colorado make three interesting exhibits. The first is the 
model of the house designed by Mrs. Coleman Stuckert of Denver for co-operative 
housekeeping. For fifteen years Mrs. Stuckert has been working on this plan as a 
solution of the servant girl problem. Her design provides for forty-four homes, 
which will have from four to twelve rooms each, and will be entirely separate from 
one another by sound-proof walls. They are to cover one block in Denver. The 
houses will be occupied by the stockholders and no one will have a kitchen. But 
in the inclosure formed by the houses will be a large common kitchen and a com- 
mon dining-room, with thirty-four tables, each seating six persons. A common 
laundry, a boiler and engine-room, and an electric-light plant are provided. The 
families who occupy the homes in this community are to employ a competent 
steward and buy their provisions in common at wholesale prices. First-class cooks 
will be employed and mealsi will be served either in public dining-rooms or in 
private apartments. These houses will be of marble, and as far as possible fire- 
proof. The model, which is on exhibition, is made of plaster of paris. 

A thousand specimens of Colorado wild flowers, scientifically arranged by 
Miss Lanning, represent the beauty of the State's flora. 

Many interesting Indian collections have been secured from the Navajo 
Indians, who live on the reservation in the southern part of Colorado. The alcove 
in the southwest stair landing has been ornamented with the blankets woven by 
these Indian women. Two Indian women from the Navajo tribe weave blankets 
in this booth. The blankets are of bright reds and of different designs. Indian 
shields and drums, made of decorated skins, jewelry, beaded work, belts, bows and 
arrows, and basket work are shown in the exhibit. A bust of the Indian Chief 
Ignacio of the Southern Utes, carved from sandstone by Miss Nichols of Denver, 
is placed at the entrance of the booth. A pair of locked antlers hang just over the 
entrance. These were loaned by Mrs. E. B. Harper of Durango. The arrangement 
of the exhibit has been directed by Miss Laura B. Marsh of Denver, who has suc- 
ceeded in bringing into prominence the work of the Indians. 

The exhibit in the British section is very interesting, especially the loan col- 
lection of articles brought from India and of great value because much of the work 
can never be duplicated. The articles have been gathered by British representa- 
tives in that domain, and the loan is made to illustrate the art of needlework, cen- 
turies old, of the Indian women. 




MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. 



1. Mes. Edward L. Baktlett, 
New Mexico. 

6. Mes. A. C. Jackson, 

Kentucky. 

7. Mes. Anna E. M. Faenum, 

Idaho. 

12. Mes. Maey E. McCandless, 

Pennsylvania. 

13. Miss Mary E. Busselle, 

New Jersey. 



2. Mes. Thos. A. Whelan, 

Utah. 
5. Mes. Jennie S. Mitchell, 

Katisas. 
8. Mes. Maby C. Bell, 
Florida. 
11. Mes. E. W. Allen, 
Oregon. 
li. Mrs. M. D. Foley, 
Nevada. 



3. Mes. T. J. Butler, 
Arizona, 
i. Mas. Alex. Thomson, 
Man/land. 
9. Mrs. Chas. H. Olmstead, 
Georgia. 
10. Mes. Paethexia P. Rue, 

California. 
15. Miss Charlotte Field Dailey, 
Rhode Island. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 191 

Mr. Archibald Constable loans specimens of various kinds of eardrops made 
and worn by women in Peshawar. These are called phumni (silk and tinsel tas- 
sels) and are made out of waste silk which becomes entangled when preparing the 
floss silk for embroider}-. He also sends a bourkha, or wrapper, used by Moham- 
medan women of Peshawar when going through the streets to visit their friends; 
English long-cloth embroidered with yellow Indian silk, the eyeholes in white cot- 
ten thread embroidery. This bourkha was made and embroidered by the wife of 
a member of an old Pathan family in Peshawar; a bodice embroidered and worn 
by Hindu women at Sukkur on the Indus; four specimens of the ornamentation of 
the inside of sole of women's slippers; four pieces of embroidered Peshawar leather 
work, intended for a bag. 

Lad}" Bayley loans a Suzanni silk embroidery on coarse cloth, worked by 
Punjabi women; a piece of red tartan cloth woven by the women of a Burmese 
tribe (Fakiahs) in Upper Assam, notable for the tartan pattern; red silk embroid- 
ered borders woven expressly for the Manipur Durbar and given as presents on 
state occasions. 

There is a Toda cloth and bag made by the Todas, a race of people who live 
on the Xilargiris Mountains. They have inhabited the hills of Southern India for 
centuries, are a pastoral race, and their women hold a position in the family quite 
unlike what is ordinarily the case in oriental nations. They are treated with re- 
spect and are permitted much freedom. Their number does not exceed 800. This 
was a loan by Mrs. David Carmichael, who also sends pocket handkerchiefs work- 
ed by two Mohammedan girls, 8 years of age, in the Hobart School at Madras; a 
wedding cloth worn by Jat and Baishnava women, woven and embroidered by them. 
The red ground is woven but all else is embroidered. Two years' time was required 
to make the cloth, and it is only worn on a wedding day. 

Then there is a piece of embroidery worked by the Princess of Wad whan; 
a red cloth Phulkari called the Shishadar (looking-glass) embroidered in cream, 
yellow, and green silks worked by the women in the Punjab — small, circular, slightly 
convex mirrors being sewn in the pattern. It was loaned by Lady Lyall. 

A scarf woven by a Tipperah woman, of the aboriginal tribe of the Hill of 
Tipperah, is sent by Mrs. Ganguli, and also an Assamese lady's dress woven by wo- 
men, a Nekhala skirt, a Rheiha wrap, and an Artria overshawl, a basket of bam- 
boo made by lower caste women of Calcutta, containing models of fruit made and 
colored by Bengalese women; four molds carved for the making of sweetmeats. 
two of clay and two in stone; a model of a pearl and precious stone necklace. 

In the collection are cut paper pictures done by a widow of Dacca and Bena- 
res Saree with silver embroidery done by women of Benares; a Parsee 
boy's dress made by the sister of Sir Famsetjee Feejeeboy and presented 
by her to Mrs. Arthur Oliphant; a Mohammedan boy's dress made by the 
Padshah Begum, wife of the first Sir Salur Fung Bahadur; a tablecloth worked 
in gold embroidery by a lady of Bhera in Shahpure and the Indian Phulkari, or 
looking-glass worked by an attendant in the house of Rai Bahadur Bakshi Ram 
Singh, of Rawalpindi, Punjab. 



192 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



A whole day or an entire week may be spent entertainingly in the Woman's 
Building, and then one-hundredth part only could be faithfully seen and studied. 
In the grand halls are paintings of American, French, German, Italian, Spanish 
and other nations, which would make a fine gallery in itself. And, there are tapes- 
tries, laces and embroideries, that would measure more miles than there are between 
Chicago and Milwaukee. A special feature for a long time were the lectures on, 
and examples in, cooking, by Mrs. S. T. Roger, of Philadelphia. It will be a long 
time before such an aggregation of woman's work, as may now be seen in the Wo- 
man's Buiiding, can be gathered from all parts of the world again. 




MARBLE STATUE "SPRING"— MME. L. CONTAN, FRANCE. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



193 



CHAPTER V. 
THE CHILDREN'S BUILDING. 

The Prettiest Playhouse and Nursery Ever Constructed — Panels Containing the "Sleeping Beauty in the 
Wood"— "Silverhair and the Bears" — Rosy Cherubs and Opalescent Clouds — Sweet and Wise 
Sayings on the Walls— "Come, Let Us With Our Children Live"— What a Columbian Guard 
Found in the Manufactures Building— A Little Girl Baby in the Corner — Mrs. Oliphant Chant's 
Plan for the Children and the Children's Building. 

N outgrowth of Woman's work was that structure known 
as the Children's Building — an afterthought, so to speak. 
"Oughtn't we to have a place where the children can 
be taken care of while their mothers may go their way and 
enjoy an hour or more without uneasiness?" asked Mr. Rue, 
of California, one day. "What an idea!" exclaimed Mrs. 
Palmer; "I'll see Mr. Burnham about this at once. The chil- 
dren shall have a pavilion, and it shall be the biggest play- 
house in the world. They shall have panoramas of the Sleeping 
Beauty in the Wood, and dear little, curious, naughty Silver- 
hair tasting the porridge of the Three Bears; and we'll have a picture of 
the Prince putting the glass slipper on the foot of Cindrella." All this 
was carried out, and more too; for the building then dreamed of was com- 
pleted in May, and from that time on it became a joy to tens of thousands of 
children of a tender age. These legends were placed in panels 10x4 feet wide, in pairs, 
inthree of the four corners of the large assembly room, the space in the fourth corner 
being pretty well taken up by doors. Then along the south and east sides of the 
room, between the long windows, were medallions representing various occupations 
of children, alternating with others in which child figures represented the signs of 
the zodiac. For instance a dimpled little maid with a lion did duty for Leo, a baby 
teasing a crab for Cancer, and a very small archer with a big bow for Sagittarius. 
These medallions were not painted realistically like the pictures of fairy tales or of 
occupations, but were monochromos, paintings, or rather drawings in a single color, 
which in this instance was a dull pink. Both the circular and the long panels 
were framed in a conventional border of laurel leaves which had grayish-blue 
shadows, and the whole series was connected by a wide band of gold color. These 
ran all around the room as a species of frieze, with a stenciled border on both sides 
connecting the various panels. Its yellow color with the pink of the zodiac medal- 
lions and the dull blue for the leaves, represented, in a way, the three primary colors 
of which all other colors are modifications. 




194 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




MEDALLION. 
DECORATION ON CHILDREN'S BUILDING. 



On the side of the room where there 
were no windows the places between the 
round panels were filled by imitation mar- 
ble tablets, inscribed with some of the 
sweet and wise things that have been said 
about little children, as: "Little children 
love one another," "The hope of the 
future lies in the children," "And babes 
shall rule over men," "Trailing clouds of 
glory do we come from God," "And a lit- 
tle child shall lead them," "Deep meaning 
often in the child's play lieth," "Come, let 
us with our children live." At the north 
end of the room two of the most charm- 
ing of all panels were "Dawn" and "Twi- 
light," as personified by rosy cherubs 
amid opalescent clouds. In the library a 
beautiful ceiling was designed of cherub 

Pleiades, "like a swarm of fireflies tangled in a silver braid." This was a circular 

panel ten feet in diameter, surrounded by a border of conventionalized ivy 

suggested possibly by "the casements' mild shade" from which the poet watched 

the stars. 

The building, like that of the Woman's, is a plain and substantial structure. 

It is 150 by 90 feet, two-storied, with a roof garden, which in reality is a playground 

for the little ones. It is inclosed with a strong wire netting to insure safety, and is 

made attractive by vines and flowers. 

Toys of all nations, from the rude bone 

playthings of the Eskimo children to the 

wonderful mechanical and instructive toys 

of modern times, are exhibited under 

cover in the garden, and all are used to 

entertain children. Trustworthy nurses 

are in charge of the garden, as well as of 

the department of public comfort in the 

building, and no hesitancy was ever felt 

in leaving children in their care. Of 

course a small fee was exacted, but the 

mother had the satisfaction of knowing 

that every want of her little one was being 

provided for. The educational exhibit is a 

perfect one, and begins with the earliesc 

training of children. Miss Maria M. Love, 

of Buffalo, N. Y., a member of the Board 

of Lady Managers, carries on a modern 




BOTANY. 
DECORATION ON CHILDREN'S BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



195 



creche, to which a large, airy room is devoted. In this is demonstrated all that is 
rational and comfortable in caring for and dressing children. Lectures are de- 
livered upon food, clothing and sleeping arrangements, and in the creche is also in- 
cluded an exhibition of the clothing of infants and of cradles used in all times and 
by all nations. 

Succeeding the creche are the kindergarten and kinderkitchen. Everyone 
knows what the kindergarden means. Not so many are acquainted with the kitchen- 
garden, of which Miss Emily Huntingdon, of New York, was the founder, and which 
is designed to teach classes of little folks, especially the children of the poet , ''',. 2 
arts of housekeeping, all in so interesting a way that sweeping, cleaning, dusting, 

and cooking become a de- 
light and not a task. Phy- 
sical development is il- 
lustrated by the North 
America Turner Bund, 
with the hope of inspiring 
children with a desire to 
seek physical perfection. 
An assembly-room is pro- 
vided where rows of chairs 
and a platform, from 
which are delivered stere- 
opticon lectures on the 
subjects of foreign coun- 
tries, their languages, 
manners and customs, as 
well as the most import- 
ant facts in their history. 
There is also a children's 
library, under the charge 
of Mrs. Clara Doty Bates, 
chairman of the commit- 
tee of literature for chil- 
dren of the congress auxiliary. Generous responses were made to the request 
sent out by the Board of Lady Managers for contributions to the library from for- 
eign countries, as well as our own, and many autographic manuscripts of contrib- 
utors to 6V. Nicholas and other children's magazines are to be seen. 

Pennsylvania has a department showing the wonderful progress made in 
teaching the deaf and dumb. Miss Mary Garrett has charge of this department, 
and daily demonstrations are made. 

The government contributed the Ramona Indian school, the living testimonial 
which stands to the memory of Helen Hunt Jackson in Santa Fe, N. M. 

No appropriation was made by the Exposition authorities for the Children's 
3uilding. The Board of Lady Managers assumed the entire responsibility of 




CHILDREN'S BUILDING. 



1 96 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

raising the money for its erection, and Mrs. Potter Palmer and the Friday Club 
raised the necessary funds for its equipment and maintenance. The money 
employed in its erection was contributed by the different States. 

And while on this subject of children, the author is reminded that at 8:30 
oxlock on the evening of May 3rd there was born to the Exposition a baby — a girl. 
To be sure, she was a foundling, but her welcome was as warm as though she had 
come clothed in purple instead of a coarse gray wrap. This baby's coming was highly 
romantic. She was found in the northeast corner of the Manufactures Building by 
Guard John O' Herns while he was going his rounds. He said that while he was 
passing the exhibitof a firm of French perfumers he heard what he thought sounded 
strangely like the crying of a child. He made a search with his lantern and discovered 
that he was correct. He found the baby wrapped in a gray blanket shawl. He 
called one of a number of scrub women who was at work near by and she took charge 
of the child. An attempt was made by the guard to call the ambulance, but Mrs. 
Martha Bauerman, the forewoman of the scrubbers, said the women would take care 
of the baby. After a whispered conversation the women gave the child to a Mrs. 
Reichster, who was working with them. They said she had just lost an infant child 
by death, and was willing to take charge of the foundling. Mrs. Reichster 
was allowed to go to her home at once by the forewoman. The guards detailed in 
the big building were jubilant over the discovery and raised a purse of several 
dollars for the baby onthe spot. The babe was apparently about two months old. It 
is a girl with very light hair and brown eyes, dressed in coarse garments, and there 
was nothing to lead to identification. 

The author spent many a delightful hour in the Children's Building watching 
the babies, and the boys and girls who preferred the fun of the pavilion to the Court 
of Honor, Transportation Building, Palace of Fine Arts, or anything else. But the 
babies! He has seen two hundred at a time — fat, thin, crying, laughing, quiet, kick- 
ing, healthy, sickly, black, white and copper-colored ones. It was the prettiest, 
jolliest and noblest nursery in the world, and better than Barnum & Bailey's four 
ringed circus at its best. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



197 




MRS. CHANTS PLEA FOR THE CHILDREN AND THE CHIL- 
DREN'S BUILDING. 

LEFT London witn all of its poverty and attendant misery 
and came to the progressive and most American of cities 
— Chicago. Here I found myself, where all visitors go, in 
a veritable earthly Paradise, as I visited your World's Fair. 
And yet, in all that grandest architectural display the world 
has ever known, was there anything that touched my heart 
as did the building dedicated to the Children, for that 
touches the "high water mark" of 19th Century progress, 
for its effect is to be felt not only on our own generation, 
but upon succeeding ones. 

We are just becoming aware of the fact that this is the 
most glorious age that childhood has known, for while we 
have wasted our brain-fibre for generations in inventions by which to shorten the 
hours of labor and to lengthen those of pleasure for grown people, yet it has been 
reserved for this generation to make even a picture book for a child where the fox 
un-labeled would not be mistaken for the dog! And yet at the World's Fair may 
be found a happy home arranged entirely for children with every known means of 
diversion and entertainment that thoughtfulness can suggest, with motherly ma- 
trons and kind attendants in charge of it. Think of the mothers who are thus left 
free during the whole day to enjoy the beauty of that grand architectural display sur- 
rounding them on every side, or to wander at pleasure among the rare works of art, 
and of the effect on the happy children who are refreshed by the change from the over- 
fatigued mother to the care of restful attendants and charmed by the new and novel 
diversions on every side. Enough cannot be said in praise of your work, and we 
are behind the women of America in our work on the Eastern shores of the At- 
lantic in our means of benefiting humanity by making the world a happier place 
to live in. 

In my own philanthropical work I have discovered that I can always be sure 
of prompt and efficient material aid from benevolent women whenever I speak or 
write on the subject of Reform, be it what it may, but when I make a plea for the 
"Home" that we have instituted near London, simply for the purpose of making 
brighter and happier the lives of the miserable and poor, society at once takes 
alarm and I am met with repeated cries of dismay, and the fear is expressed that I 
may change the color of the social fabric by introducing an element hitherto un- 
known within its sacred precincts. 

When our "Home" was first opened, I took with me from London twenty- 
five ballet girls — be not shocked! — for an artificial life, lived out under the glare of 



1 98 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



lime lights, tinsel dresses and spangles, is not soul satisfying, even to a ballet girl 
as three weeks of pure air and sunshine with wholesome home influences proved 
in its effect on these girls who returned to London sun-burnt and happier than they 
had ever been in their lives before. I wish that you all might have heard their ex- 
pressions of gratitude and their promises to help others who had not shared with 
them their luxurious holiday. , 

Surely the noblest result of this age of progress has been the establishment 
of these institutions for making children happy, for even we, the "Children of a 
larger growth" are always good when we are happy, then life becomes a most in- 
teresting and enjoyable affair, yet we forget that a happy childhood is the grand- 
est foundation for future greatness in man or woman, so I make a further plea for 
the furtherance of "Fresh-air Excursions" and Sanitariums for children. 

Do you realize that the tendency of city life is toward artificiality, that only 
in solitude is character deepened and the soul developed? Take a child from some 
alley home, give it sunshine, birds, flowers and trees and study the effect, then I 
need not talk or write, for the American only needs the suggestion. When I hear 
that the Children's Building was made possible as the result of noble charitable 
enterprises on the part of your noble women, and see the successful result of your 
work in the number of children you have already made happy by your experiment, 
I look beyond and see a power for doing good among you that should not be con- 
tent with present results, but still further the movement already made by new insti- 
tutions that will give the highest reward possible to any life, that of making the 
world a happier place to live in after we have left it. 







HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



199 



THE WORLT) ANT) THE WORUT> : S FAIR. 



AN ARTICLE BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 




T was my recent privilege and duty, as a servant of the United 
States Government, to appear before the Committee on the 
World's Columbian Exposition of the House of Representa- 
tives at Washington, for official consideration of the further 
financial needs of the World's Fair of 1893, at Chicago. I 
there undertook,by the detailed view of the popular interest in 
our Exposition, to indicate the propriety of further govern- 
mental support, and in that detailed view, I was enabled, 
through the generosity and enterprise of the American states, 
to complete a splendid catalogue — a roster of unexampled 
pride, magnanimity, enterprise, progress and hope. Appeal- 
ing to the statesmanship of my country, I thus made plain that 
all classes, all colors and all nationalities of citizens under our flag are anxious for 
an opportunity to make known to the world their love for our nation, and their ma- 
terial and intellectual advancement under our free institutions. 

Yet, with all the particularity which was needed to express the doings of 
half-a-hundred states and nearly seventy millions of free people, I had but entered 
under the lintels of the World's Columbian Exposition. The world itself was still 
to be touched upon. How had that Elder World received the tidings of our grati- 
tude to Christopher Columbus, and, through him, to the ages and the eons that 
have brought mankind to the Nineteenth Century? Such was the thought which 
was presented to Congress. And let my thought serve as a text of this article. 

Before our law-givers was unrolled the scroll of the nations, where feeling 
and purpose among peoples and races became as one language of peace and fra- 
ternity. Here let me begin: 

The home of the sturdy Norseman, the land of history and courage and song, 
not larger in population than some of our States — this kingdom of Norway and Swed- 
en has set aside asum of more than $110,000, and little Denmark $67,000 more. These 
people are among us by the million, and they rank with our most intelligent and 
patriotic citizens. They take great pride in what the home government is doing 
for the Exposition, and the former citizens of those nations now with us are raising 
large amounts here for the purpose of properly entertaining and greeting the rep- 
resentatives of their home governments. 

France, our sister republic, proua, courageous and progressive; historic, 
wealthy France, with golden threads of sacrifice, woven and interwoven through 



soo . HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

the mantle of our national history — France has accepted our invitation, and has ap- 
pointed on her commission such men as Berger, the distinguished Director-General 
of the Paris Exposition, and Proust, the government art director, and placed at 
their disposal $631,000 to properly participate in our Exposition, as requested by 
this government 

And by the side of France stands the great empire of Germany. Millions of 
ner industrious, scholarly and philanthropic sons are among the best and bravest 
citizens of this nation. It is said that the emperor has interested himself regarding 
the place which his people shall take in the great civic trial of advancement and 
progress to be witnessed at Jackson Park in 1893. Every foot of space that could 
be allotted to this powerful nation was accepted long ago by German exhibitors. 
Their commissioner, Herr Wermuth, has visited us; they have the plan of the build- 
ing and of the site and the space they are to occupy and their preparations are ad- 
vanced. To show the friendship and interest of Germany, over $800,000 have been 
appropriated by the Empire for the proper acceptance of America's invitation. 

Nor has Austria-Hungary failed in these civilities and comities of the Great 
Powers. The government at Vienna has appointed a commission, consisting of the 
emperor's brother, the minister of commerce, and other representatives and illus- 
trious leaders of that nation. Millions of her sons are today citizens of this country, 
and they are looking forward with a pardonable pride to the great preparations 
now being made in fatherland for the Fair. Austria-Hungary has placed 150,000 
florins, as a preliminary appropriation, at the disposal of her commission. 

The government of Russia has assumed the entire charge of the exhibit from 
that country. Her messengers have been sent to all parts of that wonderful domain 
to gather the richest and finest of her products. The expense of the collection and 
the transportation to the Fair and return, the care of the exhibits and all expenses 
are provided for under the direct charge of the officers of the government. This 
nation, with continents for her domain, with 1 10,000,000 of people to do her bidding, 
with history and wealth and ambition and friendship to inspire her action, will pre- 
sent an exhibit which will not probably cost less than $1,000,000 to display, 

Recent debates in parliament have shown that the pride of Great Britain is at 
stake, and that her leaders, governors and statesmen are thoroughly alive to the 
situation. The appropriation has been increased by the cabinet, and the charges. 
for space have been wholly or partly withdrawn. The awakening of interest and 
good will at London has once more evidenced the strength of racial ties. Consti- 
tutional government began on the river Thames. Its victories will be gloriously 
celebrated by British men on Lake Michigan. The corner-stone for the British 
Pavilion was laid at Jackson Park, on Saturday, May 21, 18Q2, with special cere- 
monies conducted in the name of the Royal Commission. 

The Irish people of Great Britain are making liberal arrangements for a com- 
prehensive exhibit of the resources, manufactures and history of this gallant race> 
and the women, also, under the direction of Lady Aberdeen, who has visited us, are 
alive to the situation. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 201 

The Principality of Wales is thoroughly aroused to the importance of mak- 
ing a characteristic exhibit at the World's Fair. Their people have arranged to 
have their grand festival or eisted fodd, at Jackson Park, in 1893, and the tens of 
thousands of the former sons of this music-loving and God-fearing people now citi- 
zens in this country have subscribed large amounts for prizes to be awarded at this 
festival. 

The sturdy Scots will be with us, and receive the generous hospitality of the 
thousands of leading fellow-clansmen who form a class so influential in our body 
politic. 

From all of the British colonies will they come; and, as preliminary to their 
coming, the following appropriations have been made: By Great Britain, $300,000; 
Canada, $100,000; Honduras, $7,000; Cape Colony, $25,000; Trinidad, $25,000; 
Jamaica, $20,ooou; Ceylon, $40,000; and probably one million and a half of dollars 
will not exceed the amovnt this nation and its dependencies, as governments, will 
expend in their preparation to comply with America's invitation to participate in 
this Fair. 

The Royal Commissioner of Spain has already presented his credentials 
and has applied for the space his nation expects to require to display the exhibits 
of the land whose generous queen gave aid to speed the great discovery in his 
search for a continent. 

Historic and classic Greece has appointed its commissioner and appropriated 
$60,000 for the suberb exhibit, to be displayed at Jackson Park. 

The commissioner from Portugal has already arrived in Washington, and is 
soon to be with us to arrange for an exhibit. 

The representatives of the governments of Belgium, Turkey, Switzerland 
and Egypt have visited the grounds and made their preliminary arrangements for 
exhibits. 

Brazil, possessed of all the wealth of products incident to her perfect clime, has 
set aside $600,000 with which to display the exhibits and resources of that young 
and growing republic. 

Costa Rica, with less than half a million of population, has appropriated 
$150,000, or in excess of 30 cents per capita, to comply with our invitation to be 
present and participate in the Fair. Little Ecuador has overtopped her lofty 
Chimborazo and Cotopaxi with her appropriation of $125,000, and Guatemala, with 
one million of inhabitants, has appropriated 20 cents per capita, or $200,000, to 
comply with the invitation of this country to participate. 

Mexico, our next-door neighbor at the south — the nation that nutured the 
enterprise of Columbus has appointed its leading governmental officers to take 
charge of the several departments, and will eclipse any former effort in the exhi- 
bition of her wonderful resources; and, as a preliminary, has appropriated $50,000. 

Japan, the Great Britain of Asia, that with every new day is making some 
new stride toward the western spirit of enterprise and civilization, almost staggers 
us with her appropriation of nearly $700,000, to conform with the invitation of 
the United States of America to participate in the great Fair. 



202 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

I might go on, step by step, over the nations of the world. Suffice it to say, 
the civilized people of this earth have in a hearty and substantial manner accepted 
our invitation in good faith and have already appropriated over $5,000,000 to carry 
out, in an appropriate manner, their part in this great international exposition 
which we have inaugurated. Theiracceptances of our invitation are on hie in the De- 
partment of State, at Washington. Therefore I said to Congress, and I repeat: 
Cannot this government, the richest on the face of the earth, in the zenith of its 
power and prosperity, with an unprecedented balance sheet in its favor in its deal- 
ing with foreign nations; this government of whom a distinguished English state- 
man recently said that the "center of the power of the world was in the United 
States"; can it not appropriate the value of a single cruiser in the celebration of the 
arts of peace? I believe it can and will. "Peace hath her victories no less renowned 
than war." 

Properly and economically administered, the people will cheerfully approve 
the appropriation. The constituents of our Congressmen — the states, territories 
and citizens — desire it; the nations of the earth — this government's constituency — 
desire it. And what is it all for? Civilization. Contemplate the glorious harvest 
of our Exposition; all creeds and tongues and peoples are invited and expected to be 
present at this universal banquet — a banquet of peace and brotherly love. Its 
natural effect will be the cementing of the bonds of national fraternity, the destruc- 
tion of national jealousy and the collecting together as one of the great family of 
mankind to unitedly celebrate the opening of a hemisphere for the benefit of 
humanity, for the progress of civilization and the advancement of the Christian 
religion. 

This was and is my plea. I beg the good will and aid of my fellow- Ameri- 
cans. The astonishing growth of the country, as reflected in the necessary triple 
enlargement of the World's Columbian Exposition, has placed the officers of the 
Fair in a position of responsibility not to be lightly assumed nor honorably aban- 
doned. 



PART VII. 



THE MAIN BUILDINGS AND THEIR 

EXHIBITS. 

CHAPTER I. 
THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 

A Marvel of Exquisite Architectural Handiwork — Were it Stone Instead of Imitation it Would Have no 
Equal— Irresistible Color Scheme and Effect— Beautiful Blending of Pale Blue, Terra Cotta, 
Bright Yellow and Pale Cream — Unsurpassed Decorative Delineations — Matchless Fusion of 
Harmonious Tints — Impressive Ensemble of Rotunda, Colonnade, Mezzanine and Dome— Dedi- 
catory Tablets to Gutenberg, Copernicus, James Watts and Morse — The Most Beautifully Lighted 
Structure in the World. 

HEN a person drops a ticket for which he has paid 50 
cents into the box at any of the Exposition turnstiles 
and enters upon the spectacular grounds dedicated to 
the memory of the discoverer of America, he beholds 
what has taken ten thousand workmen more than two 
years and thirty-two millions of dollars to accomplish. 
He may ask himself whether all this expenditure was 
worth while — he may as well ask himself whether it was 
worth while forColumbus to have discovered America. 
If it is worth while to open wide the shores of a hospit- 
able country where liberty and equality are assured 
to everyone, then it is proper to show to the whole 
world what four centuries of freedom and brother- 
hood have accomplished. America extends a cordial 
hand to the inhabitants of every clime, .from the 
steppes of Siberia and the wastes of Patagonia to the shelving shores of Madagas- 
car — and Anglo-Saxon and Hottentot are equally welcome; and that all may be- 
hold the progress of the arts and sciences, and of education, and study the mar- 
velous resources of the world up to nearly the close of the nineteenth century, 
there has been provided for the reception of the people of all nations under the 
sun a magnificent park on the shores of an inland sea, which combines in its varied 
moods the majesty of an ocean and the limpid beauty of a sun-kissed pool dotted 
all over with palaces and temples, gardens bespangled with flowers and winding 
silvery lagoons. There are also government buildings of many nations, from the 

203 




204 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



stately structure of the German empire down to the cabin of the pioneer on the 
wooded island and the huts of the savages on the Midway Plaisance. 

As is the case at all expositions, what are known as the main buildings and 
other main features command the earliest attention. This is particularly the case at 
this the greatest of all world's fairs, as there have been reared structures that had 
never been dreamed of ten years before; and although much has been written and 
pictured in magazine and newspaper of the grandeur and magnificence of the 
White City, the first sight of it never proves disappointing — its buildings are more 

imposing and its gardens 
and lagoons more beauti- 
ful than any imagination 
had pictured them. 

"I had no conception 
of the extent, variety, or 
splendor of these build- 
ings," is the exclamation, 
mental or verbal, of every 
visitor when he enters the 
park. The appearance of 
the magnificent group of 
main buildings around the 
lagoons is so different 
from anything in the Unit- 
ed States, is so un-Amer- 
ican, that it startle the im- 
agination. Figures can 
give some idea of the size 
of these palaces, but the 
architecture in its infinite 
detail must truly be seen 
to be appreciated. When it is remembered that the area under roof is equal to 
that of Paris in 1889, Philadelphia in 1876, and Vienna in 1873 combined, that the cost 
of the main buildings is estimated roughly at over $6,700,000, some conception of 
the thought, the care, and the labor which they represent may be obtained. The 
Administration Building is considered the gem of the Exposition palaces. It is 
situated at the west of the great court in the southern part of the site, looking east- 
ward, and at its rear are the transportation facilities. The great gilded dome of 
this lofty building is one of the most striking architectural features on the grounds. 
There is no dome in this country to which this one can be compared. It is 
finer in every respect than any other on the Western Hemisphere. Richard M. 
Hunt is the architect. This imposing edifice cost $463,213. It covers an area of 
260 feet square, and consists of four pavilions 84 feet square, one at each of the tour 
angles of the square and connected by a grand central dome 120 feet in diameter 
and 220 feet in height, leaving at the center of each facade a recess 82 feet wide, 




STATUARY OPPOSITE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



205 



within which are the grand entrances to the building. The general design is in the 
style of the French Renaissance. The first story is in the Doric order. It is of 
heroic proportions, and is surrounded by a lofty balustrade. The great tiers of the 
angle of each pavilion are crowned with sculpture. The Ionic style of architecture 
is represented in the second story, with its lofty and spacious colonnade. 

The four entrances, one on each side of the building, are 50 feet wide and 50 
feet high, deeply recessed and covered by semi-circular arched vaults. In the rear 
of these arches are the entrance doors, and above them great screens of glass, giv- 
ing light to the central ro- 
tunda. Across the face of 
these screens, at the level 
of the office floor, are gal- 
leries of communication 
between the different pa- 
vilions. The interior of 
this building exceeds in 
beauty and splendor even 
the exterior, imposing as 
that is. Between every 
two of the grand entrances 
and connecting the inter- 
vening pavilion with the 
rotunda is a hall 30 feet 
square, giving access to 
the offices, and provided 
with broad circular stair- 
ways and commodious 
elevators. 

From the top of the 
cornice in the second story 
rises the interiordome 200 
feet from the floor. In the 
center is an opening, 50 feet in diameter, transmitting a flow of light from the 
exterior dome overhead. The under side of the dome is enriched with deep 
panelings, richly molded, and these panelings are filled with sculpture in low relief 
and immense paintings representing the arts and sciences. The sculptor of the 
Administration Building is Karl Bitter, of New York. He executed the groups 
on the small domes and, among other subjects, groups representing "Commerce," 
"Industry," "Justice," "Religion," "War," "Peace," "Science," and "Arts." There 
are dedicatory tablets to Gutenberg, Copernicus, Watts and Morse. 

The decoration of the dome was executed by William Leftwich Dodge, the 
youngest painter commissioned by the Exposition. The space covered by Mr. 
Dodge's painting is 315 feet in circumference, and 40 feet from apex to base. 
The subject of the painting is "The glorification of the Arts." On the throne, 




MACMONN1ES AND ELECTRIC FOUNTAINS. 



2o6 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

which is seen in the portion of the dome opposite the main entrance to the building, 
Apollo is seated crowning the Arts as they approach from either side. There are 
ninety-five important figures in the composition, and those in the foreground are 25 
feet in height. 

The general color scheme is a pale cream. Tints of terra cotta, bright 
yellows and pale blues, however, heighten the decorative effects. The Corinthian 
columns to the lower portion of the frieze beneath the mezzanine story have been 
painted a warm yellow. This, however, is but the body color, as the columns are 
finished in imitation onyx. In the spandrels gilded shields crossed by laurel 
wreaths typify foreign countries that have come to exhibit their products at the 
Columbian Exposition. 

In this building are the offices of the Director-General and his staff, and the 
headquarters of the newspapers from every quarter of the globe. 

Emerging from the east entrance of the building, the visitor may stand on 
the spot where the dedication ceremonies took place, and where President Cleve- 
land touched the button that started the machinery. Immediately in front of the 
building is a plaza 200 yards square, and in the distance lies the most enchanting 
architectural and landscape scene in the Exposition or in the world! Its central 
feature is an immense basin of water, probably 3,000 by 1,000 feet in size, fringed 
with balustrades, symbolical pillars, terraces, grass plats, and flower beds. In the 
foreground is MacMonnies' wonderful fountain representing Columbia seated on 
the ship of state, which is steered by Father Time, and on the prow of which stands 
the figure of Fame. This vessel is driven through the water by eight girls stand- 
ing at the oars, four on either side. 

Around the circumference of the basin are young men on horses, and mer- 
maids and cherubs disport themselves in the waves in the wake of the boat. On 
either 'side of this fountain are two electric fountains. Rising from the water in the 
distance is French's colossal statue of the Republic, and beyond that, in dazzling 
white, Atwood's peristyle, between the columns of which are seen the deep-blue 
waters of the lake. At the space of a hundred yards from the water on every side 
. stand in grandeur and beauty the great buildings of the exposition. 

It is when in the gorgeous glow of monster search and thousands of incandes- 
cent lights that the Administration Building takes on its most spectacular and most 
bewitching robes. There never was such a matchless fusion of harmonious colors 
and tints; and colonnades, mezzanine and dome are resplendent amidst a jubilee of 
light. There never has been such a brilliantly and beautifully illuminated structure, 
while all of its handsome surroundings are liberally caparisoned with harmonious 
lines of lights. Were the Administration Building stone instead of imitation it 
would have no equal in the world. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 209 



CHAPTER II. 
THE MAMMOTH MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 

The Greatest Exposition Structure Ever Known — It Covers Nearly Forty Acres of Ground and Contains 
Forty-four Acres of Exhibits Valued at Fifty Millions of Dollars — Three Million Feet of Lumber 
and Five Carloads of Nails in the Main Floor — It is 1,687 Feet Long and 787 Feet Wide — Many 
of the Foreign Pavilions Built After Designs of Famous Palaces — Rare and Costly Wares, Fabrics, 
Watches, Jewelry, Musical and Mechanical Instruments and Professional Implements Amaze the 
Beholder on Every Hand— The Great Central Landmark an Alabaster Clock Tower, 135 Feet 
High, Erected by the American Clock Co. — A Chime of Nine Bells — When They Ring it Sounds 
Like the Music of Heaven Reverberating Through the Immense Space — The Pantheon-like 
Pavilion of the Meridian-Britannia Ware — Tiffany's Costly Structure — A Dazzling Aggregation of 
Gems — Splendid Display of Watches and Jewelry — Elegant and Spacious Booth of the Waltham 
Watch Company — Stem-Winders by the Ton — Palaces and Temples Filled with Laces, Rich 
Chinaware, Porcelain, Statuary, Silverware, Textile Fabrics, etc. — Silver Statue of Columbus at 
the Gorham Pavilion — Dolls that Talk and Walk — Petrified Wonders from Arizona — Dazzling 
Displays by Forty Foreign Countries — Reproduction of Hartfield House — Concentrated Splendor 
of the Siam Exhibit — Magnificent Displays by all the Leading European Countries — Sketch of 
James Allison. Chief of Department of Manufactures. 

ERHAPS the object the most eagerly sought for by a ma- 
jority of sightseers is the mammoth structure known as the 
Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building; — or, by a shorter 
term: — the Manufactures Building. This is because it is 
the largest in the group of most extraordinary buildings and 
also because of the extensive distribution of countries which 
make exhibits and the generally diversified and interesting 
nature of the exhibits — for within this immense structure 
are myriads of booths and pavilions where wares of every 
clime and country and of every description and value are to 
be seen. The Manufactures Building is the largest in the world 
and the largest under roof ever constructed. Its dimensions are 
1687 by 787 feet and it has an exhibit area of 44 acres and covers 
30^ acres. A central hall 380 feet wide runs its complete length and is spanned by 
single arches, without supports; 12,000,000 pounds of steel were used in these 22 
trusses, each of which weighs 125 tons, and it required 600 flat cars to bring them 
from the iron works to Chicago. There were 17,000,000 feet of lumber used in 
construction and with this five car loads of nails were used; while there are over 
2,000,000 pounds of iron in roof of nave. There are 1 1 acres of skylight and 40 
car loads of glass in the roof. The building is 100 feet longer than the Brooklyn 
bridge and it is claimed that the iron and steel in the roof alone would construct 




2IO 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



two such suspension bridges. It will seat 300,000 people, and there would be room 
for the full standing army of Russia under its roof. It is three times as large as 
St. Peter's cathedral, and the largest church in Chicago could be placed within the 
vestibule of that great church at Rome. 

The building is rectangular in form, and is surrounded by a spacious colon- 
nade, which affords a splendid promenade on a warm day, getting the lake breeze 
and water view on all sides. It is in the Corinthian style of architecture, its classic 
outlines and stupendous length being broken by the four entrances 40 feet wide 
and 80 feet high and the eight domes. The exterior is covered with "staff" and in 
its columns, arches, sculptured bas-reliefs and panels, presents the appearance of a 
magnificent marble palace. The walls are 66 feet high, the four central pavilions 
122, the corner pavilions 97 and the greatest height of roof 437.6 feet. The plans 
of this architectural wonder were drawn by George B. Post, of New York; their 
execution cost the Exposition $1,800,000. 

When one enters the Manufactures Building, say by the south entrance, his 
impression will be that he is in fairyland, or at least that he is visiting a city of 
palaces, temples, castles, arches, monuments, and hanging gardens. All that is 
graceful in outline and entrancing in color will salute his senses at the same time. 
But his eye will necessarily be drawn toward a beautiful structure in the center of 
the building, where the two main highways intersect, and where they have been 
enlarged into a circle for its accommodation. The best thing he can do, if he expects 
to make any progress in taking in such a wilderness of attractions, is to make for 

this center and then branch out from it 
at his leisure. The great central land- 
mark, looking like the spire of a cathe- 
dral in alabaster, is the clock tower, 135 
feet high, of the American Self-Wind- 
ing Clock Company. It is arched on 
all four sides, of course, or it would 
block up the thoroughfare. In addition 
to a clock-dial on each side, it has a 
chime of nine bells. The largest, on 
which the hour is struck, weighs 3,700 
pounds, and the whole chime 7,000 
pounds. When they ring it sounds like 
the music of heaven reverberating 
through the immense spaces of the 
building. Clocks are scarce in Jackson 
chief allison. Park, but visitors to the Manufactures 

Building, no matter in what remote corner of it they may be hid, are reminded in 
notes of the sweetest music of the flight not only of the happy hours, but of the 
happy halves and quarters as well. 

The space on the ground floor of the building is alloted mainly on the basis 
of nationality, and apparently on the principle of placing the greatest nations 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 211 

nearest to this striking central feature. Standing at this point, where the building 
is exactly quartered, one will observe that he is surrounded by the great powers of 
the earth. In the northeast quarter is the United States, in the northwest quarter 
Germany, in the southeast quarter France, and in the southwest quarter Great 
Britain. If he will climb the clock-tower and look again, he will see that 
the United States takes the entire northeast corner of the dome-covered por- 
tion of the building. In the northwest corner, however, he will see, over the head 
of Germany, the exhibits of Austria and then Japan. In like manner, looking to 
the southeast, he will see, away beyond France, the exhibits of Belgium, Russia and 
Norway, with China awa}' off to the east. Then, looking to the southwest, he will 
see, adjoining Great Britain on the south, Canada, and beyond that Denmark, 
Brazil, Italy and Spain, while off to the west are Jamaica, India, and New South 
Wales, and to the southwest Switzerland, Mexico, and Persia. The smaller na- 
tions he may locate gradually. 

Looking again to the northeast, the visitor will be struck with the fact that the 
United States exhibits, unlike those of other countries, are not nationalized by any 
kind of general inclosure. He will also be struck with the fact that it is not exactly on 
the same scale of expensiveness or grandeur as the neighboring national exhibits. In 
place of a national pavilion it has at the angle nearest the clock tower the booth of 
Tiffany, however, which entirely redeems it. This triple-arched entrance, with a 
saffron-colored doric column 100 feet high, surmounted with a globe and golden 
eagle, is certainly beautiful. To the north of it, and in striking contrast with it, is 
the pantheon-like booth of the Meriden Britanniaware Company, built of rosewood 
with curved plate-glass windows. North of that again is the elegant and spacious 
mahogany booth of the Waltham Watch Company. The rest of the space is cut 
up into comparatively small portions, but which contain many interesting and 
creditable exhibits, although they may not make so great an impression amid such 
a wilderness of magnificence. 

The articles classed under manufactures and displayed are so numerous as 
to bewilder the mind. They are divided into thirty-five groups, each group 
divided into ten or more classes, and each class into about twenty or more smaller 
departments; and even these smaller departments are so general as to convey but 
little idea of the almost infinite diversity of articles displayed. It may assist the 
imagination, however, to mention as included in the groups chemical and pharma- 
ceutical supplies, paints, colors, dyes, varnishes, paper, stationery, upholstery, artis- 
tic decorations, ceramics, mosaics, stone, monuments, musical instruments, china, por- 
celain, glassware, furniture, stoves, bronzes, paintings, statuary, watches and jewelry, 
clothing, silks, satins, cassimeres, serges, velvets, laces, draperies, linens, cottons, 
woolens, firearms, dolls, iron, copper, brass, nickel and tin ware, and many tens of 
thousands of things that need not be enumerated, but which include nearly all kinds 
of machines and implements and other articles of handiwork not used in mining, 
agriculture and transportation. More than thirty foreign governments are repre- 
sented, among which are Algeria, Argentine Republic, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, 
Brazil, British Guiana, British Honduras, Cape Colony, Canada, Ceylon, Chili, 

14 



212 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



I; 



China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Denmark, Dutch Guiana, Dutch 
West Indies, Eucador, France, French Guiana, Germany, Great Britain, Guatemala, 
Hawaiian Islands, Hayti, Honduras, Italy, Japan, Jamaica, Korea, Madagascar, 
Mexico, New South Wales, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Orange Free State, 
Paraguay, Persia, Peru, Porto Rico, Queensland, Russia, Salvador, San Domingo, 
Siam, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zanzi- 
bar. 

Many of the foreign pavilions are built after the designs of famous palaces. 
Germany's pavilion is a wonderful piece of work, the French section is magnificent, 
and the English hardly behind its neighbors. The value of the exhibits in the 
Manufactures Building is more than $50,000,000 and they include rare and costly 
articles of every kind that are the fruits of skilled labor as well as many more that 
are in constant demand and' use. Far away India shows rich embroideries, 
brocades and silk textiles; quaint carvings in sandal and teak woods, ivory and 
bone; gold, silver and amber jewelry; art pottery and other curious workmanship 
Japan's bamboo and lacquer ware; porcelain, faience, cloissonne, and art metal 

wares; delicate ivories, 
gumma, tapestries, and so 
forth, are much admired. 
This country exceeds all 
others in number of ex- 
hibitors, there being 2089 
in all. Norway, Denmark 
and Sweden display about 
the same line of goods, 
jewelry, carvings, em- 
broideries, furniture, etc. 
Siam has 63 exhibits. 
Skins, inlaid pearl work, 
enameled articles, rattan 
nd bamboo woods, 
needle work, preserves, 
candied fruits, etc. The 
renowned Swiss watches 
and carvings are shown 
in this section. Chronom- 
eters for old and young, 
rich and poor, useful and 
ornamental, turn their 
shining faces up from row 
upon row of cases. The Italian section displays a world of marbles, mosaics and 
bronzes; Venetian glassware, laces, artistic furniture, Roman silks, Neapolitan 
corals and cameos; filigree work, tapestries, lamps and other exquisite goods 
cause much admiration and covetousness on the part of the visitor. Great Brit- 




WEST SIDE OF MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 213 

ain occupies a large space in the center of the huge building and displays a great 
variety of manufactures, particularly Irish linens and laces, Scotch worsteds and 
woolens; china, glassware and pottery decorated in every imaginable style; per- 
fumeries, silks and all the ordinary articles such as yarns, cutlery, sporting guns, 
combs and brushes, clothing, and many, many more. 

Belgium has brought over her Brussels handkerchiefs and point veils and 
Chantilly flounces and Valenciennes edges, and fans and collars and parasol covers 
in every known lace and for every use, bronze vases and ceramic tiles, costumes, 
cathedral glass and many other beautiful things. As all the world knows, Belgium 
prides herself on her laces, and there are some on exhibition that are marvelously 
delicate and beautiful. There are Mechlin round point, Valenciennes, black 
Belgian thread, dentelle, Louis XV., Venetian point, point de Bruges, point ap- 
plique, duchesse and as many other kinds of lace as ever were known to the 
modern world, made up in collars, handkerchiefs, trimmings, covers, fans and even 
a bride's veil. It is a sufficiently explicit description of the last to say that its price 
at home is 75,000 francs, or $15,000 dollars. Next in importance is its exhibit of 
porcelain, of which there are numerous beautiful specimens. Much attention is 
given to the display of native marbles. In one exhibit there is shown an entrance 
to a hall, a staircase, mantel, dado, paneling, semi-Corinthian pillars, an elaborate 
inlaid floor and beautiful chimney pieces. The white marbles are good rivals of 
the celebrated Parian marbles, and the blocks, delicately carved and remarkably 
pure in color, are rare specimens in this part of the world. Austria has over two 
hundred beautiful displays by her merchants. France keeps up her reputation as 
producing the most exquisite silks and velvets, and rivals if not excels other coun- 
tries in her china, laces, artificial flowers, costumes, millinery, bronzes, and Parisian 
novelties. The United States, producing and manufacturing everything, exhibits 
everything. Whatever the foreigner can design, the American artisan can im- 
prove, so through the full line of exhibits, this country reflects great credit in what 
is shown in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building alone. 

The German exhibit, including the pavilion and the great lordly-looking iron 
fence, is grand and wonderful. Immense bronzes, tile painting, antique silver, 
carvings, fine art wares, artistic interior decorations, and thousands of inviting 
objects too numerous to mention are seen daily by tens of thousands of people. 

The following is a list of the principal articles contributed by the emperor of 
Germany: 

Golden goblet, enameled, with jewels; dedicated to his majesty Emperor 
William II. Among the articles dedicated to his majesty Emperor William I. are 
a medal of the Royal Academy of Arts; congratulatory address of the city of 
Berlin on the occasion of his majesty's return from the war of 1866; addresses of 
the province of Silesia, city of Munich, on the occasion of their majesties' golden 
wedding of 1879; congratulatory addresses of the city of Cologne, cities of Silesia, 
women of Cologne, subjects of the empire on the occasion of his majesty's ninetieth 
birthday. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



215 



Articles dedicated to his majesty Emperor Frederic III., congratulatory 
addresses of the province of Saxony, city of Nuremberg, and city of Berlin on the 
occasion of their majesties' silver wedding in 1883. 

Silver bowl presented by the nobility of Schleswig-Holsten to his royal high- 
ness Prince Henry of Prussia on the occasion of his wedding. 




MERIDEN BRITTANIA PAVILION. 

Gifts of honor and addresses to his highness Prince Bismarck, silver table 
service, shield of honor, silver; bowl dedicated by German students, copper tankard, 
patents of honorary citizenship to the cities of Berlin, Bremen, Cologne, Dresden, 
Druisberg, Hamburg, Hanau and Lauenberg. 

Gifts of honor and addresses to Gen. Count von Moltke, field marshal staff 
patents of honorary citizenship of the cities of Hamburg, Munich and Mersburg. 



2i6 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Shrine of addresses, ebony and silver, shield of honor, votive tablet. 

Prizes of honor awarded by his majesty the emperor of Germany for army, 
hunting, races, and regattas, silver ships and goblets, bust of his majesty Emperor 
William II., silver; silver bowl embossed; silver clock, silver cup with socle, 
enameled and gilded; silver dollar platter, silver dollar cup. 

Silver table service in the shape of a sleigh, enameled; silver goblet, shield 
of honor, casette, ebony with silver; enameled silver table service, shells and 
alabaster; bronze group, ''The Daily Press;" glass goblet, polished; stone vase, 
set in bronze; portraits of their imperial majesties the emperor and empress of 
Germany, bronze, with frame of gold bronze. 

Galvanoplastic imitations of old German goldsmith work, mostly from the 
silverware property of the city of Luneburg at present in the Museum of Industrial 
Art Berlin; cups, cans, and basins of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. 

In the room of Gabriel Seidl are exhibited red marble vase, rich bronze 
mountings; reliquiarium, ebony, with lapis lazuli, enameled and with silver work; 
figure of St. George, gilded bronze; table service; casette, ebony with silver; silver 
globe; stag clock; scenting bottle; cup in the shape of a thistle, silver; wine pitcher; 
aquarium, glass and silver; crucifix, silver and crystal. 

Property of the emperor of Germany, exhibited as a part of the exhibition 
of Baden, wrought iron screen for stove, enameled, Schwarzwald clock. 

Property of his royal highness the hereditary Grand Duke Frederic, of 
Baden, grand silver table service, small table service, chandelier, and case for 
reception of documents, gilded silver dish, silver cup, clock, fans, casette, carved 
in wood, and other personal ornaments, silver plate, decorations, and an infinite 
variety of other articles, worth millions of dollars. 

Away out at the extreme north end of the German section, in a little nook 
all by itself, is an exhibit which possesses a wealth of attraction to all who chance 
upon it. There is not a minute of the day but what this charmed corner contains 
scores of delighted little ones who literally feast their eyes upon the pretty things 
displayed. The display is that made by the allied doll industries of Sonneberg and 
Ohrdruf, in Thuringen, Germany. 

Never before were so many different types of dolls displayed. There are 
white dolls and black dolls, cute little pickaninnies and oblique eyed Jap boys and 
little maidens; tiny d»varf dollies and big dollies; diminutive Uncle Sams in frock 
coat and fluffy beaver, and a host of other things. If the young tots are fascinated 
by the wonderful exhibit their elders are none the less interested. It is a unique 
exhibit. It is more than unique; there is originality and art, both in the conception- 
of the rosy-cheeked little misses that look down at you with eyes of liquid blue, and 
their execution. 

From time immemorial a little town in Thuringen, almost on the border of 
the Black Forest has been manufacturing toys. This town is Sonneberg. The in- 
dustry has been carried down from father to son for generations. Everybody who 
can work takes a part in the production of these trifles which seem to bring heaven 
nearer the heart of the average toddler. Grandfathers work beside little girls 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 217 

barely strong enough to stand up. Each does a part and does it well. The result 
has been to bring the perfection of toy-making almost to its highest notch. 

There is a suggestion of the "Crystal Slipper" coach, and one expects to see at 
almost any moment the powdered wig and sweet face of Cinderella peep out of the 
coach doors. But instead of that there are the most quizzical looking punchinellos 
any one could possibly imagine; gaily bedecked and embroidered young lackeys, 
footmen, and a vast retinue of attendants. Fat and rubicund little German misses 
smile down at you or shake their dainty fingers. A shaggy St. Bernard tramps 
haughtily and independent alongside the coach. It all looks like a merry outing 
where clown and child have gone out to amuse and be amused. 

Along the three sides of the room thousands of other dollies smile quizzingly 
as you watch them. They are either on shelves or in dainty cases. The shelves 
have been built low purposely so that the youngsters who come into the Sonneberg 
display may peep all by themselves into all these glories. Ladies of rank may be 
seen here with long-trained robes and fluffy blonde hair. Little white rabbits there 
are with eyes like a sunset. If the keeper is in good humor he will take the bunny 
out, and after winding up some invisible spring, bunny will hop out and trot lifelike 
on the floor. There is a big-eyed heifer who will bellow just like the genuine dairy 
article, and a little lamb that gambols and bleats ever so cutely. 

These things are for the little boys. Also a regular farm, with tiny plow and 
harrow, a tiny wagon drawn by pretty horses, and tools of all sorts — carpenter, ma- 
son, architect, surveyor, etc. 

The little girls can have much else to choose from in case the dollies don't 
meet exactly their desires. A dainty china tea set is there complete, also a mina- 
ture kitchen, where Bessie or Maude, or whoever the little girl may be who gets 
the set, can treat her friends to a repast as generous and bountiful as any lady of 
the "400" can do. Besides all this, she can have a parlor set with the prettiest up- 
holstered baby chairs imaginable. 

Of course, every one who visits the Manufactures Building has seen the Tif- 
fany pavilion, with its tall, eagle-tipped tower. You can see almost any example 
of the gold and silversmith's skill at Tiffany's, from a six-shooter with richly graven 
silver handles to a toilet table worth $9,000. This toilet table, by the way, is a 
thing to be admired. It is exceedingly dainty and fragile and is made of the pre- 
cious amaranth wood, brought from South America. Very little of this red-grained 
wood is visible, though, for the table is pretty well encrusted with sterling silver. 
This little trifle has been sold to a European patron of the Tiffanys. Near by it is 
a remarkable piece of work, being an incense burner in the shape of a duck which 
is being strangled by a rattlesnake. The snake is of silver, its scales are Queens- 
land opals, and its head and rattles are American pearls. There is a bit of a fur- 
nace in the duck's bill, where the incense sticks are to be put, and the snake's head 
has a receptacle for the storage of incense sticks. There is a match-box, too, con- 
cealed within the serpent's interior economy. 

Some of the finest ware shown is in a tea set of seven pieces with salver, the 
"flower set," for each piece of it being decorated with a different variety of Ameri- 




EXHIBIT OF JAMES S. KIRK & CO. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 219 

can flowers. This set is worth only $22,000. There is another set, a silver table 
service, containing 570 pieces, all elaborately decorated. An Indian chrysanthe- 
mum dinner set consists of about 600 pieces. Of vases, tankards, loving cups, trophy 
cups, clocks, spoons, bonbon boxes, thermometers, coffee pots and the like there is 
a dazzling variety. 

But it is in diamonds and other precious stones that this display is riotous. 
The central gem of all of course is the gray canary diamond, set at the apex of a velvet 
pyramid and revolving slowly on a gold pivot, so that many hued fires are always 
flashing from its yellow depths. Scattered about it are 10,000 other diamonds and 
nearly $400,000 worth of pearls. These pearls are in three necklaces, one being 
the finest strand of pearls ever brought to America. It is worth $200,000. The other 
two are worth $100,000 and $85,000 respectively. There is a woven arabesque 
girdle of gold with twenty large canary diamonds in it — only $25,000. There is one 
diamond necklace of forty-two stones, aggregating 1 ,000 carats, and still another 
with pendants, it holds 550 rose diamonds. Another jewlery set consists of tiara, 
necklace and pendant. It contains 147 splendid aquamarines and 1,848 diamonds. 
A companion set is of pink topaz and diamonds. Of the lesser precious and semi- 
precious stones there is a bewildering display. An especially interesting feature of 
the pavilion is a case of pearl oysters and unpolished pearls, wherefrom most visit- 
ors are able to learn something. The Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company has 
not so costly an exhibit, but it is quite as artistic and beautiful. Louis Tiffany has 
his section of the pavilion cut into three rooms. The largest one is fitted as a chapel 
with a superb altar set under triple mosaic arches. The floor of the sanctuary, too, 
is of the most intricately wrought glass mosaic, as are the chancel steps and the 
front of the altar itself. The heavy columns, too, are of iridescent mosaic. The 
lectern is of the same exquisite work, as is also the font, which has a finely wrought 
cover of glass. The central window of the chapel is "The Descent from the Cross," 
designed by Louis Tiffany. On one side is shown Christ giving his blessing to St. 
John; on the other a reproduction of one of Bocatelli's windows. There is another 
smaller window, " The Good Shepherd," which is really the finest bit of color in the 
chapel. There are exhibited here some surpassingly fine vestments, an altar cross 
spangled with jewels, and some fine candle sticks of Connemara marble. The en- 
tire effect of this little chapel, which is in thebyzantine style, is exceedingly rich. 

Conspicuous among those not already named are the solid silver statue of 
Columbus, exhibited by Gorham & Co., and cast at Providence, R. I.; petrified wood 
in blocks and mantels and tables, from the Petrified Forest of Arizona; rugs and 
carpets from Turkey, Persia, Bulgaria, Arabia, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts; 
pianos and organs from as many makers as there are states and territories in the 
Union; colognes and other perfumeries and fancy and other soaps from a hundred 
makers; dolls that talk and walk and cry from Paris and Vienna; toys from Nurem- 
burg, China and Japan; stoves and stoveware from Providence, R. I.; queenly 
dresses from La Bon Marche and from Felix and Worth, Paris; sewing machines 
from all the great makers in America. 



220 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

The statue of Columbus is six feet high, standing on a pedestal one foot 
high, the whole of solid silver and containing 30,000 ounces of the metal, 925-1,000 
fine. It was modeled in Paris by the sculptor, and the model was shipped to the 
Gorham foundry in Providence, where it was cast at a cost of $50,000. Its prin- 
cipal value, however, lies in the artistic strength of the figure. The great naviga- 
tor is pictured as a man of determination of rough vigor. The pose shows him 
standing, with anxious brow, pointing toward the horizon, as if to question the path 
that lay before him. Associated with the figure as suggestions of his calling are 
the navigator's instruments. The composition is of the simplest, and the figure has 
been left with all the lines of the first casting untouched — a tribute to the mechani- 
cal perfection that brought the model forth with lines that needed no finishing. 

On either side of the statue and beyond, covering considerable area, are the 
cases of wares that represent the best skill of American designers and artisans. 
There are great trophies, magnificent silver services, bronzes, inlaid and repousse 
work and new designs innumerable in the pieces that go to beautify the homes of 
the wealthy. 

Conspicuous among the trophies is the Century vase which won a gold medal 
at the Centennial and was one of the first great pieces of its kind to demonstrate 
the advance of American workmanship in the metal-working arts. On either side 
of the vase are sixty-four pieces, composing what is called the "rose" dinner set, 
valued at $25,000, and said to be the finest service ever made in the United States. 
The rose is used as a central motive of decoration and the design is wrought out 
with marvelous perfection of detail. 

Down the central aisle of the pavilion are groups of ware that attract crowds 
continually. In one case are two plates worth $950 and $1,150 each, and a pitcher 
that cost $1,150. A quaint design in the group is the "creation" cup — a small affair 
with symbolic decoration typifying the epochs of creation since the period of 
Genesis. 

A novelty in the same exhibit is a collection of translucent ware which is in 
effect a silver filigree design filled out in the interstices with translucent glass of 
varied hues. 

Next and perhaps the finest of the purely domestic production is the group 
of Rockwood designs with a superficial covering of silver deposited by a process 
but little used until recently in this country. Some of the vases in this pattern are 
almost monumental in size, and all of them subjects of favorable comparison with 
the best work in any of the foreign sections. 

Along the south frontage of the pavilion are sets of a ware that is an innova- 
tion on the conventional without transgressing the most rigid canons of art decora- 
tion. These are made in combinations of glass, gold and silver, but instead of 
molding the metal about the glass design, the process is reversed and the glass 
blown into the silver after the figure is complete. Following an original and recent 
fashion, the glass is ruby-tinted and the combination of color is remarkable effec- 
tive, either in strong sunlight or in the clear glow of electricity. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



221 



Hippolite Taine, the great French philosopher, asserts in his work on the 
Philosophy of Art, that the characteristics of a nation are always seen in its art prod- 
ucts. In no exhibit at the Exposition is this theory more plainly shown than in 
the beauty of the exterior of the French pavilion which is a triumph of /Esthetic 
Art, with its beautiful entablatures upheld by Titanic figures bending gracefully 
beneath their self-imposed burden, or gazes at the great dome above shedding a 




ENTRANCE TO FRENCH PAVILION. 



golden radiance upon the sitting Statue of the Republic beneath — that symbol of 
fraternity between the two greatest Republics of the world — the mind sense drinks 
in the full beauty of its perfection. In comparison how cold and gloomy seems the 
Russian pavilion beyond, with its round arches, suggestive of prostration and prayer. 
And yet it screens so many rare and costly things that one can spend many valua- 
ble hours in this exhibit and depart thence, feeling that the soul in its search for the 
exquisitely beautiful has found satiety. 



222 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Italy makes a dazzling exhibit of marbles, bronzes, mosaics, paintings, 
majolica, laces, jewelry, bric-a-brac and tapestries. About the walls and in cases 
are displayed specimens of every variety of Venetian lace and needlework. There 
are cobwebby fabrics ranging in price from two cents to $400 a yard. There are 
great pieces of rose point as soft and delicate as a spider's web, scarfs and veils of 
old Venetian point fit for the bridal of a Princess, and fans and lace handkerchiefs 
which would drive a woman to frenzy. A novelty in lace work is the polygram 
pattern, done in many colors with the most delicate shadings and used most ex- 
clusively for screens and banners. One great case is entirely filled with lace bed- 
spreads. Some of the more expensive are valued at $1,000 each, and are done in 
rococo point laced with blue and gold ribbons and embroidered by hand in gold 
and silver. A single firm now employs a thousand men in this line of work alone. 
A remarkable thing about the lacemakers of Venice is that the women who do 
even the finest and most difficult pieces are content to work for 15 or 16 cents a day, 
and the retail price made by the lacemaker is based on the estimate of 20 cents for 
each day's work on the piece. In this way it is easy to tell just how long it has 
taken the patient lacemakers to complete a given piece. Thus if a lace scarf be 
sold for $25 by a reputable dealer in Venice it may be estimated that 125 days' labor 
has been given to its construction. 

The contents of this lace-house in the Italian section are valued at more 
than $40,000, and from the splendid veil patterned exactly after that worn by Maria 
Louisa, Empress of the French, to the most modern and inexpensive bit of edging 
it interests and excites the attention of every woman who come within sight. 

That which will attract the most attention in the Italian section is its statuary. 
Italy's entire space is not so large as. the commissioners had hoped it might be and 
it has been found necessary to put a great deal into the rather small section. But 
the work of arrangement has been artistically accomplished, so that all who visit 
it may see to good advantage the things of beauty made in the sunny Italy of 
modern times. 

Passing from the statuary around the section, the visitor may indulge in the 
luxury of other things not less beautiful or wonderful. On one side are artistic 
specimens of wrought-iron work made into all sorts of happy combinations and 
pretty designs. In one portion of the section is a bedchamber furnished with 
antique furniture and rugs and portieres of polished and embroidered leather. In 
another corner is a room fitted with a set of furniture made of ebony and inlaid 
with ivory. Two tables in this section attract special attention. They are of antique 
pattern and the tops are inlaid with ivory in designs depicting battle scenes. At 
another place the visitor is transported within the walls of Pompeii, whose treasures 
none have before beheld save in the immortal work which describes her last days. 
But here are the real things, or, rather, reproductions of them, which decorated 
the sideboards and mantels of the homes in that famous city, the very memory 
of whose existence was effaced for centuries. Gold and silver vases, jewelry, 
bracelets, ornaments of rare coral and jewels, all reproductions of articles found 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 223 

in the subterranean ruins, are seen in endless profusion. Some even are genuine 
and taken from the museum and school of Alexander Castelani in Rome. 

Besides, there are tapestries of modern design and others which, made long 
ago, have stood the test of three and even four centuries of decay, yet seemed to 
have come fresh from the hands of the makers. Filigree work in silver and all 
sorts of toilet articles fashioned from tortoise shell are seen in abundance. All 
these things, with chandeliers, laces, mosaics, mirrors, hand-painted glass, orna- 
ments, vases almost priceless in value, with hundreds and even thousands of other 
articles fashioned with the characteristic art of Italy, keep a constant stream of 
visitors pouring into the section long after it daily becomes necessary to turn the 
current into the great coronas to light the scene. 

It would require more than one long chapter to invite brief attention to a 
tenth of the beautiful objects in the French exhibit. The display of household 
decorations, images, fine arts, laces, jewelry, silk dresses and cloaks is unsurpassed. 
At one point these garments are displayed on wax figures, with that delicately artistic 
arrangement so prominent in all the French exhibits. The material shown is of 
the most expensive and the styles the newest. At another point there is a rich and 
rare display of furs. The floor of the space is carpeted with 135 river otter 
skins. A single mantle is made of eighty-five Russian sable skins. On the 
rear wall hangs the skins of a polar bear, a lion, a tiger and leopard. There 
is a profusion of otter skins, some of them made up into garmets. The lining 
and trimming of one cloak is of blue fox. The windows in front of these ex- 
hibits, which are the first approaching from the south, are crowded with men and 
women each day. 

Nothing in the Austrian exhibit will attract greater attention than the 
display of armor, divided between the genuinely antique and imitations from 
existing specimens, offered by a Vienna firm. Faded from its pristine bright- 
ness in the lapse of centuries, the armor that protected Ludwig II. of Hungary is 
placed midway between that of Heinrich von Ranzow, with its queer spiked plates 
of steel on the shoulders, and that of an unknown who left to the world in his visor 
the form of his countenance. With the armor is a rosebush of wrought steel, the. 
petals of every blossom crisped and curled as in the living flower, the work of cun- 
ning hands. To the last detail the work is a faithful copy, and the result is a mar- 
vel of delicate workmanship. Austria excels in her Bohemian ware, which is ad- 
mired by vast crowds daily. An exact reproduction of the famous dining-room at 
Hatfield house, the home of Lord Salisbury, may be seen in the British section. 
Of all the famous houses in England Hatfield house is considered the most famous, 
as it is acknowledged to be the best specimen of Elizabethan architecture extant. 
The dining-room is the most attractive room in the house, for it tells in its carvings 
the history of the Cecils from the tenth century. Beneath its richly paneled ceil- 
ing Henry VIII. and Queen Elizabeth took their daily meals, for both these rulers 
at one time made Hatfield house their residence. In the reproduction one side of 
the dining-room is left open. On the other side is the old iron fireplace with the 
date 1657 on it and the huge fire-irons and dogs. Above this is the huge tapestry 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 225 

which represent the present owner's ancestors at the crusade; on either side is a 
full stand of mail which is also figured to protect some heroic Cecil during that 
holy war, and above all is the full coat-of-arms of the house. 

At the upper end of the dining-room is the minstrel gallery, with a carved 
lattice-work balcony surmounted by six lions rampant, each holding a shield with 
the six primal quarterings of the family, and at the other end is rich carving of the 
old oak of which the entire interior is made, the great folding doors, on either side 
of which hang life-size paintings of Queen Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots. 
Directly under the minstrel gallery are six winged busts in carved oak which form 
truss coves, and these busts are likenesses of the six branches of the house whose 
coat-of-arms is held by the lions directly over them, and above all is the coat-of- 
arms of the Cecils. Around the ceiling are more truss coves made by lions, each 
holding the coat-of-arms emblazoned shield, showing the connections of the house 
to other families by their quarterings, and the softly faded heraldic colorings are 
faithfully shown. 

The following is an analyzed list of the number of British exhibiters in the 
Manufactures Building: Chemical and pharmaceutical, 30; paints and dyes, 9; type- 
writers and stationery, 11; upholstery and decoration, 16; ceramics and mosaics, 12; 
marble, stone, and metal articles, 2; art metal work, 1; glass, 2; stained glass, 4; 
carving, 1; gold and silver ware, 4; jewelry 1; horology, 1; silk, 7; vegetable and 
mineral fibers, 1; woven cotton, yarn, and linen, 19; felted goods of wool, 20; cloth- 
ing and costumes, 16; laces, fans, and flowers, 9; toilet articles, 3; traveling equip- 
ments, 2; rubber, gutta-percha, celluloid, and zylonite, 3; war material, 6; lighting 
appliances, 1; heating apparatus, 4; and vaults and hardware, 3. Total, 178. 

The unassuming booth of the Royal porcelain Factory of Worcester cost 
$10,000 and that of the Doulton Pottery company, $25,000. There is a service made 
for the Prince of Wales, who afterwards became King George IV., that will prove 
a stumbling block to somebody's economical intentions. It is of silver gilt, and con- 
sists of a tea-kettle and a coffee pot in addition to the usual full tea service. The 
tea-caddy, which, like the other pieces, is severe in outline and unadorned, is 
furnished with a lock and key, a significant reminder that when it was made tea was 
worth something like $40 a pound. The service bears the date 1792-1795. A Nor- 
wegian "peg" tankard made in 1683, a lemon strainer of the time of good Queen 
Anne, old Irish bowls, with mask-head handles, made in 1707; sauceboats that once 
belonged to Queen Caroline, way back in 1782, are among the many quaint things 
in this exhibit. 

A costly piece that is especially rare is a little square waiter engraved in a 
conventional scroll design by Hogarth and made in 1720. The price of this is $500, 
and that notwithstanding it is only four inches from edge to edge. A large chased 
silver ros-ewater dish, made in 1683 and valued at $800, is also regarded with re- 
spect by those who have it in charge. Another remarkable piece is a Spanish wine 
"nef" or ship in silver exquisitely chased with figures of sea nymphs and tritons. 
The top of this massive piece of plate lifts off and so transforms it into a wine cup. 
The date is uncertain, but the ship plainly belongs to the fifteenth century. Not of 



226 . HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAiR. 

least importance in this display of Wells Brothers is the great silver gilt crown 
worn by the Duke of Sussex at the coronation of Queen Victoria. 

In striking contrast to the old ware are the "Exposition Clock," the "Colum- 
bian Shield," and the "Shakspearean Casket" exhibited together. The Exposition 
clock is a remarkable bit of workmanship, as the price set up it, $5,000, indicates. 
It is octagonal in form, and is composed of finest American walnut, with elegantly 
chased, richly gilt ornaments, the cotton plant and flower being the principal sub- 
jects. It bears eight panels, representing the sports: swimming, running, yachting^ 
cycling, base-ball, trotting, and jumping, with a view of Brooklyn bridge. Each 
panel is surmounted by a portrait of a President — Washington, Lincoln, Grant, 
Jackson, Franklin, Harrison, and Cleveland. There is also a medallion portrait of 
Queen Victoria. The clock has four dials, showing English, American, French, and 
Spanish times. Round the clock are twelve figures, representing players in cricket, 
rowing, shooting, polo, racing, lacrosse, boxing, running, tennis, football, and 
wrestling. Four columns support brackets with vases, between each two of which 
are figures signifying progress in art, science, industry and engineering. At each 
hour English and American anthems are played, the time being denoted by a 
chime of eight bells, the Westminster chimes on four gongs and the hour on one 
gong. All can be repeated at will. The figures revolve in procession as the clock 
strikes each quarter. 

The shield is made entirely of silver, with panels modeled and chased in high 
relief, representing various schemes in connection with the discovery of America. 

Unique as a specimen of the art of damascening as practised in England is 
the Shakspearean casket, which illustrates in gold and silver the works of the 
poet and playwright. The center obverse gives the portrait of the poet and play- 
wright, as he appears in the bust in Stratford Church. The reverse medallion 
gives a view in gold repousse of Shakspeare's birthplace. The principal damascen- 
ing portrays wreaths in different colors, a medallion, escutcheon, Tragedy, Comedy, 
hunting trophies, bees, anchors, boat-hook and trident, the Caduceus, scales of 
Justice, boarhorn and spear, helmet and sword, scroll and pen, mace, fasces, and 
crown, Cupid's bow, the torch of hymen, the nuptial ring, the scepter and sword of 
Justice, fruit-laden vase, the poisoned bowl, hissing snake, cap and bells, and the 
skull and crossbones of Death. There are on the body of the casket fine enamel paint- 
ings of scenes from a "Midsummer Night's Dream," "The Tempest," "Two Gentle- 
men of Verona," "King Lear," and "Romeo and Juliet." The lower moldings of 
the casket illustrate quotations from "Measure for Measure," "Comedy of Errors," 
"Troilus and Cressida," "Merchant of Venice," "King Henry IV.," "Timon of 
Athens," "Twelfth Night," "Macbeth," "As you like it," and "King Henry VI." The 
casket stands upon four feet in gold and damascened, and is surmounted by the 
Shakspearean crest, the falcon holding the tilting spear in rest. Its value is $3,000. 
The caskets which were presented, one to the Emperor of Germany in 1891, 
one to Gladstone in 18S1, together with the freedom of the City of London, are in- 
cluded in the collection, having been loaned by their owners. Another imposing 
piece of plate is the "Waterloo Cup" for 1892, shown by Mappin Bros. 



228 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

To women who visit the exhibit nothing will so appeal, however, as a toilet 
service, including forty-seven pieces, all mounted in silver richly gilded. Who uses 
this, however, must have a substantial bank account at her disoosal, as $3,000 is its 
value. 

Plainly the pride of England, so far as its exhibit in the World's Fair is con- 
cerned, is the pottery and porcelain, arranged in attractive groups and lines of 
color along Columbia avenue. If one walks down that thoroughfare toward the 
British section from the north, Royal Worcester, in delicate tones of ivory and gold, 
Pompeian green, and Rose du Barry greets the eye. Just what in the beautiful ex- 
hibit of this exquisite ware best deserves notice it is difficult to state. Most people 
are attracted, however, by the long tables spread with gorgeous banquet services. 
Rose carol and gold are used in the ornamentation of plates, vases, and fruit dishes, 
flower jars, menu cards, lamps, and candelabra, the total value of which is $5,300, a 
figure which will not encourage the average giver of dinners to purchase the set. 

Although the service, with its scrolls and lace-like edges and delicately 
painted figures, is one of the most elegant pieces of work in the collection, what is 
known as the rustic table is by no means without admirers. The sense of being 
out of doors, of hearing brooks murmur and birds sing, is what the designers of this 
service desired to indulge in those who used it. The centerpiece, filled in with ferns 
and grasses, is surrounded by a fence in gold and ivory and pink, in which 
impossible little shepherds are seated playing impossible little flutes. Rabbits, 
puppies, and a varied assortment of other small animals jump around 
in the grass, or would jump if the power of locomotion could be put 
into Worcester ware and the plates, vases, fruit dishes carry out as nearly, 
as possible the idea of rusticity and country delights. Whoever purchased this set, 
for it has been sold since placed on exhibition, paid the round, comfortable sum of 
$700 for it. 

Altogether the most beautiful vases in the collection are of pierced work, in 
ivory tints, ornamented with delicate filigree of gold work. This is remarkable, 
not only for its delicate beauty, but for the way in which it is produced. 

There is only one man in all the Royal Worcester factory that can make it. 
His name is Owens and he has been for years taking the vase as it comes from the 
moulders unglazed and unfired, cutting out the delicate patterns with a knife and 
designing as he goes along. The elaborate pieces it takes sometimes years to make. 
It is not wonderful, therefore, that the values placed upon them should be large. 

Figures in soft, stained ivory are a specialty of this exhibit. They are ex- 
tremely graceful and effective in everyinstance, whether holding a lamp, serving as 
the base of a great vase, posing on candelabra, or being purely and simply statuettes. 
The largest vase ever made at the Worcester works may be seen in Chicago. This 
fine specimen of porcelain is nearly five feet high and is Italian in style. It is ovi- 
form in shape, the neck, shoulders, and foot being richly embossed with strap and 
scroll work in high relief. The handles consist of vigorously modeled griffins' heads 
a Bacchante cupid surmounts the cover, while the foot is of richly modeled dolphin 
heads and Italian panels, and carries on either side cupids in full relief, forming a 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 229 

powerful and decorative base to the whole vase. The decorations consist of elabo- 
rate pilasters and scroll work in raised gold and festoons of painted flowers typify- 
ing the seasons. The idea of summer and winter is still further emphasized in the 
cupid groups occupying centers of the pilasters that connect shoulder and base. 
The pilasters and scroll work are also in modeled gold of the Italian style, a canthus 
foliage and scroll work being freely used to add to the massiveness of the compo- 
sition. The general scheme of color is low in tone, the ware is ivory porcelain, the 
modeled mounts, handles, and foot are richly finished in Pompeian green and 
tortoise, relieved with bronzes and gold. The same low tones of green and rich 
bronze are relieved by the delicate colors of the natural flowers composing the 
festoons. 

Versatility is one of those things upon which those who have the display in 
charge congratulate themselves. Besides the many beautiful varieties of purely 
ornamental ware that is as remarkable for expense as for artistic quality there are 
plenty of useful cups, plates, tea services, and even dinner sets in Royal Worcester 
that are comparatively cheap. From 60 cents to $6,000 the scale of prices slides 
according to the article purchased. 

Doulton ware, because it shows what beautiful effects can brought from 
coarse material, is one of the most interesting of the English potter exhibits. It is 
given a conspicuous place on Columbia avenue and represents perhaps a greater 
monetary value than any other collection. Some remarkable vases are included in 
the ware which the Doulton people have brought to Chicago. The booth is divided 
into two arcaded pavilions draped with dark green plush curtains and painted in 
shades of light green. The architectural enrichments of caps, frieze, spandrels, 
cornice, and lantern with which it is made beautiful were all specially molded at 
Lambeth. As seen from the avenue the pavilion on the right is devoted to the 
Burslem exhibits and the central hall and left -"avilion to those of the Lambeth 
works. 

What most attract attention in the Lambeth exhibit are naturally the large 
pieces. Prominent among them is George Tinworths' "History of England" vase. 
This remarkable piece of pottery stands four feet four inches high. Around the 
widest part of the body is a succession of niches twenty in number containing little 
groups representing leading incidents in English history, and around the neck is 
another series of twenty single figures that are faithful portraits of English 
monarchs. This is quiet in coloring, the old Doulton blues and browns predomi- 
nating. 

Rather remarkable as being the work of a woman is a beautiful vase two 
feet in heigth, finished in the familiar glazes peculiar to Lambeth ware. The cen- 
tral part is left in uncolored brown stoneware to display Miss Hannah B. Barlow's 
etchings of rustic life. Her sister, Miss Florence Barlow, exhibits numerous pieces 
decorated with charming slip-paintings of birds. 

Jugs, tankards and vases all decorated with quaint figures, masses of color, 
and occasionally flowers, all of them effective and beautiful, are included in this 
portion cf the display. 



^o HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

In Lambeth faience there are some uncommon things, among them two 
vases with model feet and tops finished in colored glazes. The bodies are painted, 
one having a treatment of cactus on a background of turquois shading into orange, 
the other decorated with orchids on a shade of yellow ground. 

The most beautiful and most valuable vases, however, appear under the 
Crown Lambeth section. These are especially important as being in several in- 
stances the first appearance in public of this exquisite ware. Most striking among 
them is a pair of large vases designed by John Eyre. The body of one has an ex- 
quisite painting upon it, representing the legend of "Perseus and Andromeda." 
The scene represents a rocky coast. In the foreground stands the nude figure of 
Andromeda. Through the clouds just discernible in the purple that veils the 
horizon may be seen the winged steed, Pegasus, bearing the hero. On the opposite 
of the vase Perseus, armed with sword and shield, does battle with the dragon. In 
the "Ariadne" vase the daughter of Minos is shown in gilded red drapery standing 
alone on the seashore. The feet and upper parts of the vase are treated with 
groups of mermaids and all manner of strange sea things. On the cover is a 
statuette of Neptune. 

A remarkable group of great vases consists of those known as the Colum- 
bus, Diana, Dante and Chicago vases. To the first of these the place of honor 
should be given. It is nearly six feet in height. Columbus stands on the submit 
of it, his feet resting on an emblematic arrangement of anchors, ropes and other 
ship's tackle. The condition of America at the time of its discovery and the present 
is contrasted. The vase is divided by a curtain of tapestry, and two pictures 
painted by M. Labarre represent Cupid on the one side asleep and on the otherside 
awake and full of jollity. The Diana vase follows in style the renaissance; the 
goddess of the chase is represented in a sitting posture on the summit, holding a 
spear in her right hand and shading her eyes with her left. Cupids and nymphs 
wait upon her in pictures painted upon either side of the vase, and her hounds 
crouched at her feet. On the pedestal of the Dante vase sit four finely modeled 
figures of Dante and Beatrice, supported by poetry and fame. The vase is deco- 
rated in ivory and raised in chaste gilding. The figures are delicately painted a 
dark bronze and old ivory. The Chicago vase is also in the renaissance style. 
Fruit and flowers are painted upon it, and the model surfaces have been treated 
with much delicacy in pink, upon which a gold sheen has been added. 

Copeland, Minton, and Wedgewood ware are grouped in one pavilion under 
the general management of A. B. Daniel & Sons. It is easy to see what in the eyes 
of those who have charge of it is of the greatest importance in the collection. It is 
the specimens of the Pate-sur-Pate process that are first pointed out. The process 
is of Chinese origin, consisting of the application to the surface of the vase of thin 
layers of liquid white china clay, in which a subject is drawn. The whole of the 
work is completed when the vase is in an unfired state. The effect is much the 
same as that of cameo work. All of the vases exhibited are the work of Mr. Solon. 
The largest is a reproduction of the famous Jubilee vase presented to the Queen on 
the occasion of her jubilee in 1887. Mr. Solon describes his own work thus: 



232 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

"Nymphs are bound to the rock of wisdom at the foot of Minerva's altar. 
Cupids approached from all sides, unfettering the captives and destroying the god- 
dess' emblems. The value of this artistic piece of porcelain is $5,500. Besides the 
Pate-sur-Pate ware there are some beautiful reproductions in Copeland of Spode 
Swansea, and old Worcester dinner service. In Minton ware there are vases* 
plaques, and cups and saucers in elegant designs and beautiful colorings. The 
sculptured glass made by Webb of Stourbridge is one of the most unique features 
in this room. It also is cameo light in effect and costly in the extreme, single 
plaques being valued at $1,200." 

Wedgewood ware shows the usual dancing girls and cupids, Grecian maid- 
ens in white against delicate blue, green, brown, and pink backgrounds. An old 
piece of ware that has found a ready purchaser in this country is a head of 
George Washington outlined against a black back-ground. 

Longfellow's "Evangeline," pictured on twelve plates by A. Boullemier, is 
the glory of the Cauldon exhibit. The borders of the plates are treated in raised 
gold work and the scenes are exquisite in color. These are valued at $2,000. A 
Shakspeare vase fired in twenty-two pieces and beautiful in color is next in point of 
wonder. E. Sieffert, formerly at the Sevres manufactory, has some beautiful ware 
in old ivory coloring painted with delicate little French scenes. Landscapes by 
Ellis, game sets painted with great faitfulness by J. Birbeck, and dainty figures by 
T. J. Bott are included in this fragile art display. A striking vase has painted 
upon it Columbus before Queen Isabella, after the original in the Metropolitan 
Museum. This was produced with an infinite amount of pains and faithful work, 
in view of which $2,000 does not seem too much to ask for it. 

From a purely feminine and domestic point of view the gem of the collection 
is not, however, a vase, but a dejeuner service painted by Boullemier for the Duchess 
of Sutherland. The pieces are ivory-tinted and ornamented with gold. On each 
is a little scene that is essentially French and mischievous in character. The price of 
the service, it may be of interest to know, is $500. 

Russia makes a splendid exhibit of furs, lapis lazuli, malachite, onyx, and 
shows off handsomely in ornamental woods. The exhibit comprises a full repre- 
sentation of all the manufactures of the country. Most prominent among these, 
and probably most typical, is the fur exhibit. The Russian bear occupies a con- 
spicuous place in this department, and other fur-producing animals abound in great 
quantity. The display of manufactured furs is probably the finest in the building, 
although several American furriers have exhibits that are fine in quality and com- 
prehensive in their range. Russia takes the lead as a fur-producing country, and 
it is only natural that a great deal of attention should be directed to the manu- 
facture of this article into wearing apparel. But Russia also has an exceptionally 
fine exhibit of all the articles of household use. There is a fine, display of furniture, 
covering both the cheap and expensive grades. Of the latter class there is an ex- 
ceptionally fine exhibit of carved work in oak, mahogany, and other fine woods. It 
is of the product of their looms that Russian manufacturers are especially proud. 
There is a fine display of both cotton and woolen fabrics, and the prices of the 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 233 

same are exceedingly low, as compared with the products of the United States or 
even European countries. In the line of crockery and porcelain there is also a 
fine exhibit. Some of the paintings on this material are of the finest sort, both in 
design and execution. Then there is a display of papier mache articles which are 
unique in design and decoration. But the exhibit which attracts the greatest atten- 
tion is the display of silver and gold manufactures. In the former line particularly 
the display is unusually fine. There are articles for use and ornament in filigree, 
work, beautifully enameled of every imaginable design. Then, too, there are a 
great profusion of precious stones from the mines of Siberia. In the government's 
contribution to the exhibit there are samples of the paper currency of the country, 
the postage and engravings of the coin of the realm. There are also portraits in 
oil of the present royal family, and engravings of the czars from the time of Peter 
the Great. There is also a collection of all the forms of public documents in use 
by the government. Russia also claims the honor of being the first country to put 
aluminium to use in the arts, and to support this claim has an exhibit of horseshoes 
made of this light and durable material. Altogether the exhibit is one which 
reflects credit alike on the government and the individual exhibitors. 

Bulgaria makes a neat exhibit, mostly carpets and silks. It makes a special 
exhibit of its famous attar of roses, made from the petals of a rose which grows in 
only one valley, near the Shipka Pass in the Balkan mountains. The women and 
girls go down early in the morning into Rose Valley, as it is called, and gather the 
flowers while the dew is still upon them. In no other place will this delicately per- 
fumed rose grow to such perfection. Another interesting exhibit is the Bulgarian 
silver filigree work, which is really only a survival of an ancient craft and is com- 
parable to the work produced by the Hindoos and the Japanese. The manufac- 
ture is entirely in the hands of a few families in Widin on the Danube, with whom 
knowledge of the work and skill in executing it becomes an hereditary gift, handed 
down from father to son. The work takes generally the form of silver cups and 
dishes, in which the coffee and sweets are offered to visitors after the manner of 
Eastern people. 

For concentrated splendor and condensed costliness, the Siamese pavilion 
and exhibit excel anything in the Manufactures building. The pavilion is only 26 
feet square and 32 feet high, and its contents are estimated to be worth $300,000. 
They are therefore well worth a careful inspection. The pavilion is itself a more 
than usually interesting one, as it was made in Siam, is an exact reproduction of 
the garden house of the King, at Bangkok, and is the identical Siamese pavilion of 
the Paris Exposition, a little rusty in some places, but almost as good as new. Its 
floor is elevated four steps above the dais on which it stands. It is supported 
by several slender pillars, and is open all around. On each of the four sides the 
roof is a sharp gable, and in the center is drawn up to a sharp point and loaded 
with ornament. The material is wood painted red and yellow, and inlaid every- 
where with bits of glass of various bright colors. The effect is excessively bizarre, 
and the structure almost looks like a huge piece of jewelry. Entering the gorgeous 
building, one notices first the native Siamese matting on the floor, and next a large 




PAINTING BY MACHINERY. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 235 

display of photographs of the Siamese royal family and of scenes in the Siamese 
capital. Standing around on every side are enormous screens, used to produce the 
semi-privacy of a warm climate. They are four feet high and three feet wide and 
.are embroidered in solid gold with a lavish richness and beauty that have no equal in 
the Exposition. The embroidery represents grasses, vines, flowers, fruits, and birds, 
all raised in bas-reliefs. On one of them the coat-of-arms of Siam and on another the 
arms of the United States are embroidered in an inimitable manner by the King's 
sister. Embroidery seems to be the ruling passion of the Siamese, and in a large 
perpendicular show-case there is an assortment of pillows, cushions, foot-rests, 
sashes, girdles, smoking jackets, and tea cozies, used to clap over a tea-pot to 
keep it warm, all of which are dazzling object lessons in the Oriental passion for 
luxury and display. Most of these articles are of a size equal to two cubic feet, 
and all of them are constructed of the richest silks and satins and then embroidered 
with the divinest skill in pure gold, until they must be almost too heavy for practical 
use. Among the rest is a girdle of white satin six inches broad and several feet in 
length, which, in addition to being gold-embroidered, is thickly studded with rubies 
and garnets, and is held to be worth $300. The display of gold and silver articles 
is even richer still. Rice is regarded as a plain diet, but it costs a good deal to eat 
it out of such a rice-bowl as is on exhibition here. It stands two feet high, with its 
arched cover, is made of solid silver, elaborately chased, and sells for $3,000. 
There is a full line of table articles in solid gold, curiously inlaid with blue enamel. 
Betel trays, for the enjoyment of the betel nut, made of pure gold, and in one case 
studded with diamonds, stand around, waiting for customers at $2,400 each. It 
seems that cuspidors are necessary in Siam as well as in Chicago, though consider- 
ably smaller, and these also are of solid gold, studded with diamonds. One can 
buy one of these nice spittoons for $240. Of course one finds here a wonderful 
display of ivory and ivory goods. One of the entrances is flanked by a display of 
elephant's tusks, and Mr. Hicks, who is in charge, delights in pointing out a pair 
of tusks, one of which he affirms is the largest piece of ivory in America. It is 
•9 feet 6 inches in length, and is so long that it evidently embarrassed the elephant 
that bore it. It dragged on the ground until at least a foot of it must have been 
worn away, and the poor beast must have been compelled to elevate his head 
constantly in an unnatural and painful manner in order to walk at all. In a show- 
case near by is a collection of ivory carvings, some of which are useful, such as 
paper-knives, and some merely ornamental, such as decorated tusks. One of these 
tusks has been carved until there is only a shell of it left, and that in a form as 
airy and beautiful as a piece of lace. Although labor is pretty cheap in Siam the 
price of the tusk is $1,250. Around the pavilion is a sort of out-door exhibit. Here 
are some beautiful hatracks, made of antlers, and a set of alleged musical instru- 
ments, which includes gongs, drums, chimes of bells, and a bona fide xylophone. 
The office of the pavilion, a small closet on the outside, is decorated with the skins 
of Siamese animals, such as the leopard, tiger, otter and minx. 

The Danish pavilion ranks well with Germany, France, and Austria. Even 
in the exhibit proper the two most interesting displays are those commemorative 



236 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

of Thorvaldsen and Andersen. At the southeast corner there is a reproduction in 
miniature of the museum of Copenhagen built by Bertel Thorvaldsen and presented 
to the city, containing miniature casts of all the works of art contained in it, which 
includes nearly all the original work of the great sculptor. In a case alongside of 
it are personal relics, including the hat worn by him at the triumphal entry into 
Copenhagen in 1838, the medal of the order of knighthood conferred upon him by 
the King, his favorite pipe, cigar cases, match boxes, autograph letters, and some 
of the tools used by him. There is a portrait of Thorvaldsen by Horace Vernet, 
the famous French artist, showing the sculptor standing before the bust which he 
had made of Vernet. 

Hans Christian Andersen, writer of fairy tales and equally popular in all 
civilized countries of the world, is brought to memory by the large collection of per- 
sonal relics. The full manuscript of his autobiography, along with several of his 
tales in the original occupy a case. There is a fire screen made by Andersen from 
clippings from pictorial papers containing views of Denmark and of contemporaries 
of his, including members of the royal family and brother artists and authors. All 
of the furniture in the space is from Andersen's home and was used by him. There 
are the desk on which he wrote, the last inkstand he used — an elaborate affair in 
silver enameled in a fanciful and artistic design — a sofa with pillows and embroidered 
covers, a big hall clock, chairs, pictures, a pair of spectacles, pens, and little articles 
of personal use, all from the royal museum in Copenhagen and loaned for the first 
time for this exhibit. " Picturesque America," presented to him by American citi- 
zens, is among the other articles shown. 

At the extreme west end of the exhibit and over the west entrance is a 
ceramic display designed by Prof. Lorenz Frolich and executed by Prof. Herman 
Kahler. The painting is on tile six inches square and the entire work occupies a 
space six feet wide and eighteen feet long. The title is " The Daughters of Aegir 
Drinking to Him." The king of the sea is represented standing on the sea coast 
with his mermaid daughters about him, and on either side of the painting proper 
there are two figures of mermaids, one playing a harp, the other blowing a sea 
shell. 

Just in front of this, inclosed in a glass case, is a model of the free port of 
Copenhagen, which is soon to be opened. This model is surmounted by a map 
of the world, showing the routes of the various lines of commerce, including those 
across the Atlantic Ocean. 

The summer"residence of King Christian IX., known as Rosenborg Castle, 
built in 1604, is shown in a model made entirely of gold and silver. There are 
1,700 pieces used in its construction. Several cases are filled with gold and silver 
work from the larger jewelry manufacturers of Copenhagen, and there is an exten- 
sive exhibit made of wares from the royal porcelain works. 

King Christian IX. is represented in an equestrian statue of silver and gold, 
the horse shown being his favorite animal. This stands three feet high. The pot- 
tery exhibit is one of the interesting features. A number of black terra-cotta figures 
which look like iron or bronze are shown, the color of which is obtained entirely 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 237 

through the burning. There is a special clay which is found nowhere else used in 
its making. There are two spaces filled with furniture exhibits and samples of work 
from the schools of Copenhagen which form another interesting feature. Aksel 
Mikkelsen has made a model of a Danish manual training school showing the work 
benches, the tools and machinery used, and with models of pupils at work. 

One of the most beautiful characteristic booths that adorn the Manufactures 
Building is the oriental building of the Persian section. Though begun much later 
than most of the buildings it was finished with American push and enterprise and 
is one of the most beautifully equipped treasure houses of the great fair. Besides 
curiosities of ancient Persia and rare and costly gemsxaf eastern ingenuity sent over 
by the Shah of Persia himself, the exhibit presents the fullest display of the antique 
art of the eastern loom. The Persian section is the fruit of the energy and enter- 
prise of a young Armenian, H. H. Topakyan, who through the commission of the 
Shah was appointed imperial exhibitor for the whole Persian section. Mr. Topak- 
yan is a native of Turkey and came to this country five years ago from Constanti- 
nople. 

Besides the ordinary collection Mr. Topakyan has on exhibition six immense 
silk rugs belonging to the shah and valued at $50,000 each. At the close of the 
exposition one of the rugs will be given to the United States government. 

Mexico's exhibit is in the extreme southwest corner of the Manufactures 
Building and occupies 6,000 feet of floor space inclosed by a partition of mahogany 
and glass. There are twenty-one cases of bronze with glass sides which hold ex- 
hibits and about the walls are wood carvings, cabinets, bronzes, statuary and other 
articles of a similar nature. The balcony which overlooks the exhibit is covered 
by full length oil portraits of prominent officers in the Mexican army and Gen. 
Diaz is represented by a bronze bust, another carved from parafine and a third cut 
from a solid block of sterine. Along the west wall of the partition are some fine 
specimens of sixteenth century church carvings in wood, the work of the early mis- 
sionaries from Spain and the Indians, who were taught to do this class of work. 

The woolen and cotton mills of Mexico are represented by their varied 
products, which fill several cases at the southeast corner of the exhibit. The Com- 
missioners point to these exhibits with great pride as showing the material ad- 
vancement in manufactures which has been made in the last few years. Some of 
the prettiest patterns shown are those of the zerapes, worn by men, and the repozos, 
or scarfs, for women. Further along in the cases are samples of lace work, both of 
hand and machine make, embroideries, paintings on silk, and table scarfs, with 
raised flowers worked by hand in silk thread. 

One case is filled with sombreros, the huge hats worn by the peons of 
Mexico, embroidered in gold and silver thread and having bands and cords of the 
same material. There are also shown high hats of the latest fashion, which the 
Commissioner says are becoming popular in the City of Mexico. Canes carved 
by Indians fill another case, and opposite is the exhibit sent by President Diaz or 
cannon, swords, and cutlp^es, all made in the government armorv. 



238 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Bronzes, all the work of native artists, fill another case. The exhibit of 
pottery, almost entirely the work of Indians, of bone cooking and eating utensils, 
lacquer work on wood is an extensive one. The fiber of various Mexican trees and 
plants is shown in the natural state and in manufactured articles. The cordage 
• exhibit includes rope, matting, hammocks, and the Indian mattresses, principally 
from the State of Yucatan. Copper and brass utensils for household use of all 
descriptions has a case, and next to it is one filled with perfumes, soaps, toilet 
preparations, and drugs. The stationery industry is shown, including the output 
of paper mills, blank book manufactures, writing paper, wrapping paper, inkstands, 
and office furniture. 

James Allison, chief of the department of manufactures, may rightly be called 
the Director General's first lieutenant. Mr Allison has command of the largest 
exposition building ever erected, and the manner in which he has handled the vast 
range of exhibits comprehended in his department demonstrates the wisdom of his 
appointment to the most important division of the Fair. His success as President 
General Manager of the Cincinnati Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central 
States at Cincinnati, the largest and most comprehensive of its kind since the Phil- 
adelphia Centennial, also demonstrated his ability to fill the position to which he has 
been called. Mr. Allison was born at Frankfort, Pa., June 30, 1843, and i s °f Scotch 
descent. When 12 years of age he removed with his parents to Jefferson County, 
Indiana, and until he was 17 his life was that of an ordinary farm lad. At an early 
age he developed a taste for mechanics which drove him from the peaceful life of 
the farm to seek the natural outlet for his energies in mechanical employment. 
This he found in Cincinnati, but the breaking out of the war of the rebellion inter- 
fered somewhat with his plans. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the Sixty-seventh 
regiment volunteer infantry and served with credit to himself until the close of the 
war. He participated in all the engagements of the regiment, receiving meritorious 
promotion and honorable discharge. Returning to Cincinnati he completed his 
trade, that of a plumber and sanitary engineer, and was soon made a partner in 
the leading house of the west. For the past fifteen years he has been a recognized 
authority on sanitary matters. For two years in succession he was elected Presi- 
dent of the National Association of Master Plumbers of the United States and a 
member of the American Health Association. For many years he has been a di- 
rector and the President of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute, and Cincinnati House 
of Refuge. Having served as a member of the Board of Commissioners in former 
Cincinnati Industrial Expositions under appointment of the Ohio Mechanics' In- 
stitute, he was again reappointed and on organization of the board in 1888 was 
unanimously elected its president, and in his official capacity was untiring in his 
efforts for its complete success. Early in the summer of 1891 he was appointed 
chief of the horticultural department of the fair, and subsequently organized and 
became the chief of the department of manufactures. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



239 



CHAPTER III. 



DEPARTMENT OF LIBERAL ARTS. 

The Most Important Educational Feature of The Expositon — Wonderful and Complete in Every Detail 
— Tremendous Advantages to be Derived from this Matchless Exhibition — Every State in the 
Union and Nearly Every Country in the World Represented — Splendid Exhibits from Montreal 
and Quebec — An Interesting Display by the American Bible Society — The Lincoln Manuscripts — 
The Only Letter that Jefferson Davis Wrote to Abraham Lincoln — Tens of Thousands of Unique 
and Charming Features— Sketch of Professor Peabody— " Trip Around the World.' 

HE same great roof covers the Pepartment of Manufactures 
and that of Liberal Arts, chief of which is Selim H. Peabody. 
This department is divided into 12 groups, respectively of 
(1) physical development, training and condition and 
hygiene and treats of the nursery and its accessories, athletic 
training, alimentation, sanitary construction, food inspection, 
immigration. (2) Instruments and apparatus of medicine. 
(3) Primary, secondary and superior education, which treats 
of elementary instruction, infant schools and kinder- 
gartens, models of schools, appliances of teaching, specimens 
&JT and diagrams and text books of primary schools. Domestic 

and industrial training for girls — models and apparatus for 
the teaching of cookery, housework, washing and ironing, needle-work and embroi- 
dery, dress-making, artificial flower-making, painting on silk, crockery, etc. Speci- 
mens of school work. Handicraft teaching in school for boys — apparatus and fit- 
tings for elementary trade teaching in schools. Specimens of school work. Science 
teaching — apparatus and models for elementary science instruction in schools. 
Apparatus for chemistry, physics, mechanics, etc.;. diagrams, copies, text-books, etc.; 
specimens of the school work in the subjects. Art teaching — apparatus,models and 
fittings for elementary art instruction in schools; diagrams, copies, text-books, etc., 
specimens of art work, modeling, etc., in schools. Technical and apprenticeship 
schools. — Apparatus and examples used in primary and secondary schools for 
teaching handicraft; models, plans and designs for the fitting up of workshop and 
industrial schools; results of industrial work done in such schools. Special schools 
for the elementary instruction of Indians. Education of defective classes — schools 
for the deaf, dumb, blind and feeble-minded; adult schools for the illiterate. Public 
Schools — descriptions, illustrations, statistics, methods of instruction, etc. Higher 
education — academies and high schools. Descriptions and statistics. Colleges and 
universities. Descriptions, illustrations of the buildings, libraries, museums, collec- 
tions, courses of study, catalogues, statistics, etc. Professional schools — theology, 




240 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




law, medicine and surgery, dentistry, pharmacy; mining, engineering, agriculture, 
mechanic arts; art and design; military, naval, normal, commercial; music. Gover- 
mentaidtoeducation — national Bureau of Education — reportsand statistics. (4) Liter- 
ature, books, libraries and journalism — divided into classes as follows: books and 
literature, with special examples of typography, paper and binding, philosophy, re- 
ligion, sociology, philology, natural sciences, useful arts, fine arts, literature, history 
and geography; cyclopedias, magazines and newspapers; bindings, specimens of 
typography. School books. Technical industrial journals. Illustrated papers. 
Newspapers and statistics of their multiplication, growth and circulation. Journal- 
ism; statistics of: with illustrations of methods, organization and results. Trade 
catalogues and price lists. Library apparatus; systems of cataloguing and appli- 
ances of placing and delivering books. Directories of cities and towns. Publica- 
tions by governments. Typo- 
graphical maps. Marine and 
coast charts ; geological maps and 
sections; botanical, agronomical, 
and other maps, showing the ex- 
tent and distribution of men, ani- 
mals and terrestrial products; 
physical maps; meteorological 
maps and bulletins, telegraphic 
routes and stations; railway and 
route maps; terrestrial and celes- 
tial globes, relief maps and mod- 
els of portions of the earth's sur- 
face, profiles of ocean beds and 
routes of submarine cables. (5) 
Civil government, public works, 
and constructive architecture — 
treating of all kinds of land sur- 
veys, drainage, specifications for 
bridges, aqueducts, working plans 
of masons, carpenters and other 
mechanics. (6) Instruments of 
precision, experiment, research 
and photography. (7) Govern- 
ment and law. (8) Commerce, 
trade and banking. (9) Institu- 
tions and organizations for the 
increase and diffusion of knowl- 
edge. (10) Social, industrial, and co-operative associations. (11) Religious organiza- 
tions and systems, statistics and publications. (12) Music and musical instruments- 
presenting history and theory of music, music of primitive people. Crude and cu- 
rious instruments. Combinations of instruments, bands and orchestras, Music 







STATUARY. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



241 



books and scores. Musical notation. History of literature and music. Portraits of 
great musicians. Self-vibrating instruments, drums and tambourines; cymbals, tri- 
angles, gongs, castanets, "bones." Bells, chimes and peals. Bell-ringers' instruments. 
Musical glasses. Glockenspiels, zylophones, marimbas. Music boxes. Stringed 
instruments played with the fingers or plectrum. Lutes, guitars, banjos and man- 
dolins. Harps and lyres. Zithers, dulcimers. Stringed instruments played with the 
bow. The violin. The viol, viola, viola da gamba, viola di amore. The violoncello 
and the bass viol. Mechanical instruments, hurdy-gurdy and violin piano. Stringed 
instruments with key-board. The piano-forte square, upright and grand. Actions 
and parts of a piano. The predecessors of the piano. — Clavicytherium clavicymbal, 
clavichord manichord, virginal, spinet, harpsichord, and hammer harpsichord. In- 
struments and methods of manufacture. Street pianos. Wind instruments, with sim- 
ple aperture or plug mouthpiece. The flute, flute-a-bec. Syrinx. Organ-pipes. 
Flageolet. Wind instruments, with mouthpiece regulated by the lips. The clarionet, 
oboe and saxophone. Wind instruments with bell mouthpiece, without keys. The 
trumpet (simple) and the bugle (oliphant.) Alpenhorn. The trombone (with slide 

and with finger-holes). 
The serpent, bassoon and 
bagpipe. Wind instru- 
ments with bell mouth- 
piece, with keys. Key bu- 
gles, cornets, French 
horns. Cornopeans, orphi- 
cleides. Wind instruments 
with complicated systems. 
The pipe organ. Reed or- 
gans, melodeons and har- 
monicas. Accordions, con- 
certinas and mouth or- 
gans. Hand organs and 
organettes. Automatic or- 
gans, orchestrions, etc. 
Accessories of musical in- 
struments — -strings, reeds, 
bridges. Conductors' ba- 
tons, drum-majors' staves. 
Mechanical devices for 
the orchestra. Tuning 
forks, pitch-pipes, metro- 
nomes, music stands, etc. 
Music in relation to human life — musical composers. Great performers. Great 
singers. Portraits. Biographies. Concerts and the concert stage. The opera. 
The oratorio. Masses. Church music and sacred music of all periods. Hymnol- 
ogy, ballads, folk-songs, and folk-music of all lands. National airs. The theatre 




WEST SIDE OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 



242 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

and the drama. The stage. Plans and models of stages and theatres. History 
of drama, so far as can be shown by literary record. Portraits of actors. Relics of 
actors. Playbills, etc. Costumes, masks, armor, Scenery. Appliances of illusion,, 
etc. Plays of all ages and people. 

To the student and to the teacher alike is the department of liberal arts a 
mecca for the mind; and it must be regarded, on the whole, if not so winsome as- 
diamonds and pictures and flowers, nor so spectacular as fountains and fireworks 
and electrical displays, as the greatest and most serviceable educational feature of 
the Exposition. Indeed, no tongue can tell — no pen can faithfully describe — the 
tremendous advantages that are being derived from this matchless exhibiti6n in 
the space allotted to liberal arts. Nearly every state in the union is largely repre- 
sented, as well as nearly every country in the world. 

As one among half a million unique and interesting exhibits that came from 
Quebec, under charge of Canon Bruchesi, D.D., appointed by the government, 
assisted by Brother Pelerinus, is entitled to special mention. The collection comes 
from 200 convents and academies, and the McGill University, Protestant, of Mont- 
real. The exhibit of the latter is not as extensive as the merit of the university 
warrants, but the space could not be obtained. The work represented shows the 
system of education of the convents and academies by grades, from the first step 
to the graduating course. There are compositions in English, French, German, 
and Spanish by pupils of the various schools, and some of these are illustrated with 
pen drawings by the student, the subject being treated of in a two-fold manner. 
Great albums contain samples of needlework from the simplest bit to the finest, 
crochet and lacework. The name of each worker and her age are appended to the 
article. The ages range from 8 to 16 years and some of the work is remarkable. 
In one exhibit work is shown in flax, from the preparatioa of it on through its sev- 
eral stages, the last being a woven article- This is done by the students of Ursaline 
Convent, Robertvue, Lake St. John. The work of the blind in the asylum at Mont- 
real, under the direction of the Gray Nuns, is but another revelation of the ability 
of the blind. One example will illustrate: A blind girl 11 years old wrote a 
poem in French. The manuscript is shown. Then she copied it from a type ma- 
chine and the typescript is perfect. The history of the Institute of the Congregation 
of Notre Dame (burned a few months ago) from its foundation in 1620, by Mar- 
guerite Bourgeoys, is shown in a large frame, the priests, sisters superior, and others 
appearing in pen sketches. Oil paintings and sketches by the deaf mutes of Mont- 
real are interesting. In a glass cage are 18,000 pressed flowers, each analyzed, all 
from the soil of Canada. The exhibit, as a whole, is varied and many things there 
are curious, and all are creditable to the system of education in the old province- 
Brother Maurelian also makes a wonderful exhibit. 

A curious and interesting exhibit is the one prepared by the American Bible 
Society. In a general way the purpose of the Bible Society is to show the work it 
has accomplished and the progress it has made in the seventy-six years of its ex- 
istence. Copies of each of the annual reports and bound files of the Bible Society 
Record occupy shelves in one of the eight cases of which the exhibit is contained. In 



244 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

the same case also appears specimens of the electrotype plates used in printing 
the Scriptures. Two of these plates are especially noteworthy, one of them having 
been employed in the set used in printing 980,000 copies of the 5-cent edition of the 
New Testament, a total edition numbering 3,300,000 having been issued since 1878. 
The other plate is one of those used in supplying 876,000 copies of the 2,054,000 20- 
cent Bibles which have come from the society's presses in the same period. 

Many rare and valuable volumes from the library in the Bible House are 
placed on shelves for the inspection of the public at the Fair. Among them is a 
copy of the original King James' edition of the Bible, which was published in 161 1. 
There is also displayed a fac-simile of the first page of the first Bible ever printed, 
the famous Mazarin Bible of 1450, and a copy of the Biblia Pauperum, represent- 
ing the style of printing from wooden blocks before the invention of movable types. 
The English Hexapla, showing six early versions of the Scriptures at a single open- 
ing, together with the Greek text, is also exhibited. 

In order to demonstrate the great advancement made in the publication of 
the Bible in other tongues, the Rev. Dr. E. W. Gilman, who has charge of the 
foreign department of the society's business, has selected a large number of works 
that are printed by the society in nearly all of the 300 languages in which the Script- 
ures have been published. One case is especially devoted to the Chinese language 
and its colloquials, to exemplify the stupendous difficulties that have been overcome 
in mastering the multitude of dialects which the Celestial tongue presents to the 
translator. 

Like many other volumes in the collection, the Chinese books lie with open 
pages, so that they maybe more readily seen; and copies of Marshman's, "The Dele- 
gates," and Bridgman & Culbertson's and Dr. Schereschewsky's versions of the Scrip- 
tures in Chinese are included in the list of these works. Specimens of the Mandarin, 
Foochow colloquial, Ningpo colloquial, Amoy colloquial, Soochowcolloquial, Swatow 
colloquial, and others are among those presented. Complete or detached portions 
of the Scriptures in the Turkish, Arabic, Syriac, Persian, Urdu, modern Greek, 
Siamese, Burmese, Pali, Tamil, Tulu, Marathi, Ponape, Tibetan, Npongwe, Sheet- 
siva, Azerbijan, Osmali-Turkish, Mende, and other languages form part of the ex- 
hibit. 

A separate case has been provided for the Scriptures in Hawaiian, Ehon, 
Slavic and Bulgarian, together with bilingual specimens showing the two languages 
in parallel columns. Of these are the New Testament in German and English, in 
French and English, in Portuguese and English, in Welsh and English, in Danish 
and English, and Swedish and English. 

In one of the cases is a display of a quantity of curious objects which have 
been taken in barter in exchange for the Scriptures in far-off lands, and remain a 
lasting record of the travels of American missionaries. In this collection is a copper 
coin that is more than eighteen centuries old. It was coined in China in the year 25 
A. D., and was given in exchange for one of the Gospels to an agent of the society 
in 1880. Several cowries, queer African shells, which are used as money by the 
natives, and a number of ancient copper coins, received by Dr. Jacob Chamberlain 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



245 



in return for Bibles during his famous tour through the interior of India, are shown. 
Other notable curiosities are a photograph of a Roman manuscript of the Penta- 
teuch that is over 900 years old. This manuscript was found in China in a Hebrew 
synagogue, where it had been in use for centuries, it is supposed. 




PAINTED DOMC IN MANUFACTURES BUILDINC 



The "Lincoln manuscripts," occupy a case by themselves. They are con- 
stantly surrounded by a throng of people who speak in low tones, and approach the 
case with a deference rising at times to reverence, as their eyes fall upon the hand- 
writing of the martyred President. The original draft of the proclamation, dated 



246 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

April 15, 1861, calling out 75,000 men, scarcely looks like the power which made the 
North quiver to its center and wrought patriotism to fusing heat. It lies near Lin- 
coln's letter accepting the nomination for President. A corrected proof of Lincoln's 
inaugural address, with his own interpolations and additions, is one of the' papers, 
and a letter accepting a challenge to a duel sent by State Auditor Shields, in which 
Lincoln specified the largest of cavalry sabers as weapons, is another. The only 
letter that Jefferson Davis, as "president of the confederate states of America," 
ever wrote to Abraham Lincoln, as President of the United States, is in the collec- 
tion. Twenty-five or thirty letters, orders and other communications from the col- 
lection are arranged around a life mask of Lincoln taken by Leonard Volk of Chi- 
cago in i860. Casts of Lincoln's hands are shown. 

A collection of manuscripts of many present-day writers affords a fine oppor- 
tunity for a comparative study of chirography, especially by those who affect to 
read character in the pen strokes of genius. Thomas Bailey Aldrich wrote "The 
Chevalier de Resseguier" in a precise backhand as plain as print. Henry James ac- 
cording to the manuscript, handles his pen with vigor, a strong, dashing hand. W. 
D. Howells in writting his story, "A Florentine Mosaic," used paper of the size and 
quality consumed by newspaper men, but his writing is very close to the angular, 
stiff style adopted by fashionable women. H. C. Bunner's copy of "The Story of 
the Red Handkerchief" is plain and commonplace. Women gaze with considera- 
ble interest on the last sheet of manuscript in Frank R. Stockton's story of "The 
Lady of the Tiger?" and ask each other "Which?" 

Thomas Nelson Page is represented by some of his manuscript, and so are 
Joel Chandler Harris, the other southern writer, and Bret Harte, Mark Twain, R. 
H. Stoddard, and Edmund Clarence Stedman. In a frame by themselves are a 
poem written just before his death by Dr. J. G. Holland, and James Russell Lo- 
well's letter to Joel Benton, in which he so emphatically declared his Americanism. 
In another frame is part of Frances Hodgson Burnett's tale of "Little Lord 
Fauntleroy." 

The various steps from the artist's original drawing to the printed illustra- 
tion are shown by the things themselves. In the wood-cut series, the drawing comes 
first; next the plain block of Turkish boxwood, then the boxwood coated with siz- 
ing, the photograph on the wood and finally the engraved block. The half-tone 
process shows the glass negative, the print from the negative to copper, the plate 
bitten and etched by acid, the trial proof, the final and finished plate trimmed and 
blocked and the last proof, all arranged in sequence. The methods of making elec- 
trotypes and reproducing pen and ink sketches are also shown, as are the pro- 
cesses of printing half-tones. 

The making of a dictionary begins with a copy of the first dictionary ever 
printed. It was compiled by John Bullocker and published in London in 1616. 
The second dictionary, a copy of which is shown, written by Henry Cockeran, came 
out in London in 1623; the third was called "Glossagraphia," and was published by 
Thomas Blount in London in 1670. The Sam Johnson dictionary, dated 1755, is the 
eighth of the series, and the Imperial, the basis of the Century dictionary, was pub- 




EXHIBIT OF LYON & HEALY. 



248 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

lished in 1847 by James Ogilvie. The exhibit is daintily arranged and its artistic 
effect is heightened by so many original wash and pen and ink drawings hung -on 
the walls that it looks like the black and white exhibition of a society of artists. 

One feature which evidently commends the educational exhibit to many 
visitors to the Fair is its simplicity. The display explains itself. No guide books 
or catalogues are necessary. Where the exhibit does not speak for itself a few 
lines written or printed above tell the whole story. At the same time there is as 
much behind the exhibit, and more material ground for reflection in it, than in any 
collective exhibit in the big building: That is why visitors of all ages and classes 
stop in front of the walls and -partitions upon which the educational exhibits are 
displayed and examine them with more care and attention than is generally given 
in the hurry of sight-seeing. 

It is not difficult to discover the points that interest visitors the most. Every- 
thing that indicates a new advance in methods of education is quickly detected by 
those who have been through the school and college mill themselves at a more or 
less recent date. 

"They didn't teach us that in my time — I wish they had!" is an expression 

that is heard many times in the course of the day. The older men say it with a 

tone of regret, which has, however, a ring of pleasure in it, doubtless prompted by 

the thought that their children are profiting by the latest device for imparting 

"knowledge or quickening the intellect. 

There is a charm, too, in an exhibition of work by children and students 
which is difficult to define, but is easily understood. Many of the states and insti- 
tutions making individual exhibits in the educational section make this a special 
feature, and numerous are the traces of incipient genius or talent which can be dis- 
covered thereby. There is as much pleasure to be derived from the discovery of a 
clever stroke of pen or pencil in the work of a student as in viewing the finished 
masterpiece of an older hand. 

When the sections of the department are found which have been given over 
to a display of the work done in charitable institutions, in schools for the deaf and 
dumb, the blind, or children of weak intellect, other considerations move visitors 
to give them closer attention. There is a great deal that is actually pathetic in the 
sight of this work, and more that is genuinely surprising. Many will leave the 
southwest gallery of the Manufactures Building with a clearer idea of the work and 
merits of such institutions than it was possible for them to have before they entered 
it; and it is not at all unlikely that the special schools of this kind will profit largely 
by their exhibits, as indeed they should. 

Of course there are queer and odd things in the department that come in for 
a due share of curious notice. In the exhibit made by the State of West Virginia 
there hangs a map of the United States which is more amusing than topographi- 
cally correct. Every state on the map is designated by some one of its products, 
and the more widely known the product the more effective it is when used on the 
map. Not a Avord appears on the sheet except the name of the school — Webster 
School, Wheeling, West Va. — but who could fail to recognize Kentucky when a 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



249 



little colored picture of a racehorse and another of a bottle labeled "Bourbon" are 
seen together in one place; or Wisconsin with a beer bottle, Virginia with pipes 
and tobacco, a little raw cotton affixed to the more Southern States, Florida with 
oranges and pineapples, the State of Washington with a pile of lumber, and the 
Indian Territory with an Indian and a bear. 




JOINING THE GREAT ARCHES IN MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 

Pennsylvania deserves credit for making a big display of work done by 
students in her high schools and training colleges. "The manual training school is 
an integral part of the public school system of Philadelphia," says a placard above 
one series of exhibits. "The combined course of study covers three years," con- 
tinues the notice, "and the school time of the students is about equally divided be- 
tween intellectual and manual exercises. Two hours a day are given to shop work, 



250 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



and one hour a day to the usual high school studies." Beneath this appear samples 
of work done under this rule, which vary from plain joinery to skilled mechanic's 
work and electric wiring. 

Photographs of blackboard drawings are the most interesting feature of 
Florida's exhibit, contributed by the Volusca County Normal School. It is diffi- 
cult to believe that many of these fanciful little sketches have been made with such 
unpromising material as a piece of chalk in the hands of a student. In the same 
case are samples of wood carving and the original designs from which they were 
cut. Half a dozen specimens of artificial flower-making from the natural feathers 
of birds show both skill and taste. Among them are orange blossoms, made from 
the feathers of the white duck and the parroquet. 

No foreign country shows off better in liberal arts than Italy, as its section 
contains 18,000 square feet and' is located on the interior floor in the northwest 
gallery. The exhibit includes books, photographs, musical instruments and other 
articles that might be included in the category of liberal arts, but nothing of an 
educational nature, except what is contained in the books. 

Italy is jealous of her reputation in the art of bookmaking and printing, and 
has brought to the Fair some excellent specimens of work in this field. Ulrico 

Hoepli, a publisher of Milan, rep- 
resented by I. E. Carnini, issued 
a microscopic edition of Dante in 
1878, limited to 300 copies. The 
volumes are only about two inches 
long and an inch and a half wide. 
The book might be thought more 
curious than useful, but the type 
is so clear, though minute, that it 
can be read with ease. The type 
was destroyed when the edition 
was printed, so that duplication 
was impossible. The original price 
of the volume was $16, but the last 
copy was sold in Boston in 1883 for 
$50. The publisher is now offering $150 for second-hand copies to supply anxious 
customers. A copy is on exhibition. 

Limited editions of other works, reaching the opposite extreme in size, have 
been published, and represent a degree of excellence in typograpy and binding 
seldom seen in America. A "Life and Works of Donatello," limited to 200 copies, 
sold for $75 a copy. Dante appears in all sizes, styles and quality of books, and 
one edition of his works is illustrated only by German artists, selling at $75 a 
volume. 

Holepli has done much to popularize science in Italy, having published a 
series of science manuals, which are sold at a low price. Most of his scientific books 
are bound in vellum. Several American libraries are negotiating for the purchase 




WINDSOR CASTLE IN SOAP. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 251 

of his entire exhibit of Soo volumes as a nucleus for an Italian department. Two 
other publishing houses, one from Milan and the other from Venice, are among the 
exhibitors. 

All the college boys visit the Yale exhibit, which consists of a general repre- 
sentation of the university plant by means of ground plans on a large scale of the 
various buildings in groups, together with a comprehensive collection of enlarged 
photographs. The photographs have been arranged under the following heads. 

1. The grounds in general. The academic and "Sheff" campus are here ex- 
hibited on a large scale in separate views, and the old and new fence with the 
perennial group of college loungers in plain view on the familiar rails. The build- 
ings stand out in outline, only the grouping of the dormitories and laboratories be- 
ing the point aimed at. The old and new buildings are exhibited in separate 
groups, the old gymnasium, the old chemical laboratory, where Silliman and Morse 
made the experiments which resulted in the invention of the telegraph, and many 
structures unknown entirely to the modern undergraduate being all portrayed. 

2. The libraries of the university, their unique appliances, the library gen- 
eral, and the libraries of the various departments. 

3. The general halls of the university, the lecture and recitation rooms, a 
magnificent view of Osborn Hall, the costliest recitation hall in America, being 
presented. Collateral views represent the apparatus used in connection with the 
lectures and recitations. 

4. Selected views of the interiors of the various laboratories, physical, 
chemical, psychological, physiological, botanical, biological, anatomical and 
bacteriological. 

5. The interior and contents of the museums, especially the Peabody Museum, 
its rooms and cases. 

6. The art school, with its group of painting and statuary, especially the 
Jarves gallery of Italian art and the Trumbull collection of historical paintings; the 
class-rooms and the classes at work. 

7. The social side of the university, representing students' rooms in all the 
different kinds of dormitories, the secret Greek letter and senior society buildings, 
the new gymnasium, recently dedicated, and the infirmary, the only college institu- 
tion of its kind in America. 

This exhibit, the committee believes, represents the educational facilities of 
Yale, and gives as accurate a picture of the general life of the college as any which 
could possibly be made. 

A replica of a very beautiful statue of Dr. Gallaudet, by D. C. French, marks 
the place where the National College and the Kendall School for the Deaf at 
Washington, D. O, makes its exhibit. The founder of the America system of 
teaching deaf mutes is shown with his arm thrown with fatherly care around a 
little girl, his first pupil. From the west are specimens of work by the deaf 
pupils of the Nebraska State School, in which the wood carving is quite remark- 
able. Sets of wooden dumb-bells are shown, each of which is composed of several 
colored woods put together, turned, and polished with great skill. Hammered 



252 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




brass occupies a similar position in the work of the boys of the Minnesota Training 
School for the Feeble-minded. One doubts the accuracy of the name of the in- 
stitution after seeing the brass paneled fireplace in its exhibit. Brooms, brushes, 
mattresses, and rag carpets are the staple exhibits of the Pennsylvania Working 

Home for Blind Men, and show very 
conclusively that a man may be none 
the less a good workman for having had 
the misfortune to lose his eyesight. 
Selim H. Peabody has earned the title 
of professor, as he has been a teacher 
for forty years, and his varied experi- 
ences in educational matters was rec- 
ognized when he was appointed chief 
of the department of liberal arts, Sep- 
tember i, 1891. He comes from Ver- 
mont, where he was born in 1830. After 
receiving a common school education 
in Vermont, he entered the Boston 
Latin School, and afterward graduated 
from the University of Vermont in 185 1. 
In 1852 he taught high school in Vermont. In 1854 he went to Philadelphia as pro- 
fessor of mathematical engineering in the Polytechnic College. He came west in 
1857, and in i860 became superintendent of schools in Fond du Lac, Wis. In 1865 
Professor Peabody came to Chicago as professor of physics in the high schools. He 
was appointed professor of engineering and physics in the Massachusetts Agricul- 
tural College in i87i,and in 1878 came to the University of Illinois at Champaign as 
professor of mechanical engineering. Two years later he was elected president of 
the university, in which position he remained until he took up his present duties in 
September, 1S91. He organized the department of liberal arts, and has marked the 
lines upon which the educational exhibits will be shown at the Fair. Professor Pea- 
body is a member of many American and European educational and scientific socie- 
ties. He has written many text books and works upon astronomy and entomology. 
He is one of the editors of the International Encyclopedia, and is now President cf the 
Chicago Academy of Science. 

On the afternoon of the 24th of June Chiefs Allison and Peabody arranged 
what they were pleased to term a "trip around the world." This trip had been so 
planned that a procession of invited ones should see bits of the handiwork and 
educational methods of all the civilized peoples of the world. There were several 
hundred "excursionists" present at the offices of the two chiefs when it was time to 
start. Chief Peabody's party moved around the gallery to join the rest at Chief 
Allison's headquarters, and then as the band played a lively march they all started 
out on the momentous tour. It took two hours to make this circle of the globe and 
it was time extremely well spent. Every section in the building did something to 
welcome the tourists and the great hall was decorated from one end to the other. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



253 



The flags of all iidtions were swung out in front of the offices, and Columbia 
avenue, the main thoroughfare of this new world, was decorated on both sides 
with evergreen trees, palms and dainty flowers. The clock tower, the center of 
the earth, was surrounded by a little forest of palm trees and other decorative 
plants. Band concerts that attracted and held a great number of people were 
given there throughout the day. Chiefs Allison and Peabody received many com- 
pliments from their- delighted guests on the excellence of the exhibits and the fine 
arrangement of their great show. 




EXHIBIT OF BUSH. SIMMONS & CO., WHOLESALE HATTERS, CHICAGO. 




TOTEM POLES. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 255; 



CHAPTER IV. 
DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. 

Anthropology: "Man and His Works" — What May be Seen at the Ethnological Building — The Mound 
Builders of Ohio — Splendid Collection from Mexico, Costa Rica and New South Wales — Views 
of Plans and Models of Prehistoric Men — Prehistoric Architectural Monuments and Habitations — 
Natural and Artificial Cave Dwellings — Lacustrine Dwellings — Sweat Houses, Totem Posts, Cliff 
Dwellings and Skin Lodges — Implements of War and the Chase — Furniture and Clothing of 
Aboriginal, Uncivilized and Partly Civilized Races — Objects of Spiritual Significance and Vener- 
ation — Representation of Deities — Appliances of Worship— Historic Archeology — Objects Illus- 
trating the Progress of Nations — Models and Representations of Ancient Vessels — Clothing and 
Adornment — Apparatus for Making Clothing and Ornaments — Articles Used in Cooking and 
Eating — Models and Representation of Ancient Buildings — Cities and Monuments of the Historic 
Period Anterior to the Discovery of America — Objects Illustrating Generally the Progress of the 
Amelioration of the Conditions of Life and Labor — The Evolution of Labor-Saving Machines and 
Implements— Portraits, Busts and Statues of Great Inventors and Others who have Contributed 
Largely to the Progress of Civilization and the Well-being of Man — Eulalia Entertained bv the 
Quackahl Indians — Sketch of Professor Putnam. 

HERE is a certain structure that is not so often visited as 
many of the others; and yet it is one whose contents chal- 
lenge the admiration of students of antiques and others of 
scholarly attainments. Over the portal of this building are 
the words "Anthropology — Man and his Works," which 
means that much which is ethnological end anthropological 
may be seen within. This building is 415 feet long and 225 
feet wide, and besides the general archaeological and ethno- 
logical exhibits contains the exhibits of the Bureau of Char- 
ities and Corrections and that of the Bureau of Hygiene and 
Sanitation. Professor Putnam is at the head of this depart- 
ment. He is professor of American archaeology and ethnology at Harvard univer- 
sity, and is a famous scientist. 

The Ethnological Building is the result of an overcrowding of the Manu- 
factures and Liberal Arts Building. That mammoth structure, which many have 
pronounced too large, is exactly the one of all the others that was found too small. 
Consequently, at the eleventh hour it was decided that ethnology must go. A new 
building was planned, but not for ethnology alone. The sections on charities and 
corrections and the section on hygiene and sanitation of the Department of Liberal 
Arts were sent along with it. But the uses of the new building were still further 
enlarged until there were housed in it archaeology, natural history and geology as 
well. 




256 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

As one enters the building by the middle entrance at the north end he sees 
private collectionsof contemporaneous Indian implements, arms, dress and household 
articles, one collection being nearly like another, at least to casual observers. What 
strikes the attention first and excites the greatest interest is the model of the Indian 
village of Skedegats, on Queen Charlotte's Island, in British Columbia. This collec- 
tion was secured by Chief Putnam, and is in charge of James Deans, an aged Scotch- 
man, for thirty years a resident of the islands. The village consists of a row of 
cottages, standing on an exhibition platform three feet high and about fifty feet 
long, with a screen behind it, on which is painted a panoramic view of the country. 

These cottage models are about two feet square and high and decorated in 
front with the curiously and hideously carved and painted totem poles peculiar to 
the Heidah tribe. Mr. Deans, who, though an uneducated man, is an adept in this 
Indian lore, says that the Heidah habitations have been like this from prehistoric 
times. They appear to be built of plank, but are, in fact, constructed of river slabs. 
One peculiarity of the ornamentation is the frightful carvings of dragon heads pro- 
truding from the eaves; and as if to confound the anthropologist it is said that they 
are almost the counterpart of similar ornaments on some of the houses of the Jap- 
anese. 

Farther on, and to the right, the visitor steps into the inclosureof New South 
Wales exhibit, for which great praise is given Executive Commissioner Renwick, 
by whose exertions it was collected. It is necessary to see the collection, however, 
in order to fully enjoy or understand it. The exhibits relate not only to New South 
Wales, but to Australia, the New Hebrides, the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, 
New Britain and Marquis Island. They consist in part of an immense display of 
enlarged photographs, illustrating the appearance and manners and customs of the 
aborigines, and in part of an almost endless assortment of their weapons of war- 
fare and of the chase, the garments, rude manufactures and household implements. 
Among them are boomerangs, spears, bow and arrows, shields, nets, stone axes, 
costumes, fans and shell money. A person with the slighest interest in these races 
would be entertained here for hours. 

Farther down one comes to the space assigned to Prof. Culin for his folk- 
lore exhibit. Under this head comes primitive religions, customs and games, 
though in fact the display is confined to primitive games. These are shown in hor- 
izontal showcases stretching entirely across the building. To make the collection 
Prof. Culin has ransacked every country on the globe and every age of the world 
back to prehistoric times. Singular to relate, while he has dice that were used for 
gambling at least as early as 500 B. C. he has never been able to collect a set of the 
cards with which twenty-five years ago the people of this country played the game 
of Dr. Busby. One of the neatest stories in his showcase is the evolution of play- 
ing-cards from dice, and of dice from the knuckle-bones of a sheep. 

In the middle aisle, not far from Prof. Culin's section, one may see some in- 
tensely interesting material relating to the mound builders. This consists of four 
raised maps, about 6x8 feet in size each, illustrating the Indian mound region of 
Ohio. They are in fact minute copies, including not only topography, but trees, 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 257 

grass, roads and scenery. The first relates to the famous Serpent Mound in 
Adams County, purchased by the Peabody Museum; the second to the Hopewell 
group of mounds in Ross County; the third to the Turner group in Clermont 
County and the fourth to Fort Hill in Highland County. One look at these beau- 
tiful maps shows that no pictures have ever done this subject justice. 

Just east of these maps is appropriately displayed an immense collection of 
relics of the mound builders, secured under the direction of Chief Putnam, by W. 
K. Moorehead of Xenia, O., who is also now in charge of it. A small portion of 
this collection was taken from mounds and graves at Fort Ancient in Warren 
County, and the remainder from one of the twenty-three mounds in the Hopewell 
group in Ross County. This mound is the second largest in the State, and yielded 
an immense quantity of archaeological material, some of which resembles other 
relics from similar sources, and some of which possesses striking peculiarities. 

Among these are pecks of pearls perforated as if for necklaces. Some of 
these are in good condition and others are partly calcined by fire. The damaged 
specimens were found on hollow altars of burned clay that were possibly used as 
crematories for the dead. There were also found large quantities of sharks' teeth 
and sea shells. That these three articles should be found so far from the sea and 
in such large quantities is considered rather strange, especially as they are not old 
enough to be connected with geologic changes. 

There were also found in this mound and these clay altars bushels of copper 
implements and ornaments bearing evidence of being hammered out cold. The 
metal is greatly oxydized, and though a little hardened by the hammering, is devoid 
of temper. Most of the ornaments are stencil-like, and have been cut out of sheet 
copper. Some are in the form of easily recognized species of fish, and some, 
strange to say, in the form of the Swassticka cross, which is also found among 
ancient human relics in France and other parts of Europe. 

Mr. Moorhead exhumed 29S skeletons or parts of skeletons, but only two 
that were complete. One of these was found in a Warren County mound and one 
in a grave, and the skulls are so different that they are believed to belong to two 
different races of men. The stone grave in which one was found was brought with 
it, and is a thrilling and unique relic of this mysterious people. As to the age of 
these relics Mr. Moorhead says that all that is certain is that they are over 400 
years old. This much is proved by the remains of two separate forests found over 
them, each of these forests, according to botanists, representing a period of 200 
years. 

A little farther to the south is the inclosure of the Mexican exhibit . It would 
make a long chapter to bestow a passingword on every object of interest connected 
with ancient Mexico and its inhabitants here exhibited. But the chief among them 
are four " archaeological reconstructions of the city of Mexico," from five to ten feet 
square. The first and largest represents the Temple of Huitzilopochtli, which 
stood on a spot now fully identified and on which the ancient inhabitants offered 
human sacrifices. The principal stone on which the victims were laid is still pre- 
served in the Mexican National Museum. 



258 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

The second reproduction represents with thrilling minuteness the triumphal 
entrance of Cortes into the city. Even the troops on each side and Cortes himself, 
as well as the buildings of the city, are distinctly seen. The third reproduction 
represents the capture of Cuauhtemoc, at what is now called the Clergyman's 
Bridge, by which the deathblow was given to the Empire of the Tenochas. The 
fourth reproduction represents Cortes receiving his prisoner Cuauhtemoc, who in 
tears implored the conqueror to take his poniard and slay him. The Mexican 
Commissioner has prepared an interesting descriptive catalogue in Spanish and 
English of this part of the exhibit. 

The Costa Rica exhibit adjoins the Mexican inclosure on the east. The 
Commissioner, Anastasio Alfaro, says that Costa Rica sent 7,000 pieces to Madrid 
and sends only 3,000 to Chicago. He thinks the display at Madrid was five times 
as large as this one. He had many large idols, altars, and ornamental stones which 
he did not dare to bring to this city, but sent back to Costa Rica, simply because 
there was no room to display them. 

On the other hand, the 3,000 pieces in the present exhibit are all original and 
real, and there is not a reproduction among them. They consist almost entirely of 
pottery, but there are also some singular carved stones, presumably ornamental. 
One is like a center table, 3 feet high, and though made of flint-like stone is hol- 
lowed and carved like a Chinese puzzle. What instruments were used in such 
work is unknown, as the only metals found are gold and copper. These are in the 
shape of jewelry. There are some photographs of the material sent back from 
Madrid to Costa Rica. 

With all of these treasures of science on the main floor of the building it will 
still be considered by many learned visitors that the greatest attractions are in the 
gallery. The south gallery from wall to wall, is entirely taken up with the im- 
mense and indescribably fine exhibit of Ward's Natural Science establishment of 
Rochester, N. Y. This wonderful collection covers, and covers well, the entire 
fields of geology, paleontology, and natural history. Here are all the fossils, from 
the ingneous rocks up; stuffed specimens of all animal life, from the bacillus up to 
the great Elephas Primigenus, i6}4 feet high, and all skeletons from that of a 
humming bird up to that of a whale. The gallery looks like an epitome of the 
universe. 

Any student of paleontology, geology, or natural history who has any diffi- 
culties to solve, and who can make his way to Chicago, now enjoys the opportunities 
of a lifetime. It is safe to say that he will make greater progress in his studies 
with this immense museum before him in one week than he would in a lifetime 
deprived of such advantages. It will be a comfort to students, whether they can 
visit the college here or not, to know that there is a strong probability that it may 
become the property of the University of Chicago. It is valued at $150,000. 

The galleries, however, contain many attractive exhibits besides the Ward 
collection. In the west gallery are Boehm's collection of birds, the Maine exhibit 
of stuffed mammals, a singular collection of Ohio antiquities relating more par- 
ticularly to the region of Marietta, and Chittenden's collection of North American 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



259 



prehistoric Indian and Esquimau relics. In the east gallery are the fine natural 
history collection of the Albany, N. Y. Museum, Lattin's unique exhibit of stuffed 
birds framed and covered with convex glass, and the singularly beautiful collection 

of the birds and mammals 
of Pennsylvania, stuffed 
and arranged in an arti- 
ficial forest. Returning 
to the lower floor the vis- 
itor may see many won- 
ders which do not belong 
to the department of Eth- 
nology nor any of its re- 
lated departments. The 
southwest corner of the 
floor is occupied with the 
noble exhibits of the sec- 
tion of Charities and Cor- 
rections of the Liberal 
Arts Department. Here 
are illustrated by a hun- 
dred of the penal and 
charitable institutions of 
the country the most ad- 
vanced and humane 
thought of the age con- 
cerning the insane, the 
deaf and dumb, the blind, 
and the criminal. From 
the wonderful appliances 
of the John Hopkins Hos- 
pital to the oaken chair of 
the Auburn Penitentiary, 
in which Kemmler was 
electrocuted, everybody 
speaks of a growing gen- 
tleness and goodness in 
human nature. It was 
probably only accidental 
that these symbols of 
mercy and benevolence were placed so close to the Mexican altar on which human 
victims were butchered with flint knives 300 years ago. The following is the in- 
scription over the exhibit of the Battle Creek Sanitarium: 

"This institution was founded in the year 1866 by an association of philan- 
thropical persons whose purpose was the establishment of a self-supporting chari- 




CHIEF WANNOCK. 



a6o HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

table institution at which both rich and poor might receive the benefit of all the 
curative resources afforded by the modern science of rational medicine. More 
than 50,000 patients have received treatment at this institution, nearly one-fourth 
of whom have been the recipients of its charity. The institution is under the 
supervision of a Medical Missionary and Benevolent Association, which operates 
and supports several lines of medical missionary work in Chicago and elsewhere; 
the education and maintenance of missionary physicians in the United States and 
foreign countries; a large orphanage: a home for friendless aged persons; and 
several branch sanitariums and hospitals organized on the same plan." 

In the southeast corner of the building is the hardly less advanced and 
humane exhibit of Hygiene and Sanitation, forming another section of the Liberal 
Arts Department. Here is Illustrated the latest thought of the world concerning 
filters, ventilation, bathing, disinfectants, furnaces, gymnastics, and vaccination. 
By far the greatest things in these lines are in the exhibits of the Paris exhibitors, 
which are of themselves worth a journey to Chicago to see, study, and admire. 

It may seem singular, but the greatest thing in the building, and one of the 
greatest things on the grounds, is an exhibit which has been thrust into this quarter 
of the room without belonging to the building at all. This is a display of anatomical 
models by A. Luer of Paris. If the physicians , of Chicago knew what was on 
exhibition here there would be thousands of them crowded around this exhibit 
every day. Every part of the human body is represented in its natural colors and 
so that it can be taken apart to the last filament. Moreover, everything is on an 
exaggerated scale. The model of the human hand is two feet in length and the 
model of the human ear as large as a market basket. 

There are also models of other kinds of life, for the study of comparative 
anatomy. There is a turkey of natural size, and a beetle as big as the turkey, and 
both can be dissected down to atoms. There is a hen's egg as large as a watermelon, 
showing the evolution of the chick, and a model of a horse which comes apart into 
140 pieces, each of which comes apart into about fifty more, the price of the whole 
model being $5,000. Nothing in all Jackson Park is more wonderful, beautiful, and 
profitable than this exhibit. 

Among the many objects that hold the student are the views of plans and 
models of prehistoric men. Prehistoric architectural monuments and habitations, 
natural and artificial cave dwellings, lacustrine dwellings, sweat houses, cliff dwell- 
ings and skin lodges, implements of war and the chase, furniture and clothing 
of aboriginal, uncivilized and partly civilized races. Objects of spiritual signifi- 
cance and veneration, representations of deities, appliances of worship, historic 
archaeology, objects illustrating the progress of the nations. Models and represen- 
tations of ancient vessels, clothing and adornment, apparatus for making clothing 
and ornaments, articles used in cooking and eating, models and representations of 
ancient buildings, cities and monuments of the historic period anterior the discovery 
of America, objects illustrating generally the progress of the amelioration of the 
condition of life and labor, the evolution of labor-saving machines and implements, 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



261 



portraits, busts and statues of great inventors and others who have contributed 
largely to the progress of civilization and the well-being of man. 

In the immediate neighborhood of the Ethnological Building are a reproduc- 
tion of some noted ruins of Yucatan, an imitation of cliff dwellings, and some rep- 
resentatives from some aboriginal nations of the south west. Eulalie spent an hour 
among these Indians to her great amusement. Being informed that the Ouackahls 
were preparing an entertainment for her, the princess seated herself in a rolling 
chair that had been covered with a gaud}- red Navajo blanket and waited with an 
expectant face for the performance to begin. The dull thumping of a drum on the 
outside told the approach of Chief Wannock and his tribe. The drummer came in 
backward, and while he battered away at his queer shaped instrument, he set up a 
song. He was accompanied by the other Indians as they came in. For about five 
minutes the Ouackahls marched in a circle, beating time with their bare feet in the 
sand to the wild song. The song ceased and three or four men crowded around a 
small square board and began beating a lively tattoo on it with bones. A woman 
wrapped in a gaily embroidered blanket, and with her long black hair floating in 
the air, began circling around in front of the princess. The drum beat louder and 

the rattle of the 
bones on the board 
quickeneduntil the 
woman danced up 
to the crowd and 
shook a lot of fine 
feathers from her 
hair on the board. 
Then the princess 
began laughing.for 
half a dozen of the 
Quackahls were 
rolling on the sand 
in front of her and 
scratching them- 
selves as though 
infested with 10,- 
000 fleas. She had 
never seen such an 
entertainment be- 
fore. Frederic 
Ward Putnam, 
Professor of American Archaeology and Ethnology in Harvard University and 
curator of the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., was appointed in February, 
1891, as chief of the Department of Ethnology of the World's Columbian 
Exposition. Professor Putnam was born in Salem, Mass., and is a direct de- 
scendant from John Putnam, one of the earliest settlers of Salem, thus being 




ANTHROPOLOGICAL BUILDING. 



262 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

connected with the best families of Old and New England. Although for many 
years he has been especially devoted to archaeology as a life work, and has 
conducted many explorations in various parts of South America, he has a wide 
practical knowledge of all the natural sciences, having evinced an aptness for 
this line of study very early in life. At the age of 16 he entered the Lawrence Sci- 
entific School of Harvard University, and for several years was the special student 
and assistant of the famous Louis Agassiz. The same year he was elected member 
of the Boston Society of Natural History, and he has since held the position of 
president of the society for three consecutive years. At the same time he was 
elected member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and 
for twenty-one years he has filled the position of permanent secretary of that asso- 
ciation. He has held many honorable positions; has been vice-president of the Es- 
sex Institute, in Salem, Mass.,. for many years. He was the first director of the 
Peabody Academy of Science; has been president of the American Folk-lore Soci- 
ety, and is now president of the Boston Association of Folk-lore. He is a fellow of 
the National Academy of Science and of all the principal scientific and -historical 
societies of America, and of the anthropological societies of Paris, London and Brus- 
sels. He has given freely of his scientific knowledge to the world; has served his 
scientific knowledge to the world; has served his native State for seven years as 
State Commissioner of Fisheries; and has contributed over 300 papers to scientific 
literature. 

To comprehend the scope of this department it is necessary to digest the 
statement that therein is shown the collections from every famous museum of the 
world, and that no less than seventy expeditions have scoured the earth to obtain 
data for this exhibit. It is one of the most interesting features of the Fair both as 
regards the curiosities and relics it contains and for the comparative object lesson 
it presents. All around it are the evidences of the latest steps taken in the world's 
advancement, while inside the building are the objects that show how the rude 
forefathers of a thousand tribes delved, dug, and builded. 

Brazil, Canada, England, France, Greece, Honduras, Mexico, Argentine 
Republic, New South Wales, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Borneo, Spain, Russia, 
Costa Rica, Patagonia, and many other foreign countries have largely contributed, 
and many interesting tribes of living Indians are quartered near the building. 
Egyptian antiquities are shown and nearly all of the States have sent collections. 
It is the greatest museum ever collected and is a spot of untiring interest. 










rv[ ; : '"*'-■ 





^g^MR>V< ■ "'" ' 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



*5 



CHAPTER V. 



AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 

The Great Resort of Farmers— A Beautiful Structure— The Spirit of Agriculture Grandly Personified- 
Blandishments of Field and Farm — Bewildering Avenues of Extremely Unique and Ornamental 
Pavilions— All the Industries Picturesquely Shown— Nineteen Acres of Exhibits— Novel Exhibit of 
the Association of American Experimental Stations and Agricultural Colleges— All the Essential 
Products Derived from Agriculture are Attractively Shown in the Galleries — Grasses and Grains 
Varied in Colors and Beautifully Blended— The Exhibit of Ontario— The Monster Cheese Weighs 
Eleven Tons— It is the Largest Ever Made— Little Cheeses That Only Weigh One Thousand 
Pounds Each— Elaborate State Exhibits— Burdett-Coutts' Stable Exhibits— Many Things from 
Foreign Lands— Mowers, Harvesters, Thrashers and Plows by the Acre— Sketch of Chief 
Buchanan— Live Stock Exhibit— Dog Shows and Carrier Pigeon Flights— Bovine Blue Bloods. 

LL mankind is interested in the products of the field, not only 
the farmer, who produces, but the consumer, which is the 
world — and this accounts for the vast crowds that throng 
the beautiful Agricultural Building daily. The main build- 
ing is 800 feet long by 500 wide, and cost $800,000. It covers 
13 acres, including its 3 8-10 acres of annex, quite as large 
as some little farms "well tilled." There has never been 
and probably will not be again for twenty years in this 
country such an object lesson for the agriculturists and all 
other bread winners who live from the products of the husbandman. 
In style of architecture the Agricultural Building is notably bold and 
classic. It is located on the main basin of the lagoon, and as its north 
facade faces the administration court, the outlook from that point is mar- 
velously grand. As regards ornamentations the building has many 
mural decorations by celebrated painters depicting the spirit of agriculture, and the 
staff work and statuary of the structure is in keeping with its interior magnificence. 
Twenty-nine States and Territories have pavilions on the main floor, as have 
most of the foreign countries where agriculture is a feature. These pavilions all 
display in their decorations devices pertaining to field products, many of which are 
extremely ornamental. Quite a number of the pavilions cost between $8,000 and 
$20,000 to erect. In nearly all of the State exhibits the displays were collected by 
State agricultural agents, and are fully descriptive in character of the soil products 
of all parts of the country. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, New York, Missouri, Iowa, 
Wisconsin. Michigan, the Dakotas, Nebraska, California and Indiana make 
especially fine exhibits in this department. 

The scene upon the floor of the building is particularly beautiful as the differ- 
ent colored grasses and grains that form the ornamentations are varied in color and 




266 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



striking in their contrasts. On the floors of the annexes are shown nearly every 
type of agricultural implement in existence. The apiary department, the exhibit of 
dairy products, and the exhibit of the wool industry are also complete and striking. 
A novel exhibit is that prepared by the Association of American Experimental 
Stations and Agricultural Colleges. This display occupies 8,000 square feet and rep- 
resents the entire work of agricultural experimental stations such as are supported 
by the National government and the different State governments. The tobacco in- 
dustry, the sugar, confectioner)-, canned goods, soap, oils, chocolate, and innumer- 
able other industries having their essential products derived from agriculture are 
shown in the galleries of this building. 

It is conceded by many that the Agricultural Building is one of the hand- 
somest — as well as one of the largest — of the many imposing structures on the 
grounds and is especially rich in its outlines and in its ornamentations. Its height 
of cornice is 65 feet and of its dome 130 feet. In its construction there were used 
2,000,000 pounds of structual iron and 9,500,000 feet of lumber, including the 2,000,- 
000 in its annexes. Its main entrance is 64 feet wide, adorned with Corinthian pil- 
lars 50 feet high and 5 feet in diameter. The rotunda is 100 feet in diameter, and 

is surmounted by a 
great glass dome. 
It is worthy of note 
in this connection 
that agriculture, 
and its kindred in- 
terests of forestry, 
dairy and live 
stock, has exhibi- 
tion space under 
roof of 69 acres, the 
buildings costing 
$1,218,000. The 
Agricultural Build- 
ing, the Live Stock, 
Dairy and Fores- 
try buildings are 
all under the direc- 
tion of Hon. W. I. 
Buchanan, of Iowa, 
the Chief of Agri- 
MUSIC hall. culture, who is well 

regarded as among the foremost executive minds of the Exposition chiefs. 

Ontario (Canada) has an exhibit that is worthy the good name of our il- 
lustrious neighbor. It may be that the summers of Canada are somewhat shorter 
than those of that section of the United States adjoining it. If so, then the hardy 
husbandman of the Dominion "makes hay while the sun shines," and does a great 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 267 

deal besides. Ontario seedsmen have acquired such a reputation that they are 
known the world over. Ontario peas, especially, are sold by all the big seedsmen of 
the United States. 

Ontario farmers do not confine themselves to peas, however. Their pavilion 
— a fine one, too — is tricked out with all manner of grains. Some people think 
Ontario cannot raise corn, but there is some as fine corn in its display as may be 
found even in the Iowa section. 

The grain show has a triple classification; there are jars of the threshed 
grain, wheat, barley, rye, oats, about 200 jars of .each; there is a great variety of 
grain in the straw artistically arranged. Then there are sheaves bound to show how 
things grow up north, timothv that is six feet high and wheat pretty nearly as 
tall. 

But the pride of the Ontario is not in the Ontario section at all. The big 
cheese, the biggest cheese of all, is right across the aisle to the west. It is an 
Ontario cheese, though made at the dominion experimental station in Perth, Lanark 
county. A good deal has been said about this cheese, how much it weighs, and how 
it broke the floor down while it was being put in place. Everybody ought to know 
by this time that it weighs over eleven tons, but it is not so easy to understand just 
how big a thing eleven tons of cheese all in one cake may be. Ten thousand cows 
collaborated on that cheese. Each gave one day's milking. The total weight of 
the milk used was 207,200 pounds. The cheese is 6 feet high and 28 feet in circum- 
ference. It is worth between $4,000 and $5,000. The man who made this cheese, 
J. A. Ruddick, of Perth, is exceedingly proud of it. It is his masterpiece. Mr. Rud- 
dick is a slender young man and exceedingly modest withal. He watches with great 
solicitude over this pride of Ontario. About once in ten days he carefully turns it 
over. Of course he does not do all this himself, for the cheese is a trifle bulk}-. It 
is incased in a vat of riveted steel boiler plate, and this boiler plate rides on a 
heavy wide-wheeled truck. There are strong oak uprights, securely braced, on this 
truck, and between these the huge cheese box is suspended in wrought-iron 
stirrups. It may be revolved in these by a system of screws. The reason why it has 
to be turned is because it is a young cheese and is still "curing." 

Mr. Ruddick says twelve of the biggest cheese foundries in Ontario contrib- 
uted the curds to make the cheese. Each factor}' pressed its contribution slightly, 
loaded it into cloth-lined milk cans and rushed it by train to Perth. There the cans 
were dumped into the boiler plate vat, the curds broken up, and then the pressure 
of si k giant jack screws was put on through heavy oak frame work. 

Everybody who goes into the Agricultural Building stops to look at this monu. 
mental cheese; on one side of it is a high pyramid of Canadian bottled beer, and 
not far away is an exhibit of crackers — an highly enticing combination. On one 
occasion an aged person with gray-colored hair, an abundance of beaver hat, and 
new store clothes stopped to take a look at this monster cheese. He appeared as if 
he might have come from Kokomo or Ypsilanti, or some other such place. He 
walked carefully all around the cheese, spelled out the. placard on it, spat vigor- 
ously, and said: 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 269 

"Gosh! Ef the skippers ever get into that thar cheese they'll grow as big as 
rabbits." 

But this is not the only Canadian cheese in sight. Lt is flanked all about by 
big and little cheeses. There are six of them that weigh 1,000 pounds each. There 
are cheeses from Quebec, Ontario, and the maritime provinces. Canada beats the 
world on cheese. "Cheese it" is not a slang expression in Canada. 

In the classification adopted by the Exposition, Agriculture, or rather the 
Agriculture Hall, is made to include food-products as well as the plain outgrowth 
of the soil. To distinguish between the two, the former have been relegated to 
the gallery and the latter occupy the floor. One of the handsomest show-cases in 
the Agricultural Building at present is that brought from England for Crosse & 
Blackwell, the well-known preserve and jam manufacturers. It is made of solid 
mahogany, without an inch of veneer, with plate-glass windows backed by mirrors. 
The cornice of the case is made of embossed leather, and is surmounted by an or- 
nate metal railing. 

Directly opposite, occupying another section of the center circle of the build- 
ing is Iowa's miniature corn palace. This pavilion is probably the prettiest on the 
main floor of the building. It is located almost in the center of the building on 
the main aisle running east and west and directly across from the Illinois pavilion- 
Its architectural design does not belong to any particular school, but its .decorative 
features are purely Iowan. Grasses and corn ears have been used profusely. Clas- 
sical figures have been worked out with these materials by the commissioners and the 
tout ensemble of the work looks dainty as well as picturesque. The grasses used 
include oats, wheat, rye, blue grass, corn stalks, and leaves, etc. Each of the four 
pyramids at the corners is elaborately set off with jars containing seeds and grains, 
the agrticultural products of the state. 

The Illinois pavilion is striking in the originality displayed in the use of the 
materials of which it is composed. Corn cobs are used effectively in the entrance 
way, which are set off by tassels of millet. Within, cases, showing the cereals of 
the State, and plants in bloom are displayed, with other features of interest. In 
all 125 different varieties of grains and grasses are shown. A register is kept, 
which will be preserved, with its list of names of people of all countries. 

The Iowa exhibit differs from all others in that the red color of corn cobs is 
employed to give a distinctive appearance to the pavilion. The decoration is ornate 
and elaborate. Grains are shown everywhere, and the soil that produced them is 
exhibited in long glass columns. 

The Minnesota and Wisconsin exhibits, like most of the others, display 
cereals in profusion. The Minnesota pavilion has a series of arches decorated with 
wheat; while long spears of grain are exhibited in cases. In Wisconsin's booth 
grains in bottles are shown. 

Pennsylvania's exhibit is beautifully displayed. A feature of interest is a 
chair wholly composed of corn fodder, there being 3,000 pieces in the chair. There 
is also a Liberty Bell made of products of the field, and a fire-place decorated with 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 271 

corn-fodder. An interesting feature of this exhibit is that of the silk industry of 
the State. 

The Connecticut exhibit is largely of cereals, tastefully displayed in a booth 
of the old colonial type of architecture. An interesting feature is an old fashioned 
flax break, mortar and spinning wheel. In the center of the platform is a tent 
made of ears of corn. The tobacco exhibit of Connecticut is in the gallery of the 
building. 

Michigan has a splendid exhibit, figures dressed in grains being one of the 
prominent features. Nebraska's specialty is beet sugar, shown to splendid advant- 
age in great glass columns, which are also used to exhibit cereals. Kentucky's ex- 
hibit is noticeable for the display of tobacco, which is worked into the decorative 
schemes of the exterior and interior of the building. The long gray moss at the 
South gives a peculiar effect to the whole. Utah tastefully displays grains and 
bales of hay and straw. The State of Washington's exhibit is made prominent by 
the use of sacks of flour. North Dakota displays some, at least, of her forty-six 
kinds of spring wheat and 390 varieties of grasses. New Jersey's pavilion, beauti- 
ful in white and gold, contains corn, sweet potatoes and other things in profusion, 
A plow of 1790 is shown, and other old-time faming implements. A booth at the 
north end of the pavilion is hung with curtains of tree moss, and decorated with 
acorns, beans, etc. A figure of the farmer and minute man of 1776, flint-lock in 
hand, guards the entrance. 

The Ohio pavilion is of simple lines but rare beauty. It is in the form of a 
Grecian temple, the columns being of glass filled with grains, etc 

In the center of the Missouri pavilion is a fantastic pyramid, capped by a 
globe showing the continents in grains. A case of birds is placed in a booth. The 
tobacco exhibit is very fine. 

Colorado attractively displays her grains and grasses in frames, making in- 
vestigation easy. Landscapes in oils are also exhibited. 

Oregon's pavilion, fashioned like a Grecian temple, contains a fine collection 
of grains. Kansas makes a display in which corn predominates, although sheaves 
of wheat are to be seen. Cereals are shown in bottles. The Wyoming pavilion 
is reached through a beautiful arched entrance in white and gold. Within is to be 
seen a splendid collection of the products of the soil. 

South Dakota makes a splendid exhibit. The large pavilion is reached 
through arches inclosing a porch of corn and wheat, resting on columns formed 
from tree trunks. Some of these have sent forth fresh sprouts, the effect being very 
fine. In 1892 South Dakota produced 9,265,000 bushels of wheat, an average of 100 
bushels for each man, woman and child in the State. New Mexico's exhibit is con- 
tained within a fine pavilion, decorated in white and gold. Native woods are shown, 
among ether things, and grains. New York covers a large space with specimens 
of products of its soil. Grains, hops, and maple syrup are artistically displayed. 

The Louisiana pavilion is unique, being divided into three distinct depart- 
ments. One, of Japanese design, is devoted to the display of rice. As rice was 
introduced into this country from Japan, it was thought the form of the pavilion 



272 



HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 



should correspond to the architectural type of that country. Cotton is displayed 
in the central division of the pavilion, while cane and molasses and sugar are shown 
in the third division, which is patterned after an Egyptian model. 

The West Virginia exhibit is chiefly of grains and grasses, corn being prom- 
inent. The Indiana exhibit is simple, but a fine showing of the resources of the 
State is made. California occupies a large space. Prominent in the exhibit are 
enormous beets, gourds, and potatoes and all the cereals. 

Oklahoma makes a splendid showing for the youngest and smallest of all the 
States and Territories. Opened for settlement but four years ago, practically all 
grains raised elsewhere are now grown, wheat running sixty-two bushels to the acre, 
oats 125, and corn 70. Sixty cotton gins are now in operation in the territory. The 
display shows the products named and the tallest corn, broomcorn, sorghum and 
weeds grown anywhere. Milo-Maize from France and Kaffir-corn from South 
Africa are exhibited. The mistletoe is emblematic of Oklahoma, and, therefore it 
is exhibited. During the watermelon season of the Territory, Lymon Cone, who 
erected and has charge of the pavilion, cut melons free for the million. 

This limited survey of a large field no more than prepares the way for those 
who would derive benefit from its study. In many of the exhibits showings are 
made by the respective agricultural colleges. Statistics are to be had in abundance 
and full explanations of methods. 

North Carolina has an attractive exhibit of cotton, tobacco, and peanuts, 
Maine shows some fine potatoes. The Massachusetts exhibit is largely cereals. 
Not much is claimed for the soil, excepting when artificial fertilizers are used. 
Then, it is claimed. Massachusetts produces the greatest number of bushels of corn 
per acre of any of the states. A case of birds is shown, of varieties fatal to the 

gypsy moth, a pest on which the State spends 
$200,000 per year in efforts towards extermi- 
nation. In another part of the main floor New 
South Wales men have built a court with 
arches of wool bales, which are neither small 
nor light, but very effective. A typical Aus- 
tralian Avool-wagon stands near, half filled 
with bales. It is natural that the great wealth 
of the country should be thus well represented. 
In the French section are wonderfully real 
flowers made of candied blossoms, toothsome 
sugar plums, chocolate confections, and truffles, 
and mushrooms and pate de fois gras to tantal- 
STatuary. ize the epicure. Up on the galleries, there are 

exhibits of interest to all, be he farmer or not. The entire west gallery is occupied 
by the brewery exhibit, while the east one has case upon case of honey. A monu- 
ment of soap, a design of interest, is at the right, and an old mill and water wheel 
belonging to a flour exhibit, is at the left of the main aisle. Farther along is 
Maillard's colossal statue of Columbus in pure chocolate. From the central aisle 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 273 

the ornamentation of the entrance is best seen. Here art designs have been worked 
with colored corn over an immense space of the ceiling. Then come the extract 
booths, where great ten-foot bottles are the central feature. 

It is said that one could almost satisfy himself with the man}' samples of eata- 
bles and drink that are gratuitously furnished the visitors to this building. Canned, 
desiccated and compressed soups served in tiny bullion cups, snowy biscuit 
and loaves made with this or that excellent baking powder or yeast, prepared table 
jellies, assorted crackers, maple sugar and butterine rivaling the pure dairy pro- 
duce; breakfast oats served with cream and sugar by demure Quaker maids, spicy 
and piquant pickles, catsups, pressed beef, improved macaronis, and prepared pud- 
dings, cornstarch deserts and even chewing gum. Then of the liquids there are 
the condensed and evaporated milks and creams, beef extracts, cocoas and choco- 
lates, compressed coffees, foreign teas, root drinks, cordials and liqueurs and every 
mineral water on hotel menu or to be found anywhere. In all there are nearly 300 
exhibits of good things to be seen [and perhaps tasted] in the gallery alone to say 
nothing of the displays made by the various big packing companies of bacon, hams, 
salt pork, corned-beef, pickled meats and the interiors cf refrigerator cars lined 
with quartered beef, loins of pork, spring lamb, mutton and fine veal. 

Lovers of horses and anything pertaining to the saddle will find an interest- 
ing model in the center aisle. Mr. Burdett-Coutts, M. P., sent from England a 
model of his famous Brookfield stables, wherein he has bred more good horses than 
most men can remember. They have taken prizes in England and America, and 
placed their owner in the front rank of breeders. The stables, though formed by 
a natural process of accretion, one part being added to another as required, are as 
perfect as any to be found in England. On entering the gates into the front stable- 
yard, the stud groom's cottage can be seen, connected with which is the office 
where all the clerical work is done and the service registers, etc., are kept by the 
secretary. The buildings near this are devoted to the harness department, which 
is under the control of the "head breaksman." Passing through the gateway at the 
side of the office, the visitor arrives at the covered yard, loose boxes, main harness 
stables and messrooms for the employes. At the far end of the stables are the 
strawyard and stallion boxes. A little further on is the riding school. Beyond this 
are the granary, large sheds and the show grounds. The buildings represent 
stabling for about seventy-five horses. 

One wing of the Agriculture Building has a display which will make all 
future county fairs seem dull and insignificant, and which has received compliments 
from the farmers, such as the art palace never received. There are clover hullers 
and threshing machines which are as handsome as pianos. The plows are nickel- 
plated and all the self-binders and mowing machines are drawn by wooden horses 
wearing silver harness. In this department you will meet the old gentleman who 
remembers the time when all grain had to be cradled and it took a good man to 
beat him. Many a day he swung a flail and thought his back would give out be- 
fore night. After that they had a "thrashing" machine that you had to drive 
around all the time because the gearing was attached to the wheel. One of the 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 275 

visitors said one day that a certain self-binder tied a good knot, but he thought it 
threw the bundles too far. "All I care for is a machine that won't get out of 
kelter," said the man with him. "On a hot day when the flies are bad and the 
hosses get restless I don't want to get down in the middle of a round and crawl 
through the insides of the blamed thing." Then they passed on to an array of culti- 
vators with flowers painted on the double-trees. The first speaker said he liked a 
certain cultivator for straight rows, but he was afraid that it would cover up some 
of the second planting. 

Principally an agricultural country, Argentine has a splendid exhibit in the 
Agricultural Building, consisting of cereals, fibrous plants, medical woods, wools 
and other like products. 

It is certainly worth the while of every farmer to make a long visit to the 
implement annex to Agricultural Hall, where a greater part of the implement ex- 
hibit is made. We append a list of some of the more prominent firms making ex- 
hibits, together with the articles shown: 

The Sandwich (111.) Enterprise Co. — New Champion force pumps, Enter- 
prise pump standards, Aerating cistern pumps, New Champion spray pumps, En- 
terprising brass cylinders, Enterprise float valves, Enterprise pipe vises, Enter- 
prise ratchet die stocks, Climax four-shovel riding cultivator, Rose disk riding 
cultivator, Climax walking cultivator, Enterprise walking cultivator, Eagle Claw 
walking cultivator, the Winner cotton planter, Dean ear corn sheer, Enterprise 
windmill with tanks and pumps in operation, Sandwich Perkins windmill and Air 
King steel windmills. Whitman Agricultural Co., St. Louis, Mo. — Belt power bal- 
ing press, full circle steel horse baling press, New Departure horse baling press, 
Hercules hand power baling press, railway horse power, ten runner press grain 
drill, Magic feed mill, Monarch corn and cob mill, Young America corn and cob 
mill, St. Louis two-hole corn sheller, Derby two-hole corn sheller, Crown one-hole 
corn sheller, Tornado broadcast seed sower, Cahoon broadcast seed sower, Amer- 
icus Senior cider mill, Americus Junior cider mill, horse power and drag saw com- 
plete. U.S. Wind Engine and Pump Co., Batavia, 111. — A thirty-foot geared mill 
on 100-foot steel tower, operating a feed mill, corn sheller, two large pumps v feed 
cutter and wood saw. Also Halliday Standard, U.S. solid wheel, Vaneless and Gem 
steel windmills on short steel towers, and a complete exhibit of haying tools, pump 
standi, pump cylinders and accessories. Sattley Manufacturing Company, Spring- 
field, 111. — Six Sattley walking plows of different kinds, two Hummer three-wheeled 
plows, one regular cultivator, one Cyclone spring tooth cultivator, one Banner 
wood beam tongueless cultivator, one Victor combination beam cultivator, one 
New Imperial spring trip cultivator, one American parallel beam cultivator, one 
Sattley adjustable lever harrow, one Capital City automatic straw stacker. D. S. 
Morgan & Co., Brockport, N.Y. — Triumph No. 4 moving machine, Triumph No. 3 
self-raking reaper, Triumph No. 8 steel frame binder, Morgan self-dump hay rake, 
Morgan lock lever spring tooth harrow, Morgan spading harrow, style ''A," Mor- 
gan spading harrow style "B," Morgan horse grape hoe, Morgan spading cultiva- 
tor. Skandia Plow Company, Rockford, 111 — .Farmers' choice corn planter, Dandy 

18 



276 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



sulky, Globe cultivator, Monarch gang, Royal cultivator, S. B. combined lister, four 
bar two section sixty-six teeth iron lever harrow, two section, five bar, steel frame 
lever harrow, six different kinds of hand walking plows, one Western Queen rod 
breaker. Hayes Pump and Planter Company, Galva, 111. — Hayes' check row planter, 
steel frame, Eclipse planter, steel frame, one-horse drill, Boss shoveling board and 
Daisy shoveling board, besides a railing of pumps. The S. Freeman & Sons Manu- 
facturing Company, Racine, Wis. — Hand cutter, hand and power cutter, ensilage 
cutter and carrier, farm fanning mill, warehouse fanning mill, pole saw, Freeman 
broadcast seeder. Elkhart Carriage and Harness Manufacturing Company, Elk- 
hart, Ind. — Wagonette with glass sides and ends, milk wagon, light Brewster wagon, 
end spring, leather top buggy, single seat phaeton and double seat, extension top 
phaeton, besides a line of harness and saddles. N. P. Bowsher, South Bend, Ind. — 
Six different styles and sizes of Bowsher's combination feed grinding mills. The 
Nordyke & Marmon Company, Indianapolis, Ind. — Portable corn mills, hominy 
mills, portable wheat mill, portable grain mill, corn mill with cob crusher, and 
mills for minerals, drugs, etc. Eclipse Manufacturing Company, Middlebury, Ind.: 
Three Eclipse seed grading machines, operating on different kinds of grain. The 
Hydraulic Press Manufacturing Company, Mt. Gilead, Ohio — Hydraulic cider 
press complete, Ohio apple grater, hydraulic (double) belting press, hydraulic tank- 
age press. J. E. Porter, Ottawa, 111. — A full line of hay carriers consisting of both 

wood and steel track. The Joliet, 111., Strow- 
bridge Company— Champion wagons, Cham- 
pion endgate seeders; Champion, Peerless and 
Climax broadcast sowers; Peerless feed grind- 
er. R. Lean & Co., Mansfield, Ohio — Set of 
three-section Diamond Lean all steel harrows, 
and set of three-section Zig Zag Lean all 
steel harrows, adjustable tooth. E. A. Porter 
& Bros., Bowling Green, Ky. — Roller corn and 
cob crusher, crushing corn with the shuck on, 
and cylinder feed and ensilage cutter. S. L. 
Allen & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.— A full line of 
flexible flyers and flyer coasters, and a full line 
of Planet Jr. goods. P. K. Dederick 85 Co., 
Albany, N. Y. — Two presses, a steam power 
and a horse power machine. Duane H. Nash, 
Millington, N. J. — Acme pulverizing harrow, 
in two, three and four sizes. 

"If I had the privilege of seeing only one 
World's Fair department," said a gentleman, 
In no other building can one come so near 
the people of other lands. In the Agricultural Building you are close to the 
soil, to that which gives sustenance. As a matter of course the life, habits and cus- 




CHIEF BUCHANAN. 



"I would choose the Agricultural. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



277 



toms of the people are shown in a more direct way. The Agricultural Building is 
the place to study the world as the world is." 

W. I. Buchanan, chief of the Agricultural Department, came originally from 
the State of Ohio, where he was born 1853, at Covington, Miami County. He spent 
his youth after the manner of most country boys, going to school during the winter 
months and in the summer working on the farm. At the age of 18 he moved to 
Rochester, Ind., and lived with his grandfather, who was a farmer. The following 
year he learned the trade of making edged tools. Mr. Buchanan embarked in 
various mercantile enterprises, until in 1872 he was appointed engrossing clerk in 
the Indiana House of Representatives, which office he filled for two terms. In 188 1 
he emigrated to Sioux City, Iowa, where he has since been prominently connected 
with many of the city's leading enterprises. He was instrumental in establishing 
the celebrated "corn palace" at that city in 1887, and successfully managed the 
Peavey Opera House since 1888. 




SWIFT'S UNIQUE REFRIGERATING EXHIBIT, IN THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
A Glass Railroad Car, holding produce in patent cold storage. 



278 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR, 




THE McCORMICK HARVESTING MACHINE COMPANY. 

T was while at Paris in 1878 that the late Cyrus Hall McCor- 
mick was elected a corresponding member of the French 
Academy of Sciences on the ground of "having done more for 
the cause of agriculture than any other living man." Since 
then Mr. McCormick has left these busy scenes of earth, but 
through the vast industry founded by him he continues and 
will continue to exert an influence throughout the length and 
breadth of this and every land as long as grass grows green or 
grain is burnished into gold. In asserting that Mr. McCor- 
mick had excelled all others in contributing to the agricultural 
interests, the French Academy referred to the fact that in 
him they recognized the inventor of the reaper and that the 
value of the invention, in its particular sphere, was without a parallel. It will there- 
fore interest our readers to know something more specific relative to the man and 
the business established by him. 

In the manufacture and sale of harvesting machinery millions upon millions 
of dollars are annually expended by the various firms, but for the reason that Mr. 
McCormick was the inventor of the first successful machine in this line, and because 
of the position held by the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company to-day, we 
have selected this institution as a representative one and on page 286 will be found 
a view of their very attractive exhibit at the Exposition. We say attractive 
advisedly, for these McCormick machines are beautifully finished in gold and silver 
plate and in all other respects evidence the high degree of scientific and mechanical 
skill possessed by the artisans of the McCormick works. The standing of this com- 
pany and the high esteem in which their machines are everywhere held is another 
illustration of what may be accomplished by the concentration of energy to a single 
purpose. Pope puts it neatly when he says: 

"One science only will one genius fit; 
So wide is art, so narrow human wit." 

The McCormick works are devoted to the manufacture of harvesting 
machinery exclusively and in their exhibit are seen machines that are well known 
and highly endorsed by the agriculturalists of two hemispheres. Among these we 
may mention that celebrated grain harvester,the "Machine of Steel." Its peculiar vir- 
tues are in its matchless steel frame and the McCormick "simple knotter," the former 
contributing to its well-known durability and the latter to its unfailing accuracy in 
grain-binding. Besides this, two other types of binders are shown, the "Open 
Elevator" — specially designed for handling long, heavy grain; and the "Bind- 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 279 

lochine" — a machine for low binding, or binding grain without elevating it over the 
main wheel as in the ordinary type of harvesters. Next comes the McCormick 
Rice Harvester, the Daisy reaper, and that king of grass cutters, the McCormick 
No. Four Steel Mower. In addition to these machines there are shown the follow- 
ing models: Reaper of 1831 (the original); Reaper of 1851 (winner of the Grand 
Council Medal at the First World's Fair, London, 1851) ; Reaper of 1867, which was 
awarded the Grand Prize at the Exposition Universalle, Paris, of that year; first 
twine binder; wire binder, winner of Grand Prize and Object of Art at Paris in 1878; 
No. 4 Steel Mower and the "Machine of Steel," both winners of the highest awards 
and medals all around the world. In this connection it should be remembered that 
McCormick machines have been awarded the grand prizes and highest honors at 
every World's Fair ever held. These trophies are a part of the company's exhibit. 
We refer to them in corroboration of this broad assertion. Should the World's Col- 
umbian Exposition awarding committee find higher merit in some other line of 
grain and grass cutters, and bestow the honors elsewhere, it will be the first break in 
this remarkable chain. There is not, however, even a remote possibility of this. 
Of the many manufacturers of harvesting machinery having exhibits at the Exposi- 
tion, the McCormick Company was the only one to accept the committee's invita- 
tion to participate in the competitive tests of grain binding, thus demonstrating 
their claims for superiority; and with one exception, the McCormick mower was 
also the only one to prove its worth by cutting grass in the field. 







' 



HISTORY CF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 281 



CHAPTER VI. 
AMONG THE TREES OF THE WORLD. 

Big Trees and Little Trees from All Over the World — The Forestry Building One of the Most Unique tnd 
Interesting of All — Nature Versus Staff — Magnificent Specimens of Characteristic Timber Growths 
— Paraguay Alone Sends 32 1 Varieties — California Sends Redwoods and Sequoias— Medicinal 
Trees, Lichens and Mosses— Methods of Seed Testing, Transplanting and Measuring — The Protec- 
tion of Young Trees Against Insects — Logging and Lumbering — A Saw Mill in Operation — A 
Most Entertaining and Instructive Exhibit Throughout. 

LTHOUGH Forestry and Live Stock are separate depart- 
ments from Agriculture, Chief Buchanan has been practi- 
cally in charge of these from the first. The forestry 
building is sui generis. After seeing the magnificence of 
staff construction in the more pretentious buildings it is with 
relief that many visitors turn to the rustic simplicity of the 
forestry building. The quality of ornamentation also differs 
here. Instead of the intricate work of designers, molders 
artists, the highest effects in the forestry building come from group- 
ings of natural woods. No other building on the grounds shows so 
clearly at first impression the uses for which it is designed. The scope 
of the world's fair forestry exhibit is of peculiar interest to Americans. 
When a separate department of forestry was created it was pointed out 
that the opportunity had arrived to make constructive forestry as important a 
science in this country as in Europe. On this idea the fair managers have worked 
with a will. Although constructive forestry and the restoration and preservation 
of forests are yet in their infancy in America, it is believed that the turning point 
has arrived and that the World's Fair exhibit will have a most potent influence in pre- 
venting the further wholesale destruction and waste of native forests. 

One of the remarkable features in arranging for the forestry exhibit was the 
absence of any reliable data in this country as to the extent, variety or value of 
native forests. In appealing for exhibits from the various states and territories the 
Fair officials have laid great stress on the importance of securing this data for pur- 
poses of exact comparison and history. The prodigal waste of timber in America 
has no parallel in the uses of any other natural product. Even at the present day 
white oak trees, one-fourth matured, are cut down to make railroad ties. Millions 
of acres of valuable timber in some of the Pacific states are burned for the sake of 
clearing the land. Only in some portions of the United States has the growing 
scarcity of timber called a halt to the destruction processes. Forestry, as a science.- 




282 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



is only beginning to be taught here as it is in Germany, where there are schools of 
forestry and thousands of graduates engaged in the actual business of forest pres- 
ervation. 

Besides the destructive waste in the timber states, there are millions of acres 
in the United States where not a single natural tree is found by the first settlers- 
The remarkable growth of timber in the west, following the institutions and observ- 
ance of Arbor Day, is one of the most interesting features of the exhibit. 

This is of peculiar value to all countries or states interested in emigration 
to the west. When it becomes known that the so-called prairie states may have as 
many artificial forests or timber growths as the owners of lands may choose, there 
is an end to many of the objections against taking up homes in the west. The 
World's Fair exhibit is also designed to show the effects upon climate and soil of tree 
planting, and also the economical value of the timber thus olanted, the expense of 
its culture and all other features of like interest. 

The forestry building itself is 200 by 500 feet in area. On all four sides is a 
veranda, with supports forming an imposing colonnade. This colonnade is one of 
f.he most unique affairs ever designed and is peculiarly appropriate to a cosmopol- 
itan fair. It is built 
from woods con- 
tributed by for- 
eign countries and 
about thirty states 
and territories. It 
consists of a series 
of columns, each 
composed of three 
tree trunks twenty- 
five feet long. One 
of the trunks in 
each column is 
from sixteen and 
the other two are 
from nine to twelve 
inches. All the 
trunks have the 
natural bark of the 
tree. Each of the 
states, territories 
and foreign coun- 
tries, furnishes specimens of the most characteristic timber growths within their 
borders. The sides of the foresty building are built of slabs with the bark removed. 
The rest of the building, including the window frames, has the same rustic treat- 
ment. The roof is thatched with tan and other barks. 




FORESTRY BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 283 

The main entrances are finished in different kinds of wood and are very elab- 
orate. The one on the east side, facing the lake, deserves special mention. It is 
put in place and finished by the Southern Lumber Manufacturers' Association. The 
vestibule is of yellow pine and cypress. It is built in such a way as to show the sus- 
ceptibility to polish of the southern woods and their usefulness for panels and in- 
terior decorations. The cost of this main vestibule alone was between $5,000 and 
$10,000. Some of the states, Alabama, for instance, have sent tree trunks for the 
forestry colonnade, although prohibited from making an interior exhibit by lack 
of appropriations. The tree trunks in the columns taper toward the top and are 
joined by rustic work in longitudinal sections. Some of the latter are also furnished 
by the states contributing the columns. On each column there is a tablet, giving 
the common and scientific names of the trees and the state or country contributing 
them, besides other valuable information concerning the resources of the locality. 
Above the cornice of the veranda, on all four sides of the building, are flagstaffs, 
which bear the colors or coats of arms of the nations or states represented in the 
interior exhibits. 

The interior exhibits are in several main groups. Natural woods are shown 
exclusively by states, territories and foreign countries. The product of the various 
woods, finished, or partially finished, are shown by individual exhibitors or firms. 
The methods and processes of manipulating timber at every stage, from the tree 
trunk to'the finished product, are shown by firms or corporation. The completely 
finished product is not shown in this building, as it belongs to the department of 
manufactures; neither is there any machinery in motion in the forestry building. 
It is a still exhibit, but the various ways of denuding forests for economic and 
commercial purposes are shown by medals, maps, drawings and other methods. 

The foreign countries which have obtained space inside the forestry building 
are Japan, Honduras, Peru, Hayti, Spain, Germany, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, 
Mexico, New South Wales, Canada, Russia, Italy, France, Siam and India. Each 
of these countries has a separate space, and makes a showing of its most character- 
istic woods. Miniature structures are built, with arches and railings of natural 
wood and in rustic designs. Canada has the largest space of any foreign govern- 
ment, and the various provinces of the dominion make an interesting showing of 
their timber resources. 

The states and territories which have interior exhibits are Pennsylvania, 
Louisiana, Virginia, Arizona, Kentucky, Minnesota, Nebraska, Montana, Wyoming, 
New Mexico, Wisconsin, North Dakota, Ohio, Washington, Michigan, West Vir- 
ginia, Missouri, North Carolina, Indiana, Maine, New York, California, Utah and 
Idaho. Of these West Virginia and Michigan have the largest space, and the ex- 
hibits from these states are on an elaborate scale. Other states show peculiarly 
unique specimens, and the grouping of woods in the various spaces forms a most 
artistic whole. Sections of tree trunks are built one on the top of the other, and 
each portion of the exhibit is accompanied by detailed information as to the 
locality producing the exhibit, the area still under growth and where located, and 
all other pertinent information. 



284 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



It is one of the rules of the forestry department that there shall be no finished 
wood products in the building, and where it is necessary to show the special uses of 
certain kinds of woods it is shown byoieces of disjointed furniture or other partially 
finished product. 

The foreign exhibits include all the remarkable woods and wood products 
that are familiar in name only to Americans. The India exhibit includes sandal 
woods and a precious government collection of unique and valuable woods. Brazil 
shows the various grades of mahogany, California the red wood, Sequoia, and 65 
others, Canada the various pines, birch and maole and a host of other trees of 
commercial value. 

Some of the state exhibits are peculiarly interesting. Nebraska shows the 
results of tree planting and the special results of the observance of Arbor Day in 
that state. This exhibit contains specimens of actual woods, with tabulated in- 
formation showing the age of each specimen, how and when planted. North 
Dakota makes a similar exhibit. Some of the exhibits are genuine surprises. For 
instance, Kentucky, which is not popularly considered a forest state, shows as 
elaborate an exhibit as most of its neighbors From Kentucky there are specimens 

of white oak, four 
or five feet in diam- 
eter, built in the 
form of a pyramid. 
Kentucky also 
shows a very fine 
relief map, point- 
ing out the prin- 
cipal forests in the 
state, with full sta- 
tistical information 
regarding them. 
Ohio, Wisconsin 
and North Caro- 
lina make exhibits 
of medicinal plants 
and herbs gathered 
in those states. 
Ohio alone shows 
varieties of medici- 
LOOGiNG camp— world's Columbian exposition. nal herbs amount- 

ing to 400 or 500. 
This is a new feature in America exhibits. One of the remarkable foreign exhib- 
its is from Paraguay, which shows 321 varieties of woods, each one meter nigh 
and from twelve inches to four feet in diameter. In this exhibit are beautiful 
specimens of barks, dye woods and other commercial products of that portion of 
South America. The Argentine Republic has an exhibit of remarkable woods. 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 285 

France and Germany make the best scientific exhibits, giving illustrations of con- 
structive forestry from the results of wide experience. Japan makes a most cred- 
itable showing, and the various wood specimens from the flowery kingdom are 
the first ever shown outside of that country. 

Among the spectacular exhibits is an immense trophy in the center of the 
building. This consists of a collection of large natural timbers from various states. 
North Carolina sends a large walnut log, Kentucky a mammoth white oak, Kan- 
sas a walnut log seven feet in diameter and weighing 30,000 pounds. There are 
immense tree trunks from the State of Washington. Another spectacular exhibit 
is a long spar of ship timber from Washington. 

The individual commercial exhibits include specimens of wood pulp, cork, 
parts of furniture and woodenware. The pulp industry, which is rapidly growing 
in importance, is represented by several exhibitors from foreign countries. The 
exhibit contains the most complete display of the utilization of wood products that 
has ever been brought together. 

Among the prominent individual exhibitors is the Western Indurated Fiber 
Company, which shows a multitude of articles made from wood fiber, including 
household utensils. The R. W. Macready Cork Company make an elaborate ex- 
hibit of all the varieties of cork. 

Probably the greatest scientific collection in the forestry exhibit is the one 
sent by Morris K. Jessup, of New York. The Jessup exhibit is an exact counter- 
part of the famous collection of woods in the New York Museum of Natural His- 
tory, which Mr. Jessup contributed to that institution at a personal expense of 
$100,000. There are 428 specimens of wood in the original collection, and these 
are practically duplicated in the World's Fair exhibit. 

Another valuable scientific exhibit is that placed in the Foresty Building by 
George W. Vanderbilt, the young New York millionaire. This is the principal 
American exhibit on the science of forestry. On Mr. Vanderbilt's country estate,. 
at Asheville, N. C, the science of forest preservation and cultivation has been in- 
troduced by skilled foresters from Europe. Young Mr. Vanderbilt has collected a 
lot of valuable material pertaining to the care and culture of trees, including maps, 
models and working utensils. These are shown under the direction of the chief 
forester of the Vanderbilt estate. 

Among other individual exhibits are all kinds of wood used in construction 
or manufactures, such as square timber, joists and scantling, ship timber, masts 
and spars, piles, fencing timber and mining timber. There are worked timber or 
lumber, including shingles, flooring, casings, moldings and stair rails, and there are 
decorating woods, such as mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, ebony, birdseye maple 
and black walnut. In the treatment of timber to resist decay there are shown 
specimens of creosoted woods. The dyeing and tanning woods include logwood, 
Brazil wood, fustic and sumac, besides the various barks and mosses used in dyeing 
and coloring. 

One of the interesting class exhibits are lichens, mosses, ferns and other 
vegetable substances used for bedding-and upholstering. Another class of exhibits 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 287 

include gums, resins, seeds, fruits, roots, berries and other forest products used in 
the arts and sciences, or for medicinal and household use. 

In the department of timber culture and cultivation there are shown trans- 
plants of various sizes, seed collections, and methods of seed testing. Implements 
and machines for preparing the soil and planting trees are also shown. Seed nur- 
series are illustrated, also the methods of protecting young trees against insects, 
animals and climate- The section relating to forest management contains in- 
struments for measuring standing timber and illustrations of the methods used in 
calculating ages and the effect of certain soils on tree growth. In this section there 
are interesting exhibits showing the relation of forests to climate and the relative 
climatic changes produced by destructive and constructive forestry. 

Outside the Forestry Building, but connected with the department, is shown 
a typical logging camp. This is contributed by Michigan, and is located at the 
south end of the park. 

Logging methods are otherwise shown, including snowsleds loaded with 
logs, saws, axes, chains, skids, rollers and old implements used in the early days by 
the lumbering industry. There is also a typical logging hut, showing how lumber- 
men live in the backwoods. In another part of the grounds, near Machinery Hall, 
is shown an actual sawmill in full operation. The process of converting logs into 
various kinds of lumber is gone through on a realistic scale. 

To practical builders from other countries the Forestry Building itself con- 
veys many suggestions concerning American methods of house raising. There is not 
a single nail used in the construction work. The method of construction followed by 
Mr. Atwood,the designer, is intended to show peculiarly American methods of join- 
ing timbers so as to economize materials. As has been stated, this is one of the 
most interesting and instructive exhibits at Jackson Park. 

The live stock exhibit is also under Mr. Buchanan's control- The pavilion 
seats 6,000 people. The Assembly Hall, where prominent agricultural lecturers hold 
forth and where lectures were delivered at various times during the Fair, is cool and 
capacious. The regular stock show did not commence until August 21, and then 
sheep and swine were exhibited at one time and cattle and horses at another. 
There were sheep from Australia and Angora goats from California. In the horse 
show there were many animals entered from abroad, some of them from the famous 
studs of Germany, France and Great Britain. There were also dog shows, carrier 
pigeon flights and dairy contests at times during the progress of the Exposition. 

The cows that participated in this latter contest were the very elite of the 
world's barnyards. They belong to the herdsman's 400. Every one of them is 
blue-blooded and has a pedigree in the herd books as long as a man's arm. Every 
one of them, as her name indicates, is somebody's darling. Every one of them has 
a body servant and is a farm pet. Every one of them is fed, curried, rubbed, and 
waited on in the most obsequious manner. In the case of some of them their keep- 
ers often lie down in the straw by their sides at night and sleep with them. Some 
of them have national or world-wide reputations. 






STOCK EXHIBIT. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 289 

The idea of a model dairy and milking contest between the leading breeds of 
cows was first earnestly proposed by the Columbia Dairymen's Association at a 
meeting held in July, 1892, and at a later meeting held in November at the Sher- 
man House. Its recommendations met with the approval of the Exposition direc- 
tors. The object of this contest is a protracted and exhaustive test of the milk, 
butter, and cheese productiveness of several rival breeds of cows, each of which 
has its admirers and supporters who claim for it pre-eminence. Something of 
the kind on a small scale, lasting for a single day, has often been seen at State 
fairs. But never before have there been experiments for this purpose extending 
through several months, with such large herds of cattle and with such unlimited 
scientific appliances and supervisions. The ephemeral experiments at State fairs 
have settled nothing, but it is confidently expected that the present contest will be 
absolutely decisive as to the relative merits of the breeds that have been entered. 

Among the Jerseys at different times at Jackson Park there were such world- 
renowned cows as Messrs. Matthews and Moore's (Alabama) Signal's Lily Flagg, 
with a butter test of 29 pounds 11 ounces in seven days, 1,047 pounds y^ ounce in 
365 days; D. F. Appleton's (New York) Eurotisama, 27 pounds 1% ounces in seven 
days, 946 pounds 9 ounces in 365 days; Judge Foster's (Minnesota) Islip Lenox 
711^ pounds in a year; C. I. Hood's (Massachusetts) Little Goldie, 34 pounds 8% 
ounces in seven days; C. Dickson's (Ohio) Pridalia, 26 pounds 4 ounces in seven 
days; Ayer & McKinney's (Philadelphia) Daisy Hinman, 24 pounds 10 ounces in 
seven days; W. E. Matthews' (Alabama) Alteration, 24 pounds y 2 ounce in seven 
days; H. C. Taylor's (Wisconsin) Brown Bessie 20 pounds 8 ounces. No less re- 
markable are the milkers to be found among them, such as Messrs. George Fox's 
(Philadelphia) Rita of Andalusia, 75 pounds of milk a day; Edgar Brewer's (Con- 
necticut) Sayda 3d, 60 pounds of milk a day; John Boyd's (Chicago) Annice Magnet, 
48 pounds a day; and others the pick of the crack herds in the states of Vermont 
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Alabama, 
Missouri, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wis- 
consin, and Minnesota. There was also a splendid showing of Holsteins and some 
others. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



291 



CHAPTER VII, 
HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 

The Grandest and Completest Structure Ever Erected for a Horticultural Exhibit — It Contains 
89,000 Square Feet of Space More than the Combined Areas of the Buildings used for a 
Similar Purpose at Paris, the Centennial and New Orleans — Sketch of J. M. Samuels, 
Chief of the Department of Horticulture. 

ORTICULTURAL Building is altogether the largest, 
grandest and completest structure ever erected for a hor- 
ticultural exhibition. It contains about Sg.ooo square 
feet more of floor space than the combined floor areas of 
the buildings used for a similar purpose at the Centen- 
nial, New Orleans and Paris. It is 1,000 feet long by an 
extreme width of 287 feet. The dome is 187 feet in diam- 
eter and has an altitude of 113 feet on the inside, thus 
giving room for the largest palms, bamboos, tree-ferns, 
giant cacti, etc. The basso and alto relievo ornamenta- 
tion, in a frieze extending along the front and sides of the 
building, is especially attractive and, in connection with statuary 
and fountains, possesses an unusually pleasing effect, aside from 
the plant decoration, which harmonizes with the general ideal of the building. 

The plan is a central glass dome, connected by front and rear curtains, with 
two end pavilions, forming two interior courts, each 88 by 270 feet. In these courts 
are placed bearing orange trees and other semi-tropical fruits from California and 
Florida, to illustrate the manner of growing and cultivating the orchards and groves 
in those states. The front curtains have glass roofs and are each 270 by 69 feet. 
These are used for the tender plants. The rear curtains are each 346 by 46 feet, 
and, while designed to give an abundance of light, are not entirely covered with 
glass. They are adapted to fruit and other exhibits that require a comparatively 
cool temperature. The first stories of the pavilions are each 117 by 250 feet, and 
are intended for the extension of the fruit display and for the viticultural exhibit in 
one, and horticultural appliances, seeds, etc., in the other. The principal part of the 
second story in each is used for elegant and commodious restaurants; the remainder, 
in the form of galleries, for garden seats, vases, preserved fruits, etc. Forming a 
circle inside the dome there is a broad promenade gallery from which visitors look 
down upon the plant and floral decorations. This gallery is sufficiently extensive 
for promenade and for many miscellaneous exhibits. 

Horticulture, technically and separately did not cut much of a figure, and 
was represented by the orange and lemon trees in the north court and by about two 




592 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



acres of nursery trees in the Midway Plaisance. These were under the supervision 
of J. M. Samuels, Chief of the Department, who was born February 26, 1845, at 
Berksville, Cumberland County, Ky. He was educated at Clinton Academy and 
at the Kentucky University. His father owned the Mississippi Valley Nurseries, in 
which Mr. Samuels learned the business. He was appointed Chief of the Depart- 
ment of Horticulture, in August 1891, which up to that time had been in charge of 
James Allison. He is first Vice President of the American Horticultural Society, 
which also takes in Canada and Mexico, and he is also a charter member of the 
Chicago Horticultural Society. 

The Horticultural, unlike every other department, is divided, the divisions 
being known as Floriculture, Viticulture and Pomology, each of which was in 
charge of a subordinate chief or superintendent, until in April, 1893, when Flori- 
culture was officially and entirely eliminated from the Department of Horticulture 
on account of the tremendous importance and proportions of the realm of flowers 
and the necessity of having Floriculture in direct touch with the Director-General 
and for a multiplicity of other reasons not necessary to enumerate, and John Thorpe, 
its superintendent, was given independent control, with instructions to assume the 
methods and authority of other departmental officers. Mr. Samuels retained super- 
vision of the other divisions until the close, however, at least in a negative way, as 
each was in charge of an active and competent officer. 









... '•*- 


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njHfejt."j 



CHIEF SAMUELS. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 293 



CHAPTER VIII. 
IN THE REALM OF RARE FLOWERS AND PLANTS. 

A Ramble Among Rare and Aristocratic Plants — More than Half a Million Dollars' Worth from Green- 
land's ley Mountain to India's Coral Strand — North and South America, Mexico, Cuba, Europe, 
Central America, China, Japan, Australia, and the Hawaiian and South Sea Islands Represented — 
Enchantresses from the Amazon and the Nile — Modest Inhabitants from the Alps, the Appenines, 
the Sierra Nevada, and the Mountains of the Moon — Wonderful Ferns and Palms from New South 
Wales and the Cape of Good Hope — -Tens of Thousands of Miscellaneous Herbaceous Flowers and 
Flowering Shrubs — More than a Half Million Orchids, Roses, Carnations, Lilies, Pansies, Cannas, 
Fuschias and Petunias — Magnificent Exhibits by Australia, Canada, Trinidad, New York, Penn- 
sylvania, Germany, Belgium, Mexico and Japan — Australian Tree Ferns Six Hundred Years Old 
— Staghorn and Bird's Nest Ferns of Wonderful Size and Beauty — Splendid Collections of the 
Cereus Gigantea — Great Display of Rhododendrons — Splendid Collections of Ferns and Palms 
from Toronto Conservatories — Dwarf Trees in the Japanese Garden Over a Hundred Years Old 
— Pitcher and Manda's Wonderful Display of Seven Thousand Costly Plants — Enormous Bam- 
boos from Trinidad — Two Century Plants in Bloom— The Atmosphere of the Horticultural 
Building Freighted with Aromatic Sweets. 

HE most prominent feature of the Horticultural Building is 
the floral collection, which exceeds in wonder and magnifi- 
cence anything of the kind ever before seen at any public or 
private conservatory, and is the result of the work of John 
Thorpe, of New York, chief of the Department of Floricul- 
ture, who is believed to be the most eminent floriculturist 
that has ever lived. His was one of the earliest appoint- 
ments, and his genius and aptitude gave the public, among 
other things, the procession of winter and spring hot-house 
plants among which were primulas, cyclamens, cinnerarias 
and calceolarias, which drew nearly a million people to 
Jackson Park before the formal opening. There is no land 
that does not grow more or less varieties of plants and flowers. This statement 
was spectacularly emphasized upon the first day of May last, when the contribu- 
tions from the floral kingdoms of all nations were seen on dress parade at the Hor- 
ticultural building. There were palms and ferns and bays and acacias from Aus- 
tralia, Japan and California; cacti from Mexico, New Mexico and Arizona, and 
many stately plants of massive foliage from Mexico, Cuba, New Zealand, Central 
and South America and the Cape of Good Hope. There were also to be seen 
roses in pots, calceolarias, azaleas, rhododendrons, begonias, cycads, crotons, dra- 
csenas, ariods, marantas, pelargodiums (geraniums) and miscellaneous stove and 
greenhouse plants in flower and foliage. Among cut flowers there were orchids, 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 295 

roses, carnations, lilies, pansies and miscellaneous hardy and tender kinds. There 
were also a very great variety of flowers outside of the Horticultural building — 
principally pansies, tulips, hyacinths, narcissus and miscellaneous bulbous and herb- 
aceous flowers and flowering shrubs upon the opening day. 

During June there were seen indoors, in addition to a number of those 
exhibited in May, fuschias, petunias, cannas and nepenthe, and among the cut 
flowers, peonies and some others. The additional outdoor plants included camp- 
anulas and aquilegias. 

Among the indoor plants for July were orchids, tuberous begonias, orna- 
mental leafed begonias, shrubby begonias in flower, gloxinias, achimenes, gesan- 
iaceous plants and caladiums; and among cut flowers, cannas, lillies, tuberous 
begonias, sweet peas, hollyhocks, tea roses and various annuals. Out doors were 
seen various annuals, clematis, lilies, sweet peas, tea roses and miscellaneous herb- 
aceous plants. 

The cut flowers for July included orchids, roses, carnations, dianthus, gladiolus, 
Herbaceous and and annual phlox, asters, sweet peas, tall and dwarf zinnias and 
miscellaneous annuals — herbaceous and flowering shrubs. 

August was the coronation month of Flora, for upon the grounds were seen 
carnations, dianthus, dahlias, gladiolus, cannas, asters, annual and hardy phlox, 
clematis, hollyhock, hydrangeas, tuberous begonias, cacti, hardy and tender 
aquatics, roses, sweet peas, verbenas, ornamental grasses, palms, ferns and many 
others too numerous to mention. 

Inside during September, besides the palms and ferns, were orchids, tuberous 
oegonias, asters in pots, and miscellaneous stove and greenhouse plants in flowers 
and foliage. Among the cut flowers there were carnations, tea roses, dahlias, glad- 
iolus, cannas, petunias, asters, hardy and annual phlox, zinnias and miscellaneous 
hardy herbaceous flowers. Out of doors were seen roses, carnations, dahlias, cannas, 
tuberous begonias, petunias, asters, zinnias, verbenas and miscellaneous herbaceous 
plants and annuals. 

October, the closing month, there were on exhibition inside the building 
palms, ferns, orchids, chrysanthemums, pelargodiums, tuberous begonias, cannas, 
cosmos and some others. Among the cut flowers are dahlias, chrysanthemums, 
cannas, roses, carnations, begonias, pansies and miscellaneous hardy and tender 
plants. The procession of the months now found but few flowers upon the grounds, 
except that the chrysanthemums were in all their glory. There were also a few 
miscellaneous hardy plants. 

The lover of rare plants had an opportunity to regale himself to his heart's 
content, and to acquire an information that would have taken him years to have 
obtained from travels and books. He could gaze upon the Cereus giganiea, which 
only grows wildly between the Colorado and the Rio Grande, and which Humboldt 
declared was worth a trip across two continents to see. He could feast his eyes 
on the wondrous fern trees from Australia and palms from Mexico, the Windward 
Islands, Arabia, Palestine, and the Cape of Good Hope, and he saw acacias from 
Swan River, Mexico, California and New South Wales. 



2 q6 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

In all civilized countries the cultivation of flowers has become a passion, anc 
the rich and the poor indulge themselves in it according to their means. So 
constant is the demand for new species and varieties that the earth is ransacked by 
experts for something that has never been seen before. 

Reaching from the ground high up in the dome was a mountain of selected 
palms and ferns and many other varieties of tree plants. Underneath this moun- 
tain was a second edition of Aladdin's Cave — a subterranean mansion of many 
chambers, tapestried and wainscoted with translucent crystals, and brilliantly and 
artistically illuminated. Through this gem-like cavern the water was filtered 
through crystals in the midst of incandescents, the effect of which was gorgeous 
and spectacular. 

The southeast curtain was radiant with flowers, Illinois occupying space at 
the extreme end, and showing a pretty collection. Near by was a cactus patch 
representing some of the dreary spots that abound in New Mexico, and comprising 
many varieties of cacti, the creamy-flowering yucca, the Spanish bayonet, meschal, 
chulla, tuna, and some others. Massachusetts directly opposite contributed a 
number of fine ferns, one of which has remarkable spreading fronds. Missouri 
also made a creditable display, and California exhibited a few cactseceous plants. 
The place of honor in the southeast curtain was held by Pitcher & Manda, of Short 
Hills, N. J., who at the request of Chief Thorpe, loaned their collection, which, 
including their orchids, is valued at $50,000. These occupied a large space running 
down the middle of the curtain, 1,500 square feet, and two sections west, about 
i.ooo feet. They also had 2,000 square feet in the corner on the right, as the 
central door is entered from the west, and 7,300 square feet or one-third of the 
space between the main promenade and base of .the mountain. These comprised, 
beside palms and ferns, many other stove and greenhouse plants, among which 
were eighteen Australian tree palms, believed to be from 400 to 600 years old; a 
large number of selected crotons of red and yellow; many varieties of dracaenas 
and some superb anthuriums in foliage and flower. The latter is a native of South 
America. Then there were a splendid collection of marantas, with their great 
luxuriant, zebra-striped leaves. 

There were a great many varieties of ferns that are seldom seen outside of 
a conservatory, among which was the golden fern, a native of Peru. This is unlike 
any other, and from its leaves impression may be made upon a coat sleeve, or 
other cloths, such as cassimere and the like, which would be mistaken for engrav- 
ings. There were many exquisite ferns unknown to but a few, one of the rarest 
being the crested-sword fern, a native of South America; golden maiden-hair fern, 
tongue fern, and adianlum Farleyeuse, a variegated spurt of maiden hair, very 
scarce. 

Among other rare plants in this collection were the heliconia aureo stuata, 
with broad spreading leaves with golden stripes, an umbrageous plant, standing six 
feet; aspidiastia, vivid in green and variegated colors; eighteen begonias rex, and 
several varieties of selaginelled, or club moss, natives of the East Indies, collec- 
tions of bird's nests and stag horn ferns from Australia; more club moss, of a bronze 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



297 



metallic color; Davalla Mooreana, a native of the South Pacific Islands; Pteris 
Wallichianu, a native of Japan, the largest fern in the collection, being eight feet 
across, and which was set out in three-inch pots three years ago; Pteris Victoria, 
named after the Queen of of England, a native of the East Indies and Southern 
Africa. 

The collection also included Davalla Fijensis, a native of the Fejee Islands; a 
superb fern known as Harefoot; pyramids of fern asparagus of many varieties; 
flowering anthuriums in gaudy blossom and rich foliage; a large collection of flow- 
ering genista; 100 azaleas in orange, red and crimson flowers, the same number of 
hydrangeas, abundant of blossom. There were also eighty-four varieties of pine- 
apple plants; 150 varieties of palms, thirty-two of Sago palms, or cycads, the largest 
of which was presented by Dom Pedro to Mr. Van Alen, of Newport, seventeen 
years ago, and which was secured by Mr. Manda for the Exposition. Also thirty- 
two varieties of Norfolk pine and more than a hundred cocoanut palms nine feet in 
height, growing out of the nuts — quite a novelty. 

In the northeast curtain Australia divides the honors between Canada and 
Japan, Australia is represented by more than a score of tree ferns, hundreds of 
years old, and a large number of birds' nests ferns and stag horns, among which 
have been planted more than 2,000 plants, including eighteen varieties of tearoses, 
several hundreds of tuberous begonias and marantas and other enlivening flow- 
ering plants. 

The Ontario (Canada) exhibit, the first on the right as the northeast curtain 

is entered, is from public and private conservatories 
of Toronto, and comprises some fine palms and fancy 
crotons, cacti, and eucalyptus. Next comes the Japan- 
ese garden, unique and interesting in all details. There 
is sweetness and seeming simplicity in well, curb, 
streamlet, tree, bush and flower. It was in complete 

P order on the opening day, and has ever since at- 

\-jJf * ' tracted much attention. The narrow paths separate 

little trees and plants— parterres — which are not much 
bigger than table napkins and structures that might 
be taken for toys. Even the gardeners who made 
these were short and slender, but they gave a good 
account of themselves, nevertheless, and of the work 
that they were sent here to accomplish. Most of the 
Japanese plants came to Jackson Park all the way 
from Yokohama in chalet-like boxes of salmon-col- 
ored cedar wood, which were pierced with windows 
and covered with wire net work. Some of these plants suffered much during 
the voyage, and quite a number of them were killed outright and many others 
had to go into the nursery, with a special note of recommendation to the doc- 
tor in charge; he, however, hesitated in view of the delicate state of their health 
and the difficulty of hitting upon the best remedy, and therefore declined all 




STATUARY. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 299 

responsibility until some Japanese herb doctor should arrive; but Mr. Thorpe took 
many of them in charge upon the non-appearance of the herb doctor aforesaid and 
brought most of them into a state of convalescence, although a few were never 
pronounced out of danger. 

On entering this miniature garden the visitor passes up a slight decline and 
enters upon a gravel walk, on either side of which are sticks of white and black 
bamboo, very skillfully combined. A little farther on are some steps cut in the 
shrubby slope and formed of the trunks of the fir tree. A low palisade in light 
bamboo work, held together by strips of bark, serves as an enclosure. Plants of 
minor value have been arranged along this serpentine walk, including the iris, 
isaeoigate and pinus paroiflora. 

Then there are modest little Japanese and American plants, arranged so 
that they may nod at each other while the big dahlias on the other side of the 
palisade seemingly look down proudly upon them. And there are beds of opbio- 
pogom jaburan and cycads, whose bristling leaves spread from strange looking 
stumps and do not at first impress one with the idea that they enjoy much vitality. 
The convolvulus occupy several pots and may be seen climbing reeds set apart for 
its special behoof. Just beyond another shrubby enbankment are borders of ex- 
quisite blossoms, and here and there nice arrangements of Davalla bullata. Close 
by is an admirable collection of lilies, twenty-two varieties in all, which embalms 
the air for many yards around with a delightful perfume, not unlike that of the 
scents arising from the flowers of a bouquet of delicate aromatic odors. Among the 
lilies are the ordinary white, with only one or two flowers on the main stem. 

Then there is an orange colored one dotted with black points and a proud 
looking beauty with a golden center. And there are varieties which are unknown, 
and which are incomparable for size and beauty. Some of these latter are enor- 
mous, and each petal is remarkable for its red, pink or violet stripes. But perhaps 
the clou of the ensemble are the dwarf trees for which Japan is famous, By what 
artificial process, tr=es, which if left to themselves would have reached a respectable 
height, have been cut down to the smallest dimensions, it would be hard to tell. 
But there they are, some so small that they could be held in one's hand, and but 
few of them quite a yard high, twisted and distorted trunks covered with knobs and 
warts, and giving life to slender branches which are kept so well within the required 
limits that they are perfect balls of verdure. Most of these stunted trees have 
passed through the hands of many generations of gardeners, for not a few have 
reached the age of one hundred years or more. There are two specimens of the 
thuya brevi-ramea, one of which is more than a century old, but which died on the 
way from San' Francisco to Chicago during the terrible storms of the winter of 1892 
-93. There are others of the same family that look vigorous, but are similarly dwarfed 
and many of them centenarians. There are quite a number of dwarfed oaks and 
maples, whose denticulated leaves pass through every shade of red and yellow, and 
resemble the leaves of the American maple tree during the latter part of Autumn. 

There are others that are curiously streaked and still others" in which the 
foliage has jagged edges and bears marble-like, white, red and yellow veins. Here 



300 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

is the Fuiriteikakatsura, a very long name for a microscopic climber, with tapering 
and pointed leaves struggling ap a bit of light colored wood not much bigger than 
a giant's thumb. The utmost care has been given to the garden, which has a little 
meandering stream over which are rustic bridges and other evidences of a truly 
rural scene. A large number of cleafragranes and other Japanese plants are in 
pots which are of the best faience, porcelain and enameled ware. Altogether the 
Japanese garden is an exact reproduction of many at Tokio, where horticulturists 
are numerous in view of the widely prevalent taste for flowers. Farther along, up 
against the northeast corner, and then again in the northwest corner, are contri- 
butions from Trinidad, comprising ferns, palms, bamboos, crotons, and other trop- 
ical productions. 

Returning we come upon the German exhibit, arranged by Herr Rudolph 
Schiller, in which are grouped collections of azaleas and rhododendrons brilliant 
in blossom, contributed by Otto Olberg, Dresden; Spiraea astilboides, from Oscar 
Tiefenthal, Wandsbeck; five thousand lilies of the valley, from Gustavus A. Schulz, 
and C. Van der Huissin, of Berlin, and from Julius Hansen, Pinneberg, and Oscar 
Tiefenthal, Wandsbeck; Buxus pyramides and Buxus Standards, some beautiful 
foliage trees and shrubs, and a new rhododendron, exhibited by T. J. Scidel, Saxo- 
nia. Interspersed are collections of hydrangeas, easter lilies, pelargodiums, dwarf 
palms, cyclamens, cinnerarias, calceolarias, sixteen varieties of pansiesand cannas, 
the whole bordered with tuberous begonias and English primroses. In the midst 
of this are two pieces of statuary, one of which represents a spring group as often 
seen in the better greenhouses throughout Germany and the other a maiden at the 
fountain. 

Next comes Belgium with a beautiful exhibit of azaleas and rhododendrons 
and other varieties; also four bay trees in blossom. The next sight is a novel one, 
being a mound of sixty-eight varieties of cacti, including a number of species never 
before seen in this country. The visitor now comes full upon the century plant, 
which was in perfect flower in May and which, while not gaudy or especially attract- 
ive, is illustrious. 

The visitor now comes upon the New York side of the mountain, at the base 
of which is a magnificent assemblage of aristocratic members of the floral kingdom, 
many of them having been selected with artistic care and taste from pretentious 
palaces of plants on the Hudson, the Schuylkill and the Charles, among which are 
are a fine collection of dracaenas and crotons from the Gould place in New York, 
said to be the choicest in the world; Pandamus Utilis and a pair of Arenga Bonnetii, 
believed to be the finest specimens in America; a Cycas Revoluta, one hundred and 
fifty years old and in fruit; Areca Lutescens, the queen of palms; Ravcuala Mada. 
gascariensis,from the deserts in Madagascar, and better known as the Travelers' 
Tree; Areca Banri, very rare and very beautiful; an immense specimen of Caryoto 
Urens, forty feet high, a very valuable palm; the largest specimen in America of 
the Theophrasta Imperialis, a native of the East Indies; the Seaforthia Elegans, 
thirty-five feet and exceedingly graceful; Plectocomia Assamica, the only climbing 
palm in the United States, a native of the Sandwich Islands, from the Gould place, 
Irvington-on-the-Hudson, and many others conspicuous for their age and lineage. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



303 



CHAPTER IX. 
THE FRENCH FLORICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 

Many New and Rare Flowering and Foliage Plants — The Finest Azaleas and Rhododendrons Ever Seen 
in America— M. Jules Lemoine, Principal Gardener of the City of Paris, Introduces Many Lovely 
and Bewitching Members of the Realm of Flora and Encircles the Woman's Building in Bloom — 
He Also Enlivens Other Stretches of Sward. 

Y REQUEST of the French Commissioner, Mr. Thorpe 
kindly consented that the French Floricultural section, in 
charge of M. Jules Lemoine, principal gardener of the City of 
Paris (Bois de Vicennes), should be represented elsewhere 
than in the Horticultural building, and so the eminent Pa- 
risian floriculturist elected to make displays uponthe grounds 
adjacent to the French building, upon the Midway Plaisance, 
the space north of the Horticultural building, adjacent to the 
Children's pavilion, the Puck and White Star Steamship Line 
pavilions and around the Woman's building. It is upon the 
latter space that M. Lemoine made his most elaborate and 
beautiful exhibit and one that will be long remembered by all 
■' who were so fortunate to see it in June and July. 
On the east side of the Woman's building are a fine lot of siver spruces, fifty 
varieties in all, between four and six feet in height, and set out with much taste. 
There are also about forty azaleas, representing two varieties. A variegated Buxus 
and a new hardy plant known as acer negundo, folis aurea variegated, attract at- 
tention. Another plant that interests visitors is Ilex aquifolia argenta, which does 
very well in this section. It was in fine condition in July. 

Proceeding toward the eastern entrance from the south may be seen a fine 
display of of Evonymus — Due d'Anjou, marginata alba, marginata aurea, radicans, 
folvar, puchellus, etc., also three specimens of the new Abies picea pumila. Next 
are a number of lauros of Portugal which stand up in pyramids seven feet high. 
Some clusters of silver spruce are next seen between the eastern entrance and the 
northern end. Then there are a number of genista Andreanain yellow and maroon 
flower, and more buxus Araucaria imbricata. 

Just north of the eastern entrance lauro cerasus rotundi folia stand up in 
pyramids attractively. On both sides of the northeastern corner of the building 
are sixty superb varieties of rhododendrons, all in flower in June, making a most 
striking appearance. Among them are the " Lady Eleanor," " Elvelyn," "Martin 
H. Sutton," "John Waterer," the father of the rhododendrons; "Princess Mary of 
Cambridge," "Stella," "Joseph Whitworth," " Mrs. Fitzgerald," and many others. 




304 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



All of the above are from Messrs. Croux & Son, the well known florists and nur- 
serymen of the Val of Aulnay near Paris. These plants came in willow baskets and 
bagging and were put up in such excellent shape for shipping that they never 
suffered in the least from their long land and ocean trip, and never lost a leaf. 

Crossing the northern entrance to the Woman's Building and going west the 
lover of rare and beautiful rhododendrons stands in the midst of fifty as fine ones, 
all in flower in June as were ever seen in France, which surpasses all other countries 
in the production of this aristocratic plant, and which were contributed by M. Moser 
of Versailles. Among them are the " General Cabrera," " The Gem," " Michael 
Waterer," " Nelly Moser," " Star of Ascot," " Marechal MacMahon," " Blandy- 
anum," " Caractacus," and "Imperatrice Eugenie. ' From France, too, are some 
new azaleas — glauca stricta — a remarkably hardy plant, which flowers indoors in 
February and out of doors in May and June. The February flower is used largely 
for decoration in France, as it yields abundantly and makes a fine appearance as a 
cut flower. Among the other contributions from Paris is a new rare and beautiful 
foliage plant — Dimorphantus Manshuricus foliis argenteis variegatis and aureis, 
(obtained by Gouchaud), a native of the interior of Japan. There are two of these 
plants near the northeast corner of the northern entrance and two near the north- 
west corner of the plat, the only four in Chicago. 

Near these are a splendid collection of cedars Libani aurea, a favorite the 
world over, and clusters of Evonymus Japonica elegans, of most exquisite foliage. 
There are close by twenty varieties of silver spruces and twenty-five varieties of 
cedars. In the middle of this plat are ioo new Hypericum Moserianum that the 

careless observer would take to be roses. They were 
in flower in July. These are sometimes called the 
Thousand-headed plant, on account of the interstices 
that may be seen through its petals with a microscope. 
Passing round to the western side of the building and 
going toward the south may be seen among the gor- 
geous rhododendrons and azaleas a little bed of Japan- 
ese maples, as fine as any in Japanese gardens. 
Further along are twenty-four Kalmia, which attract 
much attention; four superb specimens of azalea Pon- 
tica, rare and large; twenty azalea mollis, all in pink 
and white flowers in May and June. Some beautiful 
genista andreana in flower, fifty plants in all. Pass- 
ing the western entrance and proceeding in a south- 
erly direction one comes upon another beautiful ex- 
hibit from Georges Boucher, of Paris, consisting in 
part of 260 varieties of standard tea and hybrid roses, 
all rare or new. These were from five to six weeks on their voyage but not a 
plant was lost. Many of them are from three to four feet in height, and were 
planted six inches deep on account of the little root they had on arrival. Every- 
one is thrifty and were in flower all summer. Among these rare and new roses 




STATUARY. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 305 

are " Mme. Carnot," " President Constant," " Duchesse d'Orleans," " Lyonnais," 
" Duchess of Connaught," " Mabel Morrison," " Earl of Dufferin," " B'eaute de 
l'Europe," "Mme. Victor Verdier," "Louise Odier," " Reine Marie Henriette," 
and " Caroline Testout." 

Some new clematis, now seen in America for the first time, is placed near the 
western entrance. This attracts much attention, as do two varieties of roses 
" Rugusa," white and red, from Baron Veillard, of Orleans; and the same nursery- 
man exhibits 1 2 specimens of the new varieties of clematis, " Mme. Edouard Andre." 
Crossing the western entrance and proceeding south the observer is struck with 
the plats of more roses sent from M. Paillet, of Chatenay, near Paris. Here are 
nearly 200 teas and hybrids, all of which were in flower during the summer months. 
Among them are " Mme. Honore Defresne," Souvenir d'un ami," " La France," 
" Jacqueminot," "Pauline Labonte," "Rubens," " Gloire de Dijon," "Merveille de 
Lyon," " Capt. Christy," and others that are as well known. 

The southern end of the building west of the southern entrance is planted 
almost entirely with spruces, 150 varieties in all, from Honore Defresne & Son, 
Vitry, near Paris, (one of the largest and best known nursery firms in the world,) 
among which are Cedrus, Libani, pendula, Juniperus hybernica, Abies commutata, 
glauca, Taxus aurea, Abies Remonti and others. In the plat east of the southern 
entrance are set out 150 shrubs and evergreens, among which are the Magnolia 
grandiflora, Skimmia japonica, Ligustrum coriaceum, Eleagnus Simoni, Andromeda 
japonica, Nandina domestica, etc. 

The palms around the Woman's Building are all of the hardy variety of the 
French Mediterranean shore. There are thirty varieties in all, the choicest being 
the Brahea Roezli, or silver palm, Cocos Australis, Phoenix Canariensis, and Jubea 
spectabilis, from M. Martichon, a landscape nurseryman of Cannes. 

These plants are shaded slightly by a row of catalpa excelsa trees, which 
runs all around the building, and by a single black oak at the northern entrance. 
Between the grass and the building there is a space of about four feet which is 
filled in with familiar summer foliage and flowering plants. 



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HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 307 



CHAPTER X. 
A RAMBLE AMONG FRUITS AND WINES. 

Other Exhibits in the Horticultural Building— Side by Side with the Celebrated and World-Renowned 
Vintages of Europe Are Shown the Products of American Vineyards — Unique Features of 
Some of the Foreign Displays — Missouri, Ohio, New York, and California Are Well Represented — 
Fruits from Nearly Every State in the Union — Enormous Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, Cherries 
and Prunes from Idaho, Colorado, Oregon and Washington — Unsurpassed Displays of Thirty Kinds 
of Fruits by California's Great Citrus Fruit Exhibit by the State — Towers and Pagodas of Oranges 
and Lemons from Southern California Attract Great Attention — Many Fine Displays of Preserved, 
Dried, Canned and Crystalized Fruits and Raisins from Southern California — Big Display of 
Seeds by Peter Henderson, of New York — Great Array of Garden Implements, Tents, Green- 
houses, Lawn Mowers, Fences, Statuary, Etc. 

» NE of the most interesting and instructive special feat- 
ures of the Exposition is the exhibit of wines of the 
World in the south pavilion of the Horticultural Build- 
ing, known as the division of Viticulture, in charge of 
H. M. La Rue. The exhibits, especially those of for- 
eign countries, are shown on a lavish and magnificent 
scale, which might have been expected when it is known 
that a good many millions of dollars are annually spent 
by Americans for foreign wines of all kinds and that the 
producers can afford to spend a mint of money on advertising 
when it is known that they sometimes receive a good many 
more hundred per cent for their wines in America than they do for the same pro- 
ductions in their own lands. 

The Californian claims, with a great deal of force and argument, that the 
conditions of his soil, climate, and methods resemble those of the foreign countries 
that produce the most distinguished wines. The manufacturers of wines in Mis- 
souri and Ohio presume to say that their wines are not only as choice as those of 
California, but that, while they may not at all resemble those of either France or 
California, they contain all the elements and virtues of a perfect beverage. New 
York and New Jersey are not behind in proclaiming the excellencies of their native 
wines. 

There is nothing, probably, concerning which there is such a diversity and 
distribution of taste and opinion as there is regarding wines. There are those who 
claim that nothing genuine comes from abroad unless it be certain brands of claret 
and a few champagnes and whites. There are those, too, who maintain that no 
wines made in America or Australia are fit for a gentleman's table. 

20 




3o8 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. • 

Four-fifths of the space on the ground floor of the south pavilion is allotted 
to foreign countries. Germany succeeded in getting 4,000 square feet. Among its 
wines are the famous Schloss Johannisberger, Steinberger, Grafenberg, and Riides- 
heimer, and others from the eastern bank of the Rhine. The display is made un- 
der the auspices of German Consuls and is a collective one; but there has been a 
considerable sum spent upon it, as the importation of its superior wines is on the 
increase. There is also a splendid lot of Mosselles, including the Brauneberger and 
other excellent ones with long names. The German exhibiters also have a big 
wine cellar in operation near by which shows all the processes of manufacture and 
storage. 

Austria has a small space in which that country shows its Tokays, its Meo- 
grads, its Muscadines, and eight varieties of Ansbruch, which is regarded by many 
as the most delectable wine of Austria. 

France, as usual at all expositions, has a most magnificent exhibit, in which 
no money has been spared to make it attractive. In the red wine section there are 
exhibited more than sixty varieties of superior clarets and a large number of Bur- 
gundies and Sauternes. The French exhibit occupies about 2,500 square feet, and 
the cabinet work, which contains the varities aforesaid, is pretty and costly. 

Italy has about 1,000 feet, in which it exhibits its best dry reds and some of 
its sweets. There are exhibits from Arcetri, near Florence, and a number from 
Piedmont, and notably the Barolo, Barbera, Nebbiolo, and Braccheto. Central 
Italy shows some of its famous wines, which, however, are not often seen in this 
country, such as Montefiascone, which possesses a delicious aroma, and the Albano, 
which is also a crack wine among the Italian aristrocracy. There are also red 
wines from the foothills of Vesuvius, and both white and red wines from the Island 
of Capri. 

Spain has been given a large space, fully as much as that alloted to Germany. 
The wines shown by Spain are mostly sherries from the district near Cadiz and 
from the Provinces of La Mancha, known as Val de Penas, which, in the opinion 
of many, is as fine a wine as is found in the world. There are also wines from the 
Provinces of Granada, known, generally, as Malagas, Muscatel, and Malvoisies. 
In addition there are red wines from this same district, known in Spain as Tinto de 
Rota and Sacra. The well-known Amontillado is arrayed handsomely behind 
locked glass doors. 

Portugal asserts its presence by a display of ports from the Alto Douro dis- 
trict and wines from the Island of Madeira. Of the former there are four white 
ports and six blacks, the latter being the Souzao Aragonez and Pegudo. Of the 
white ports there are the Ferral Branco, Malvazia, Malmsey, Dedo de Dama, and 
Muscatelle de Jesus. 

Switzerland also makes a small display, and also Russia and some olher Eu- 
ropean countries which are not recognized generally as wine-making sections. 

New South Wales occupies space at the eastern end of the pavilion and 
makes a very creditable display. The champagnes of France are shown at differ- 
ent places in the viticultural section, but the most of them are in the second story 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 309 

near the wines of Portugal and Italy. American wines are represented by the 
truest brands from New York, Ohio, Missouri, California and other noted wine- 
producing states. 

The formal opening ot the German wine exhibit took place in the south pa- 
vilion and wine cellar adjoining on the 21st day of June, Imperial Commissioner Wer- 
muth presiding. The exhibit in the pavilion ranks with that of France and Spain, 
while its feature of a wine cellar, which stands in the southern portion of the south- 
ern court, is an instructive part of the whole. Its interior is the reproduction of a 
German wine cellar with Gothic columns, and the samples of the liquid from the 
Fatherland are arranged on tables and stands in groups according to the different 
vintages and the districts in which they are produced. Entering the main door of 
the pavilion, in a half circle on the east side, a number of panoramic paintings of 
the districts represented in the exhibit attracts the attention of the visitor. These 
panoramas are the Rhine, as seen from the Niederwald; Trarbach on the Main; 
Neustadt on the Haardt, and Trier on the Moselle. These are the works of 
Artists Herwarth and Joseph Rumelspacher, of Berlin. Then there are panoramas 
of the Necker Valley, views from Esslingen to Constadt, Rappoltsweiler (Alsace) , 
and Mullheim in Baden, painted by Freudemann and Richter-Lefensdorf, both of 
Berlin. These panoramas are works of art reproduced from nature. They were 
completed in Germany and mounted here. The arrangements for perspective, 
etc., are very clever. The paintings are hung in niches outside the building proper, 
with full exposure to daylight, while the semi-circle inside of the pavilion is kept 
in twilight. The grooves in front of each panorama are decorated in plastic man- 
ner with vines growing on poles. These are, of course, artificial decorations, the 
grapes being of glass. The walls to the west of the building are decorated with 
two maps of the wine-producing districts of Germany. 

Visitors to the Horticultural Building may look upon the deadly Mexican 
aguardiente. There are many other kinds of Mexican wines and cognacs in the 
display, too, as well as licor de naranja, which is orange juice, and a good display of 
fruit pastes and jellies. There are agaves, cocoanuts, grape fruits, mosses and 
ferns also in the display. Some dried bananas are shown, just to prove that 
bananas can be dried. The Mexicans take much pride in the purity of their wines. 
Commissioner J. Miguel Carabay is in charge of the exhibit. 

The fruit exhibit which occupies the northwestern and southwestern curtains 
of the Horticultural Building is in charge of Charles Wright. Nearly all of the 
States and Territories and Canada and Australia are represented. Florida and 
Southern California, notably the latter, make splendid displays of oranges and 
lemons and other citrus fruits. The Southern Californian counties of San Diego, 
San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, Santa Barbara and Los Angeles kept up their 
orange and lemon exhibits until September. The latter county had a tower of the 
golden fruit which contained nearly 14,000 oranges. It also had a monster Liberty 
Bell made of oranges and other designs. It also had at one time 1,200 plates and 
-600 jars of citrus and other semi-tropical productions — 32 toothsome kinds in all. 

Twenty-one states exhibited apples and other fruits and berries in their sea- 



3io 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



son. Sixteen states displayed canned, dried, preserved or crystalized fruits. Can- 
ada and New South Wales surprised all visitors by their splendid arrays of fruits. 
Then there were superior exhibits of flower and vegetable seeds, notably by Peter 
Henderson & Co., of New York, and Pitcher & Manda, of Short Hills, N. J. These 
were to be seen in the north pavilion, where there were also numerous exhibits of 
lawn mowers, sprinklers, fruit pickers, insect and other pest destroyers, fertilizers, 
garden fences, statuary, &c. Upon the lawns west of the Horticultural Building 
were various models of green-houses, and many kinds of lawn mowers and sprink- 
lers at work. On the east of the building and in the Southern Court, were a large 
number of aquatics. In the gallery of the southern pavilion were a number of 
raisin exhibits from Southern California. 




Q/ittej jy<*/7?#//?e , 



SHBfiA^Mflflfli 




%£) 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



5i3 



CHAPTER XI. 
PALACE OF MECHANIC ARTS. 



Allis Engine the 



A Remarkably Beautiful Structure— It is 850x500 Feet and Cost $1,200,000— The 

Largest in the World — An Aggregated 24,000 Horse Power — 17,000 Horse Power Required to 
Provide Electricity — Two Dynamos Each With a Capacity of 10,000 Lights — Ten Engines 
Averaging 2,000 Horse Power Each — A Fly Wheel Thirty Feet in Diameter — An Engine Whose 
Combination of Iron and Steel Weighs 225 Tons— Its Wheel and Shaft Alone Weigh 100 Tons — 
Machinery of Every Description in Operation — Manufacturing Devices and Machine Tools by 
Thousands — A Highly Interesting Description of All the Engines and Boilers— How Many Things 
are Manufactured Right Before One's Eyes — Grier's Ingrain Lumber Machine — An Interesting 
Relic— A Striking Contrast — Sketch of Chief Robinson. 

HE Palace of Mechanics Arts — or, as it is generally called 
Machinery Building — is regarded by many as the most 
beautiful of all. It is certainly a magnificent structure, and 
a model of symmetrical lines throughout. It is immediately 
south of the Administration Building and is midway between 
the lake and the western enclosure. It is 850 feet in length 
and 500 feet in width, and cost, with its annex and power 
house, $1,200,000. It has an aggregated 24,000,000 horse 
power, which makes it the largest power plant in the world. 
Of this 24,000 horse power, 17,000 is devoted to electricity, 
there being two dynamos, each with a capacity of 10,000 
lights. These two dynamos are run by the renowned Allis engine, which has 
nearly twice the horse power of the famous Corliss engine which was one of the 
wonders of the Centennial, and the largest engine in the world at the time. 

The power plant contains more than forty steam engines which operate 127 
dynamos. Ten of the engines average 2,000 horse power each. The entire Allis 
combination of iron and steel weighs more than 225 tons. Its wheel and shaft 
alone weigh more than 100 tons. The fly wheel is thirty feet in diameter. 
Machinery of every description is seen in operation. Manufacturing devices and 
machine tools covering every branch of the business are completely shown. 
Machinery may be seen manufacturing other machinery and all sorts of articles 
appearing as one vast manufactory. 

To a great many people there is no sight at the Exposition to be compared 
with the power plant. It consists of a vast aggregation of immense steam engines, 
covering a space 100 feet wide and 1,000 feet long, lying along the south wall of 
Machinery Hall and a good distance along the south wall of the annex. This 
space constitutes one-fourth of the whole floor. 




3 i4 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

All these engines, and fifteen more scattered through the other quarters of 
Machinery Hall, are regular exhibits, and yet they are not running merely for fun 
nor for show. Every one of them performs indispensable work. The Exposition 
needed over 5,000 arc lights and 120,000 incandescent lights and it had to have 
power to operate the acres upon acres of heavy machinery. It has it. 

To begin with, power is distributed to the machinery in Machinery Hall by 
a vast system of line-shafting. That is, some of the engines are used to drive long 
iron shafts, on which are innumerable pulleys, all revolving fifteen feet above the 
floor, and every exhibitor who wants power throws a belt on the nearest pulley and 
helps himself. Now, there are six lines of shafting, each 766 feet in length, in 
Machinery Hall, making a total of about 4,600 feet, and there are six correspond- 
ing and continuous lines in the annex, having a total length of about 2,680, so that 
there is a grand total of about 7,280 feet. 

Yet almost none of this force is derived from the power-plant proper. It is 
almost all furnished by engines located in different places around the building for 
that purpose. Accordingly the shafting is divided into eighteen sections and, as a 
general thing, each section is driven by its own engine, though some drive more. 
A Sioux City engine drives a section on each side of it, and a German engine drives 
three sections. 

Many people will be interested to know what engines drive the line shafting. 
The English furnish one Galloway engine and two of Millar's engines, which drive 
all the English machinery in the building that requires power. The Germans 
furnish one Schichau engine, one Wolf engine, and one Grusonwerk engine, which, 
in a like manner, drive all the German machinery. The American engines and 
their minimum horse-power are as follows: Ideal tandem, 300; Bates, 300; Golden 
State, 200; Green, 225; Sioux City, 350; Payne's Corliss, no; Erie City, 300, and 
Allis simple, 250. 

Coming now to the power-plant proper, the engines that supply electric 
power are at the north end, then come those that supply incandescent lights, then 
those that supply arc lights, and then at the south end the air compressors, which 
include engines. The engines that generate power have an aggregate of 5,000 
horse-power, and send this amazing energy over wires to the Administration 
Building to run the elevators, and to the Mines and Mining, Electricity, Manufac- 
tures and Agriculture Buildings to operate exhibits and do chores. It is distributed 
inside these buildings by line shafting; and, curious to relate, in the Electricity 
Building it is used to run the dynamos that are on exhibition there. 

Such splendid service makes a list of these magnificent engines interesting. 
Their names and horse-power are as follows: Ball cross compound, 480; Armington 
& Sims simple, 400; General Electric triple expansion condensing, 1,000; Phcenix 
triple expansion condensing, 500; triple tandem condensing, 250; Phcenix simple, 
250; E. P. Allis cross compound condensing, 500; two Woodbury tandems, 600 
each; A. L. Ide simple, 200; A. L. Ide tandem compound condensing, 225; and 
McEwen tandem compound condensing, 220. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 315 

The greatest engines in the building, however, are nine that are devoted to 
producing incandescent lights for the grounds and buildings, and they are capable 
of furnishing 120,000 lights, though not quite so many are required. At the head 
of the list stands the E. P. Allis quadruple expansion condensing, with a minimum 
2,000 horse-power, and a possible 3,000 horse-power. This is no doubt the greatest 
machine in the Exposition. The others are Fraser and Chalmers' triple expansion 
condensing, 1,000; fou^ Westinghouse, Church & Kerr compound condensing, two 
of 330 each, and two of 1,000 each; Buckeye triple expansion compound, 1,000; 
Atlas compound condensing, 1,000, and Mcintosh & Seymour double tandem com- 
pound, 1,000. 

But the Exposition would be an uninviting place by night or on dark days 
without arc-lights, and the little giants that furnish this luxury are as follows: Two 
Ball & Wood simple, 150 each; two Ball & Wood tandem compound, 150 each; 
Ball & Wood cross compound, 200; Buckeye cross compound condensing, 300; two 
Buckeye simple, 125 each; Buckeye simple, 190; Buckeye tandem compound, 150; 
two Russell double tandem compound condensing, 506 and 216; Lane & Bodley 
cross compound condensing, 300; Lane & Bodley tandem compound condensing, 
300; Lane & Bodley simple, 200; Boss cross compound condensing, 224; Atlas 
tandem compound condensing, 500; Watertown double tandem compound con- 
densing, 250; two Skinner simple, 150 each; New York Safety simple, 150; three 
Russell simple, total 400; and Siemens & Hotske, horse-power not given. 

Away down in the southern end of Machinery Hall are six machines which 
are not, properly speaking, steam-engines, as they are adapted to only one use. 
These are the steam air compressors, which supply the compressed air engines in 
the other buildings. One of these compressors is by Ingersoll Sergeant, one by 
the Rand Drill Company, and four by the Norwalk iron works. They furnish com- 
pressed air at a pressure of 125 pounds to the square inch, and it is conveyed in 
two six-inch iron pipes, one of which runs to the Mines and Mining Building and 
the other to the Transportation Building, to exhibit the utility of compressed-air 
engines in those departments. 

But engines would be of no use without steam, and when the visitor steps 
through any of the south doors of Machinery Hall into the immense corruga ed 
iron shed adjoining it he will be satisfied at a glance that there is no lack of steam. 
Such a battery of steam boilers was probably never constructed before, and the 
necessity of more steam than ever in consequence of the progress of electrical 
science looks as if Watt's idea was not exactly on the decline. At the first flush it 
looks as if the battery were a mile long, but inquiry shows that it is only about 650 
feet in length. These boilers are also exhibits by seven different manufacturers 
and illustrate every new or good point in the construction of a steam boiler. 

The boilers in the power house are furnished by eight exhibitors. Begin- 
ning at the east end of the boiler-house the arrangement, number of boilers and 
rated horse-power are as follows: Abendroth & Root, four boilers, 1,500 horse- 
power; Gill Water Tube Boiler Company, four boilers, 1,500 horse-power; Heine 
Company, eight boilers, 3,000 horse power; National, four boilers, 1,500 horse- 




$"~; STARTED BY Vjjfc 
/^AY 151 -1893 



THE ALLrS ENGINE. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 317 

power; Campbell & Zell, nine boilers, 3,750 horse-power; Babcock & Wilcox, ten 
boilers, 3,000 horse-power; Stirling, four boilers, 1,800 horse-power. In the annex 
are four Heine boilers of 1,500 horse-power, three Climax of 2,000 horse-power and 
two Stirling of goo horse-power. These boilers, while separated from the main 
boiler room by the south entrance to Machinery Hall, are connected with the main 
system the same as any of the other batteries. The Jumbo of the boiler-house is a 
Climax of 1,000 horse-power. 

The Abendroth & Root boilers have 126 tubes, four inches in diameter, by 

18 feet in length, arranged in courses 14 wide by 9 high. They have 7 drums 14 
inches in diameter, by 20 feet length, and one header 30 inches in diameter by 12 
feet in length. The Gill boilers have 360 tubes, 4 inches in diameter, 18 feet in length, 
3 steam drums, 42 inches in diameter, by 21 feet long. The National boilers have 
180 4-inch tubes, 18 feet long, and 3 steam drums 36 inches by 20 feet. The Camp- 
bell and Zell boilers have 236 4-inch tubes, 18 feet in length, 3 30-inch water drums 

19 feet in length, and one steam drum 52 inches in diameter by 12 feet length. The 
Babcock & Wilcox boilers have 126 4-inch tubes 18 feet long, arranged in courses 
14 wide and 9 high, a mud drum 12 inches in diameter and 8 feet 6 inches long, and 
two steam drums 36 inches by 18 feet. The Climax 500 horse-power boilers have a 
main shell 42 inches in diameter by 29 feet high. The main shell is %. of an inch 
thick, with vertical seams welded. Each has 475 tubes 3 inches in diameter and 11 
feet 6 inches long before bending. 

The monster 1,000 horse-power has a main shell seven-eighths of an inch 
thick. It is 56 inches in diameter and 35 feet three inches high. It has 864 3-inch 
tubes which were 12 feet 6 inches long, before bending. It is capable, it is said, of 
developing 1,800 horse-power. 

These boilers, with the exception of one Campbell & Zell and the three Cli- 
max, are arranged in batteries of two. Each pair of boilers feed steam into one 
common pipe which delivers into the 36-inch steam headers under the gallery floor. 
Of these headers there are seven; five in the main boiler plant and two in the 
annex, the longest being 150 feet in length. The headers are connected by pipes 
ten inches in diameter, except that between the main boiler plant and the annex, 
which is twelve inches in diameter. These connecting pipes are arranged with 
elbows and nipples to allow for expansion. The expansion in so large a system is 
considerable. If the header had been made in a single piece the expansion in the 
Soo feet in length would have been about twenty inches. Such an amount would 
have been utterly unmanageable. By means of the connecting pipes the same 
effect is produced as though there were but a single header. The main headers 
are securely fastened in the center to large masonry foundations. They are further 
supported every few feet by rollers placed on foundations of masonry. These 
rollers permit the headers to expand freely in each direction. 

A four-inch drain pipe runs the whole length of the boiler plant and dis- 
charges into a large tank outside. The headers are connected with three two- 
inch drain pipes, so that in case of emergency, if a battery of boilers should get to 
foaming, for instance, they can be quickly emptied. The water of condensation is 



318 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

carried back into the boilers by Westinghouse loops. The Westinghouse loop is 
simply a pipe carried from the bottom of the header up some distance above the 
top of the boiler, thence across to the rear of the boiler-house down below the 
water line, and then into the boiler through an ordinary check valve. The height 
of the vertical pipe is so calculated that the weight of one column of water in it 
added to the pressure in the header, which of course is somewhat less than the 
boiler pressure, shall be sufficient to overcome the excess of pressure in the boiler 
and so carry the water of condensation and entrained water through the valve and 
into the boiler. Water glasses are placed on the headers so that if water should 
accumulate by any chance it can be readily discovered. 

The boilers are fed by pumps and injectors of various makes, all being listed 
as exhibits. The Abendroth & Root boilers are fed by means of six Watson in- 
jectors and two Deane pumps 7^x4^x10 inches. The Gill boilers are fed by two 
Korting injector and two Barr pumps, one 10x6x12 inches, the other 10x6x10. The 
pumps supplying these boilers are regulated by a Thomas automatic feed water 
regulator which keeps the water at a constant level without the intervention of an 
attendant. The Heine boilers are supplied by eight Penberthy injectors, two 
Knowles pumps, 10x5x12, and two Blake pumps, 8x5x12. Four Hayden & Derby 
injectors and two Davidson compound pumps 12 and 20x10^x20 are required to 
supply the National boilers. The Zell boilers are supplied by six Nathan injectors, 
one Cameron pump, one Laidlaw & Dunn 7^x4^2x10, one Wilson Snyder 14x8x18, 
•one Canton, one Worthington and one Boyts Porter pump. The Babcock & Wil- 
son boilers are supplied by Hancock inspirators and three by Snow pumps; one 
is compound 8 and 12x7x12, the others are 10x5x10 and 8x5x10 respectively. Two 
Buffalo pumps 10x6x10 and 7^x5x8 and one Gould pump run by an Ideal engine 
and Schaefer & Budenberg injectors are used to feed the Stirling exhibit. In the 
annex two Marsh pumps supply the Heine boilers; the Climax boilers are fed by 
one Blakeslee and one Smedley, and the Stirling boilers are supplied by one Hall 
and one McGowan pump. Thus intending purchasers or any one interested in 
power plants may see most of the leading injectors, inspirators and pumps in prac- 
tical operation and judge of their relative merits for himself. On every make of 
boilers is a feed header into which the pumps of those boilers deliver. From this 
header separate pipes are run into each boiler. 

Oil is the fuel used. The oil is atomized by a steam jet as it is discharged 
from the burner into the furnace. The various makes of oil burners are shown in 
operation. Any one interested in comparing the various makes will find twelve 
Reid burners under the Abendroth & Root boilers, sixteen under the National and 
forty-six under the Campbell & Zell; thirty Larkin burners under the Babcock & 
Wilcox and twenty-eight under the Climax; sixteen Arms burners under the Gill 
boilers. The Heine boilers use seventeen Graves, sixteen Burton, eight Wright 
and twelve Reid burners; the Stirlings use eight Burton and eight locomotive 
burners. The oil is fed from an oil vault half a mile from the boiler house. Two 
mains run from this vault into a five inch header which runs the entire length of the 
boiler house. This header is tapped frequently and every make of boilers is sup- 




PAVILION OF SWITZERLAND— BUILDING OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS 



320 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

plied through a separate pipe. The pressure as allowed by the underwriters, is six 
pounds. Running along the tops of the boilers from one end of the boiler-house to 
the other is a two and a half inch steam pipe with valves between each make of 
boilers. A two-inch steam pipe feeds into this from each boiler. From this two 
and a half inch pipe steam is carried into the oil burners for atomizing the oil. As 
steam is necessary to burn, the oil pipe obviates the necessity of using wood to 
start up any battery of boilers after it has been allowed to cool down so long as any 
other battery has steam up. The Gill and Campbell & Zell boilers have indepen- 
dent steam connections with the burners in addition. The safety valves, which are 
the ordinary pop valves, are set at 125 pounds. 

The entire room is in charge of George Ross Green, who is known as the 
superintendent of the boiler house. His rank is that of second assistant engineer. 
Each exhibitor furnishes firemen and water tenders to care for its boilers. They 
work in watches of eight hours each, one or two men being required, according to 
the number of boilers in the exhibit. In addition the exposition furnishes a gang 
of thirty men under three foremen, who look after cleaning, oil and oiling, repairs, 
alterations and so on. One man's duties consist of watching for smoke and 
promptly reporting any offenses in this particular. He sits in a little house back 
of the boiler-room where he has a clear view of all the chimneys. Electric com- 
munications with every furnace is provided, so that as soon as a chimney begins to 
smoke the fireman is warned by a bell to look after the matter. Another man looks 
after the valves, of which there are 108 on the headers alone, and a grand total 
of 1,200 in round numbers in theboiler house. 

Mr. Green has devised an ingenious yet simple scheme for keeping a record 
of the condition of the boilers and engine. On the north wall of the boiler-house 
near the east end of the gallery, hang two huge blue prints. On one is a diagram 
of the boiler-house and machinery hall, showing the location of every boiler and 
engine, each being numbered. The key to these numbers is given on the bottom 
of the blue print. A brass peg is screwed into each spot occupied by a boiler or 
engine. At one corner are stacks of red, white and black tags about half an inch 
wide and two inches long. A white tag hung on a peg indicates that that particu- 
lar engine or boiler is working; a red tag shows that the boiler or engine is hot and 
ready to be put in operation at a moment's notice; black shows that the engine or 
boiler is not in use for some reason. Whenever an engine or boiler is started or 
stopped the foreman on duty goes to the diagram and hangs a suitably colored tag 
on the peg which stands for that engine or boiler. Thus the record is constantly 
kept up to date. On the second blue print is a diagram of the header and header 
valves with similar pegs and tags. Whenever a request is made for steam for an 
engine the foreman in charge sends the valve man to open the valve and hangs a 
white tag on the proper peg to show that it it open. In changing watches the fore- 
man coming on duty can see at a glance just how things stand. This saves a vast 
amount of labor in making out lengthy reports at the end of each watch. 

An elaborate record is kept in the boiler-room showing when each boiler is 






HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 321 

started up, when shut down, when valves are opened and when closed, the steam 
pressure, furnaces that smoke, repairs made and so on. 

All who are particularly interested in this chapter must understand that there 
are too many machines to mention — all kinds of printing presses, cotton thread mak- 
ing machines, pin and nail making machinery, looms of many descriptions, paper 
making machinery, planers, matchers and molders, jointers, shaping, mortis- 
ing, boring, and dovetailing machines, spinners, carders, more than 200 tool- 
making machines, and hundreds of others that cannot be mentioned. Towels, 
napkins, handkerchiefs, and many other articles are made while the visitor waits, 
such as gold bead necklaces, watch chains, and a variety of other articles to the 
number of two dozen in Sec. 32 on the north side of the Hall by Samuel Moore & 
Co's. gold bead machinery. Four sizes of beads can be made on the same machine 
by changing the dies. The machine is about four feet in height and about sixteen 
inches in width and breadth. A plated tube through which a small brass dumbbell 
wire to form the connecting links has been thrust is introduced into the shaft, 
which is hollow, until it is caught by the dies. These dies work on the end of L 
shaped levers, which are operated by a double cam on the main shaft. The dies 
are opened by brass springs. They work in pairs alternately, two being placed 
vertically and two horizontally. On the face of each die" is a series of eleven gradu- 
ated hemispherical cavities. On reaching the first pair of cavities a section of tube 
large enough to form a bead is cut off and partly formed. When the shaft has 
made a half revolution the vertical dies open and the lateral dies come together, 
cutting off a section of the wire to form the connecting link of the next bead. 
These dies are moved outward by a cam just the length of the bead, thus drawing 
in another section of tube. The partly formed bead is thus passed along through 
the series of cavities by the lateral motion of the horizontal dies, each pair being 
smaller than the preceding until the last, when it passes out of the machine a per- 
fect bead. The beads are held firmly together by the dumbbell wire. The capacity 
of the machine is from six inches to one foot of beads a minute, according to size- 
The string of beads is now cut up into suitable lengths, tied up in stout cotton 
cloth and placed in a shaker containing a strong solution of soap-suds. It is shaken 
for about fifteen minutes and is taken out polished. After being dried in sawdust, 
the chain or necklace is ready for sale. 

An interesting relic of colonial days is shown in the north aisle of Machinery 
Hall by the Campbell Printing Press Company. It is nothing less than the first 
printing press ever used in New Hampshire. It was made by Thomas Draper in 
Boston, 1742. Daniel Fowle purchased it Oct. 17, 1756, and it was afterwards 
owned by John Melcher, the first State Printer in New Hampshire. Later it passed 
into the possession of Frank W. Miller of Portsmouth and finally became the pro- 
perty of the company by which it is exhibited. Only a few portions of the original 
wood have had to be renewed. The plate is but half the size of the bed plate, so it 
was necessary to take two impressions to print the full size of the form. It forms a 
striking contrast with the huge perfecting presses exhibited on either side. 

In the west end of Machinery Hall is Grier's ingrain lumber machine that 



322 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 






was patented last October. Basswood board, worth $30 a thousand feet, passed in 
at one side comes out quarter-sawed oak, worth $60 a thousand feet, on the other 
side. That is, it looks like quarter-sawed oak. The essential feature of the 
machine is a drum thirty-six inches in diameter and thirty inches face. The design 
is first painted on the face of the drum, the champs being painted black on the pat- 
tern. The grain is left unpainted. The drum is then hung up on end and set with 
steel knives or type. These type are 1% inches deep by 1-32 of an inch thick, 
made of high grade steel. They can be cut up in widths from }i inch to 1 inch. 
The operation of placing them on the cylinder is something similar to typesetting, 
the knives being held into position by a clamp. When the drum is filled with type 
cement is poured into the interstices. This holds the knives firmly in place. 
The machine is capable of taking in lumber from }& inch to 6 inches 
thick. It is drawn through by means of a feed roller ten inches in diameter. After 
passing -over the drum the lumber next passes over a filler pan containing a 
specially prepared filler, which is pressed into the cavities made by the knives by 
two smooth, steel geared rollers. The board is held down against the filler rollers 
by another feed roiler placed directly above them three inches in diameter. Any 
surplus or filler is removed by a scraper, a steel blade thirty inches in width. The 
adjustment for various thicknesses of lumber is made by four screws operated 
by bevel cog gear. The drum makes three revolutions a minute. It has a maxi- 
mum capacity of 60,000 feet a day of ten hours. Fifteen varieties of wood can be 
imitated on this machine, such as oak, ash, bird's-eye maple, mahogany, cherry, and 
Hungarian ash. 

No man ever leaves the Machinery Building a bit disappointed. If he sur- 
veys all that is to be seen carefully and intelligently he has obtained an amount 
of information concerning mechanic arts that he had never dreamed of. 

The Krupp exhibit in Machinery Hall represents samples of mining machin- 
ery, powerful ore crushers and grinders, also improved assaying machinery. A 
very interesting exhibit is made by a Berlin firm which constructs machines for the 
manufacture of safety matches and match boxes. These are the matches which 
can only be ignited on the surface of the box they are packed in. Both box and 
match are prepared which a certain chemical substance. The manufacture of these 
matches and boxes is shown here in a practical manner. One person can work a 
single machine, and in Germany this is mostly done by girls. The process for the 
manufacture of the boxes is started by a machine which does the shaving of a 
block of wood (cottonwood) into very thin sheets, then another machine does the 
cutting, folding and labeling of the 36,000 boxes per day. Two peeling machines 
can cut 24,000,000 matches out of prepared blocks of wood per day. The dipping 
process — placing the chemical preparation on one end of the match — is also done 
by a very ingenious contrivance, whereby 2,200 matches are dipped. To prevent 
the matches sticking together they are placed in a frame with a holder for each 
one. Thus the process is facilitated, and one operator can dip almost two million 
matches per day. Although poplar and cottonwood are chiefly used in Germany, 
the process at the exhibit is being demonstrated with willow. Another interesting 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 323 

feature of the process of the manufacture of matches is the filling of the boxes. 
With the aid of automatic machines a girl can fill 1,800 boxes per hour. 

The agricultural part of the German machinery exhibit is represented by 
kneading and mixing machines; machinery for manufacture and working of paper 
by combined rolling and friction calenders with from ten to twelve rollers ninety 
inches on surface, and a downward pressure of fifty tons on each end of the jour- 
nals; these mammoth calenders being driven by two twin engines. 

The electrotyping process for rotating printing presses is demonstrated by 
an Augsburg firm. Prominent German illustrated papers, such as the Flicgende 
Blacttcr and Lcipzigcr Ilhistrirte Zeitung, etc., use electrotypes for their rotating 
presses instead of stereotypes. The single and double page ruling machines ex- 
hibited by a firm from Leipsic is of interest to the representatives of the book- 
binding trade and to manufacturers of stationery goods. 

Printing Press Row in Machinery Hall is one of the greatest attractions. It 
stretches along the north aisle just west of the north entrance, and is one of the 
great centers of attraction. It contains two Hoe, three Goss, two Potter and one 
Scott press, which are used to get off part of the last edition of five afternoon 
papers. The sight of these marvels of mechanism biting into a continuous roll of 
paper and throwing off printed papers, folded and bunched faster than can be 
counted by the spectator, is a decided novelty to the majority of visitors. 

Readers of newspapers who do not know how they are printed can see the 
entire operation from the stereotype-room to the newsboy, for the stereotype plates 
made from papier-mache matrices are made in an isolated building just south of the 
west annex of Machinery Hall, and the presses are " dressed " in full view of every- 
body. Newspapers nowadays are not printed direct from type, but a papier-mache 
mold or matrix is made from the type and the stereotype plate is cast from it. 
These matrices are generally made in the city and brought to the park by special 
messengers and taken to the electrotype-room. The matrix is made as follows: 
Several sheets of water-soaked paper, something like blotting paper, with waste 
between them, are laid over the form (as the type is called when it is arranged in 
columns and held together in a steel frame) . Two men with long-handled brushes 
of stiff bristle drive the paper down on the type and thus secure a deep, sharp im- 
pression. Some papers secure the same end by pressure in a press. A steam table 
quickly dries the paper and makes it hard but flexible, so that the matrix, as it is 
now called, may be curved so as to fit into the casting-box. 

The stereotype-room at the W'orld's Fair probably contains more different 
kinds of stereotyping machinery than any similar room on earth. Its equipment 
comprises full sets of Hoe, Bullock, Scott, Goss, and Potter stereotyping machinery, 
all working at once. Lack of space and insurance precautions compelled the 
authorities to put the stereotype-room in an out-of-the-way building, so that this 
very interesting feature of a newspaper is not on general exhibit. When the 
matrix reaches the room it is placed in a casting box, a ladleful of molten type 
metal is dumped into the box, and the plate is cast, curved to fit the cylinders of 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 325 

the p*css. Before it goes to press, however, the plate is trimmed and made of uni- 
form thickness. 

The next process is to dress the press; that is, place the plates on the 
cylinder in their proper order. When this is done the paper is run through the 
press, which is put to its full speed, and folded papers begin to drop out. 

One of the presses shown runs four, six, eight, ten, twelve, fourteen, sixteen, 
twenty-four or thirty-two paged papers. On four presses, running six and eight 
pages, 48,000 , "papers an hour are printed; 24,000 on the ten, twelve, fourteen or 
sixteen pages, and 12,000 on the twenty-four or thirty-two paged papers. Another 
style on exhibition runs 24,000 four, six or eight-paged papers an hour, and 12,000 
twelve or sixteen-paged papers. The other runs 40,000 four-paged papers an hour, 
24,000 six or eight-paged papers and 12,000 twelve or sixteen-paged papers. 

Still another pattern shown only prints an eighteen-page paper, and does it 
at the rate of 16,000 an hour A little mathematical calculation will give figures to 
show the aggregate maximum number of papers that the presses can throw off in 
an hour. 

Old William Carson of Philadelphia is putting in his summer at the fair 
pounding away at a high wooden carpet loom in the palace of mechanic arts, gen- 
erally known as Machinery Hall. Mr. Carson is taking it very easy, though. He 
takes up one of his clumsy wooden bobbins, gazes at it in contemplative fashion, and 
gives it a flirt through the warp; then he jams the thread down with a heavy hand- 
bar, kicks a couple of levers, picks up another bobbin with another color of thread, 
and does it all over again, so the result is that the ingrain carpet which the vener- 
able weaver is working does not grow very fast. He does not seem to care, though; 
he has the whole summer before him, so he goes through his weaving with mechan- 
ical precision and slowness. The fact is William Carson has come to the fair to 
show how not to weave carpets. 

Over against his queer old wooden loom there is a nervous and noisy machine 
that looks like a mass of steel painted green, a tangle of whizzing wheels, and a 
great array of tightly stretched strings. This machine is grinding out the gayest 
sort of a carpet; it outspeeds William Carson and his hand loom about 100 to 1. 
This machine is the latest model' of a power carpet loom made by the Knowles 
company. It represents, perhaps, the least development in loom building, for 
power looms for carpet weaving are things of recent date. The process of its work 
is something marvelous to look upon. 

This is not the only fine weaving machine in sight, though. The west end of 
Machinery Hall is full of them, and the way they buzz and rattle is something ter- 
rific. You can see pretty nearly any sort of a fabric being woven here if you will 
look around long enough. Some of the machines are wonderfully intricate. The 
folks in charge of them are willing enough to explain exactly how they all work, 
but after they have done you go away with a confused idea of a high framework 
full of wheels and levers and strings that behave in the most eccentric and unusual 
manner. Shuttles seem to chase around as crazily as an electric launch without a 
pilot. 



326 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Some of the looms weave dress goods, some silks, some cassimeres. But the 
most interesting of all are the ones that turn out souvenir ribbons and handker 
chiefs. J. J. Mannion of Chicago has one that makes book marks. There are six: 
colors of silk in these book marks. At the top of each ribbon are crossed American 
flags with the national shield between. Then there are two or three lines of letter- 
ing in blue and red with gold shading. Underneath this is a particularly fine view 
of Machinery Hall in delicate tints and beneath that a spirited view of a railway 
train. Every line of this is woven into the fabric, each speck of color in its proper 
place. The machine which does this is quite beyond the comprehension of an 
ordinary mortal. It is big enough to grind out a dozen ribbons all at once. 

This loom is of the Jaccard type, as indeed all figure-weaving looms must be. 
Jaccard was a Frenchman, who lived about ioo years ago. He invented a figure- 
weaving apparatus that has never been much modified to this day. To the ordinary 
man the Jaccard attachment looks like a multitude of cords and copper rods. 
There is a large quantity of cardboard slabs too, all strung together and punched 
full of little round holes. It is on these slabs that the pattern to be woven is marked 
out. 

It is the pattern making that afflicts the weaver's purse- There are only a 
few good pattern makers in the country, and, as Mr. Mannion says, they have the 
pleasure of fixing their own salaries. 

The design for the little book mark with the picture of Machinery Hall upon 
it costs $350. A pattern designer first makes a large sketch in colors of the design 
he proposes to reproduce and then marks upon it a wilderness of little dots, which 
indicates exactly where the pattern cards are to have holes punched. Then he 
turns the matter over to a card puncher, who is not an artist at all, but just a coarse 
mechanic. If you want to see just what is the effect of the holes after they are 
punched you must go around to Machinery Hall and look for yourself — and after 
you have looked you will know less than ever before. 

There are Knowles looms in this same section that make portraits of Presi- 
dent Cleveland and Mrs. Cleveland, and others that turn out kerchiefs woven with 
large pictures of Machinery Hall. Then there is another, " the Empire skirting 
loom." which weaves an elaborately flowered fabric of silk in exceedingly dainty 
hues, The Crompton company has also a great array of looms. Some of them 
weave rugs five feet wide and some of them turn out Columbian souvenir ribbons 
all full of eagles. 

Probably the fastest looms in the building are some Gingham weavers, oper- 
ated by this company. There is one machine that makes brocaded silk of so fine 
a design that the aisle in front is blockaded by women all the time. Off in another 
corner the Willamantic Thread company has a fine array of spool machines whirl- 
ing giddily, and the Star and Crescent company weaves all manner of towels. 

These looms are all in charge of pretty girls. They do not look a bit like 
the overworked and abused factory toilers we read about in the story papers; they 
do not seem to have anything to do but stand around, look handsome, and answer 
questions. 






HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



327 



One of the most generally admired as well as one of the largest and com- 
pletest exhibits in the Palace of Mechanic Arts is that of Montague & Fuller, the 
well-kncwn manufacturer of book-bindery machinery, which comprises the latest 
and best labor-saving machines in use by the leading book-binders and publishers 
throughout the world. Even to one not interested in such machinery in a business 
way, this collection of beautiful objects in motion commands the admiration of the 
beholder, and it is, perhaps, not too much to say that the exhibit of Montague & 
Fuller is one of the gems of the Palace of Mechanic Arts. 

Chief L. W. Robinson is only 51 years old, but has had much experience. 
He joined the navy when a youngster from New England, and was with Farragut 
at Forts Jackson and St. Phillips, at the city of New Orleans, the passage of the 
forts at Vicksburg in 1862, and other minor engagements in the Mississippi, also in 
the capture of nine blockade runners in the gulf. He was chief engineer of the 
Kennebec in the fight at Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864, resulting in the capture of Forts 
Morgan, Gaines, and Powell, and the Confederate fleet, and received special 
mention in the report of his commanding officer for conduct during the engagement. 
Chief Robinson was promoted to the grade of second assistant engineer, rank of 
master, July 30, 1863, was present at the second surrender of Galveston, Texas, and 
was detached from the Kennebec at that place June 9, 1865, and was ordered north. 
From November, 1865, to December, 1869, he was attached to the U. S. S. Sham- 
okin on the east coast of South America. After two years duty at the Philadelphia 
navy yards he made another cruise to the east coast of South America 
from January 1871, to February, 1874, on the U. S. S. Ticonderoga. 
He was then placed on special duty until Aug. 1, 1875, when, obtaining leave of ab- 
sence, he occupied the position of chief of machinery at the Centennial, and since 
then has occupied high grades of duty. 




CHIEF ROBINSON. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



CHAPTER XII. 



TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 



Wonders in the Way of Railway Trains — An Object Lesson for Railroad Operatives — The Mahogany 
Train of the Canadian Pacific Railway — The Most Costly and Magnificent in the World — Its 
Engine Can Haul Ten Full Passenger Cars Sixty Miles an Hour — A Tremendous Engine From the 
London & Northwestern Railway of England and a Handsome Train. This Locomotive Can 
Haul Thirty of Its Coaches, Each Containing Six Passengers, Seventy-Five Miles an Hour — Its 
Average Time Including Stops Fifty-Three Miles an Hour — Stevenson's Rocket on Exhibit — Also 
the Albion and Sampson Built in 1838 — Also the Two First Engines Run over the Old Colony 
Road in the Thirties- -Another Old-Timer Built in England in 1831 and Last in Service in 
Mississippi in 1890 — It Puffed and Whistled Sixty Years and Once Fell Overboard and Staid 
under Water from 1868 until 1870 — More Than Fifty Locomotives on Exhibition, Representing 
the Baldwin and Other Works — Three From England, Three From Germany and Four From 
France — The Baldwin Has an Engine That Has Made a Mile in 39 1-4 Seconds, or 92 Miles an 
Hour — All of the Baldwin Locomotives are Jacked Up so That Their Engines May be Seen in 
Motion — Nicaragua Canal Relief Map — Graphic Illustration of That Enterprise — Not More Than 
$100,000,000 Required to Construct It— Excavation Already in Progress on the Atlantic End — 
Great Exhibit of Bicycles — Pneumatics of All Sizes, Degrees and Conditions — The Old-Time 
Bicycle Practically Unexhibited — Safeties All the Go — Pennsylvania and New York Central Exhi- 
bit — Coaches, Buggies and Baby Carriages — Sledges, Carretas and Volantes — Marine Architecture 
— Sedans, Palenquins and Cateches — The Transportation Building and the Department Chief. 




REAT crowds gather daily around the numerous objects of 
interest in the Transportation Building, from the thousand 
dollar baby carriages up to the enormous locomotives used 
upon many American and European roads of rail. Perhaps 
that which invites as much attention as any other of its kind 
is an engine which represents the highest type of locomotive 
used on the London and Northwestern railway of England. 
It doesn't look anything like the American locomotive, but its 
record for speed is far ahead of the railroad time-killers in 
America. This locomotive is devoid of the trappings which 
render symmetrical the American engine, but it is built in a 
manner to split the air at the rate of seventy-five miles an hour. This 
English locomotive has four drive wheels, each 7 feet i 1 /? inches in diameter. In 
front and behind these wheels are two-wheeled trucks. To the casual observer it 
would seem that the cylinders on either side of the locomotive are too small to per- 
form great service. It is only when the observer steps in front of the locomotive 
and sees under it a third and ponderous cylinder that he understands why the Eng- 



33° 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



ish locomotive can speed over the country at the rate of seventy-five miles an houi 
and haul a train of thirty coaches. 

The name of the English locomotive is " Queen Empress." Its big drivers 
and their location with regard to trucks is similar to the Lord of the Isles, the old 
locomotive which is being shown as a relic. The new type apparently sticks to the 
old form. On the Queen Empress there is no " cow catcher," neither is there a 
cab to shelter the engine-driver from sunshine or storm. He must stand on an 
iron platform and direct his engine with the same lack of protection as character- 
ized the locomotives built in the time of Richard Trevethick. The big locomotives 




ENGLISH LOCOMOTIVE "SAMSON" MADE IN 1838. 

on the London and Northwestern make an average time of fifty-three miles an 
hour, including stops. In some instances these stops are six minutes each. In ad- 
dition to the Queen Empress and two passenger coaches, five covered freight cars 
and an employe's caboose, which ran over the New York Central as a special fast 
train for the Fair, and which came into Jackson Park over the Baltimoreand Ohio road, 
there are in the London and Northwestern's exhibit full sized models of early and 
famous locomotives. One is Stephenson's Rocket, which was constructed in 1829, 
and the other, Richard Trevethick's road locomotive, which was built in 1833. This 
latter was the first locomotive to which the principle of high pressure was applied. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



33i 



There are other old-timers that are never overlooked — the Albion and 
Sampson, which came from Nova Scotia on flat cars operated by the Canadian 
Intercolonial railroad. The Sampson was built near Darlington, England, in 1838. 
The builder was Timothy Hackworth, grandfather of T. Hackworth Young, who is 
in charge of the locomotive exhibit at Jackson Park. This engine was shipped at 
once to Nova Scotia, where it remained in service until a few years ago. Like all 
old-fashioned locomotives it is cabless and without a " cow catcher." Motive 

power is applied to the rear drive wheel by means 
of cylinders, placed upright at the rear end of the 
boiler and directly under the seat occupied by the 
driver. The origin of the Albion is a mystery. 
All that is known of her is that she is English 
built and that she was in service in Nova Scotia 
many years. Her record is now being looked up, 
to ascertain when and by whom she was built. 
The cylinders of the Albion are placed at an an- 
gle about midway of the boiler, connection being 
made by the piston on the center drive wheel. 
These locomotives are much older and outrival as 
curiosities the old Progress, the first engine that 
ever ran in Chicago. The passenger coaches of 
about the same date as these old locomotives are 
quite as primitive as anything of the kind in exist- 
ence. They were roughly built to accommodate 
four passengers, and are treasures in the eyes of 
experts interested in the development of railways. 
Two other engines which form a marked contrast to 
those of modern make came from the Old Colony 
railroad of Massachusetts, and were the first to 
draw regular trains on that road. For years they 
have been in the shops at Fall River, and were 
sent out without even a new coat of paint. They 
closely resemble the old pioneer from the Peoria road, except that they are much 
more rickety and one of them is much smaller. The maximum speed of these 
engines was fourteen miles an hour. Standing alongside of one of those for 
which ninety-five miles an hour is claimed, it shows to advantage the marked im- 
provement made in the last few years- 

Another interesting relic of earl)- railroading in this country is a locomotive 
of English build brought to the United States in 1836. For several years it was 
operated on the Natchez and Hamburg road, now part of the Illinois Central 
system. In 1868 it was taken to Yicksburg, but shortly after ran into a river, where 
it was buried until 1S70, when the superintendent of the road had it dug out and 
put in service again. Although largely out of date and at least a full generation 
behind the times it was kept in use on a small branch road down in Mississippi up 




THE BRAKEMAN ON TRANSPORTATION 
BUILDING. 



33< 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




EARLY LOCOMOTIVE. 



to three years ago. This 
engine is a curious look- 
ing machine and is an in- 
teresting attraction. 
When first put in service 
it ran on strips of iron 
bolted to wooden rails 
laid lengthwise. A sec- 
tion of the old track thirty- 
feet long is also shown. 
There are fifty odd loco- 
motives in the Transpor- 
tation building and two 
outside. The two outside 
are wonders. The Brooks 
engine, which is on the 
north side, weighs ninety tons and is designed for freight. It has twelve wheels, 
each 52 inches in diameter, with all the latest improvements. The pedestal on 
which it stands is four feet high. At the 
south end of the building is a Baldwin en- 
gine. This engine weighs 100 tons and 
is the largest ever turned out by any 
works. It is a twelve-wheel, compound 
engine of the Van Clain type, with a 20 
by 6-inch cylinder. The wheels are 52 
inches in diameter and the boiler 72 
inches in diameter. This engine was 
built for the Central railroad of New Jer- 
sey and will run on that road after the 
Exposition. Among these fifty odd lo- 
comotives in the building three are from 
England, four from France and three 
from Germany, and in addition Rogers, 
Pittsburg, Richmond, Porter and Schenec- 
tady works are represented. The larg- 
est exhibitors are the Baldwin people, 
who send fifteen engines. This company 
represent all of their machines in ac- 
tion. Each is jacked upon bases to al- 
low the wheels to turn clear of the rail 
about an inch and a half, and the wheels 
are turned by compressed air. The com- 
pany also have an engine for which a speed 
of ninety-five miles an hour is claimed. parlor car of today. 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



333 




It is of the compound type, with seven-foot drive- 
wheels. Certain improvements have been made 
on this engine over one of its type which stood a 
test of ninety-two miles an hour, the fastest mile 
being 39^ seconds. The costliest and most mag- 
nificent train throughout is the new mahogany 
train built for exhibition by the Canadian Pacific 
railway. At the request of Chief Willard A. Smith, 
the company undertook to furnish a train to stand 
side by side with the one sent by the London and 
Northwestern. The two together — one vestibuled 
and the other on the continental coach pattern 
— make a most interesting comparison of the two 
methods. The train was built at the Montreal 
shops, is 400 feet long, 10 feet 3^ inches wide and 
14 feet 8 inches high. It consists of a locomotive, 
baggage car, second and first-class coaches, din- 
ing car and sleeper, all vestibuled, steam heated 
and electric lighted and equipped with automatic 
brakes, couplers 



JAMES WATT ON TRANSPORTATION 
BUILDING. 



and signal devices. 
American railroad 
men are apt to gasp 
when they read the 
figures accompanying the exhibit's entry. The en- 
gine and tender weigh 213,000 pounds — io6>£ tons 
loaded — are of the ten-wheel passenger type, with 
drivers 5 feet 9 inches in diameter; the locomotive 
and tender, coupled, measure 59 feet 8 inches in 
length. It is claimed the monster locomotive is 
capable of hauling ten coaches sixty miles an 
hour for its fuel and water distance. The baggage 
car is of standard type and weighs thirty tons; sec- 
ond-class car, upholstered in leather and used for 
a sleeper at night, weighs thirty-two tons, capac- 
ity sixty-four passengers; first-class car, same 
weight, capacity fifty-six passengers, interior deco- 
ration in early Italian renaissance style, upholstered 
in plush, woodwork in main room white mahogany, 
smoking room in old oak, upholstered with olive 
corduroy. The dining car and sleeping car are 
decorated and finished in a fashion to make plain 
citizens afraid to enter. The dining car is in Ital- 
ian renaissance, carpet of old India rug pattern, 




JOSEPH MICHEL MONTGOLFIER ON 
TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 



334 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




GEORGE STEPHENSON ON TRANSPOR- 
TATION BUILDING. 



old bronze metal, leather of yellow-brown. Its 
weight is 85,000 pounds, length 70 feet 10 inches, on 
six wheeled trucks. The general collection em- 
braces many precious railroad relics of Europe 
and America, and as a whole it is a remarkable 
combination of original drawings, old-time auto- 
graphic letters, daguerreotypes, and implements. 
There are the spade and pick used by Charles Car- 
roll of Carollton, the last surviving signer of the 
Declaration of Independence, in turning over the 
first shovelful of earth in the construction of the 
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad at Baltimore, July 4, 
1828 — the first event in the railroad history of the 
American Continent, and the first railroad, in the 
true sense of the term, in the world. All rail lines 
in England at this time were tramways, built solely 
for the carrying of coal. There is also the trowel 
used by Charles Carroll in laying the cornerstone 
of the Baltimore and Ohio station on the date 
mentioned, this same trowel being also used subse- 
quently to lay the 
cornerstone of the 
Washington Mon- 
ument at the na- 



tional capital. There is likewise the special badge 
worn by Charles Carroll at the laying of the cor- 
nerstone, another badge worn at the same time by 
the Grand Master of Masons, and a third, of dif- 
ferent design from either of the others, worn by 
jhipley Lester, Chairman of the Citizen's Com- 
mittee. In the collection of relics is the Masonic 
apron worn by the Grand Secretary; the first cer- 
tificate of stock of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road Company; way bills, which in the early days 
of the Baltimore and Ohio were made out for 
each car, with every passenger's name and destina- 
tion entered thereon; large pasteboard passenger 
tickets of different colors for each day in the week; 
the original letter of Ross Winans, then an Assist- 
ant Master of Machinery, and afterwards the great 
railroad contractor in Russia, and many-times mil- 
lionaire, stating to the President of the Baltimore 
and Ohio that he found it impossible to support 
his family on $75 a month. Old-time pay rolls 




THE PILOT ON TRANSPORTATION 
BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



335 




DENNIS PAPIN ON TRANSPORTATION 
BUILDING. 



body of the car is thirty feet 
and is built mostly of steel. The lower half of each 
side is a solid sheet of steel thirty feet long, three 
feet broad, and one-eighth of an inch thick. On 
the side-plates rest the window frames of wood, 
covered with sheet iron. The cross-bars of the 
running gear are made of pressed steel. The in- 
terior of the car is finished in solid brass of fanciful 
design, buff silk, and blue velvet. The top, made 
of sheet steel, is oval in shape and tastefully deco- 
rated. The platform at either end is surrounded 
by beautifully wrought railings of iron. The in- 
terior is similar to that of the day coaches found 
on American railroads. The seats are arranged 
along either side, with an aisle in the center. Alpha 
and Omega in railroading, represented by the De 
Witt Clinton and the empire state express trains, 
stand on the parallel and contiguous tracks. The 
New York Central also has another exhibit in a 



showing the small beginnings in the way of salary- 
received by many of the subsequently best-known 
railroad managers in the country are exhibited. 
John King, President of the Erie; James Clark, 
President of the Illinois Central and various other 
roads; Albert Fink, Trunk Line Commissioner; 
W. T. Blanchard, Trunk Line Commissioner, and 
numerous other distinguished men in railroad cir- 
cles, all commenced in a very small way on the 
Baltimore and Ohio, which has been the greatest 
railway school in America- The collection of old 
historical drawings is notable. There are fourteen 
of George Stephenson's earliest efforts, numbering 
among them the " Twin Sisters," the "Patentee," 
the first locomotive with steam brakes; the"Belted 
Will," " Lancashire Witch," " Northumbrian," the 
engine that opened the Liverpool and Manchester, 
the first railway in England; the "Rocket," the 
"Planet," and other famous historical locomotives. 
One of the interesting foreign exhibits is a parlor 
car such as Ger- 
man railroads use, 
built by Van Der 
Zypen & Charlier 
of Cologne. The 
long, ten feet wide, 




ROBERT FULTON ON TRANSPORTATION 
BUILDING. 



336 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 






building near by. The Pennsylvania Railroad also has a separate exhibit located 
between the Hygeia Building and Cold Storage. 

The space assigned the Pennsylvania company is 400x150 feet, and the ex- 
hibit is partly outdoors and partly housed in the main hall, 100x40 feet in size, built 
of staff and of classical and beautiful architecture. The exhibits relate only to the 
transportation lines comprising the Pennsylvania railroad system, and its design is 
not only to perpetuate the early history of the lines merged into or associated in 
interest with the Pennsylvania company, but also to place permanently on record 
the results that have attended the efforts of the management's advanced methods' 

One of the outdoor exhibits is a section of a four-track standard railroad, 
100 feet in length, laid with standard 100-pound rails, or 3,333 pounds to the rail, 
with frogs, switches, stone ballasts, ditches, signals, and overhead foot bridge. The 
rails are 100 feet in length. The track is ballasted with crushed stone and drained 
on each side by drains made of concrete. The signal tower is equipped with a' 
special Westinghouse electro-pneumatic machine; which controls the two switches 
and six signals governing the track. Nothing like this in the way of a railroad 
track has ever been seen before in the West. 

On this splendid track and in strange contrast with it, is exhibited the original 
locomotive "John Bull," with pilot and tender complete, which was first put in 
service on the Camden and Amboy railroad Nov 12, 1831, and which is the oldest 
complete locomotive in America. It was still able to haul to the Exposition the 
two Camden and Amboy passenger coaches of the style of 1831, leaving New York 
April 17 and arriving in Chicago April 22. On the track are exhibited also the two 
special gun cars on which the two huge Krupp guns of ten inches and sixteen and one- 
half inches bore were brought here. The guns weighed 140,000 and 285,000 pounds 
respectively and the gun cars 113,300 and 175,000 pounds, making totals of 253,300 
and 460,000 pounds. Reproductions of the guns are mounted on the gun cars. 

Still more interesting, if possible, is a collection of old railroad material sent 
in a special car from the Smithsonian Institution in charge of J. Eifreth Watkins. 
It consists of a number of specimens of articles in use as far back as 1830 or 1831. 
Old signals, wooden engine and car wheels, strap rails, and primitive switches and 
crossings are exhibited, but the most interesting article is a section of track laid in 
^831 on the Camden and Amboy railroad. The rails are about the size of those 
used in mines for small hand cars. The ties are blocks of granite about two feet 
wide, laid three to each rail. The stone sleepers are provided each with two holes, 
or, when they come at the joint of two rails, with four holes. In these holes were 
driven locust wood plugs and the rails were fastened down by spikes driven into 
the locust plugs. When they fastened a rail in that way in 1831 it was expected to 
stay. The rails themselves were held together by single fish-plates at each joint, to 
which they were riveted with hot rivets. This was to make the track very rigid, 
the possibility of rails wearing out never occurring to railroad men in 1831, since 
at that time none had ever given out. 

The first attempts at navigation are well illustrated by canoes and rafts which 
bear many strange names and which have been gathered from the islands of the 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



337 



sea, the heart of the Dark Continent, the rivers and lakes of America, and the 
frozen regions of the far north. 

Innumerable models, accurate in every particular, illustrate the oddities of 
the marine construction of China, India, Ceylon, and the Malay Peninsula. The 

use of the various forms appears in pictures 
from original photographs made by the Ex- 
position's representative in various lands. 
A superb Turkish caique is one of many 
similar objects of interest. The growth and 
present perfection and variety of the mer- 
chant marine and the navies of the nations 
^ of to-day appear graphically in the shape of 
hundreds of models of the finest workman- 
ship. The big shipbuilders of the world, 
and especially of that country which has so 
long ruled the sea, have vied with each 
other in showing the miniatures of their tri- 
umphs. The great steamship lines of the 
world vary this by diagrams and other de- 
vices for illustrating life at sea. At one 
point in the building there arises before the 
visitor the side of a great transatlantic liner, 
or at least a section of it sixty feet in length. 
Entering on the lower deck, one may pass 
through the various rooms and ascend stair- 
case after staircase for five stories, the rooms, 
their fittings and furnishings, being identical 
with those of the real steamers. And then 
there are superb collections of sail and row 
boats, yachts and launches, of such graceful 
lines and such elegant finish that one lingers 
longingly over them and wishes that his 
purse was something fatter. The North 
German Lloyd Steamship company have a 
novel exhibit — a large map of the world on which is noted the daily positions of all 
the steamships of the North German Lloyd company. These positions are indicated 
on the various ocean lines of the company by means of miniature steamers that are 
moved from day to day to correspond with the movements of the company's vessels. 
Around this map are placed the models of the six newest steamships of the com- 
pany and on the walls of the pavilion are descriptions showing the tonnage and 
ocean passenger traffic of the world. The exhibit is in charge of one of the officers 
of the company detailed for that purpose. Thomas Cook & Son make a fine 
exhibit — and who has not traveled in some part of Europe, or Asia, or Africa — who 
has traveled much — who has not been at some time or another a "Cookie." 




LOCOMOTIVE STATUARY ON TRANSPORTATION 
BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF- THE WORLDS FAIR. 330 

Rising aspiringly in the southern central court is a huge steam hammer — the 
fac simile of that of 125 tons, the largest in the world. It calls attention to the fact 
that not only the " fruits of peace " but the " peacemakers " have here a place. 
Because naval vessels group properly with merchant marine and pleasure craft they 
keep them company and they bring them naval armament and equipment. Recent 
improvements in armor plate and naval ordnance are fully shown and will bear 
careful scientific study. An important and fascinating portion of the marine exhibit 
is in the gallery floor, which is reached by free elevators at frequent intervals. 
These elevators are themselves exhibits of vertical transportation. 

Much has already been said about the luxurious and useful modern carriages 
and other wheeled vehicles which celebrated makers in the world are displaying. 
Here and there is an " old-timer" like the deacon's " one-horse-shay." There are 
some which belonged to celebrated men of an elder day. A Lord Mayor's state 
coach stands out in startling contrast contrast with a rude carreta made without 
metal by the untutored hands of the Pueblo Indians. There is a startling outfit of 
cart and harness from Palermo, land sledges from Punchal, a caleche from Quebec, 
and a Cuban volante- The horse, the ox, and the ass appear in various burden- 
bearing capacities, and the harness and saddlery abound in most useful and econ- 
omical forms, as well as in the elegant and even fantastic. 

Almost side by side in the Carriage Department of the Transportation Build- 
ing stand types of the English and American styles in carriages. The former is a 
heavily built court coach, the coachman's seat draped with a heavy hammer-cloth, 
with a rumble behind and footboard for the footman. This, of course, is not intended 
for everyday use, but in its solid build and heavy wheels and tires, expresses the 
English idea that strength can only come from massiveness. The American ideal, 
on the other hand, is a light top wagon whose wheels look like spider-webs by the 
side of those of the massive English vehicle, yet of the two over the average roads 
of this country the latter would undoubtedly stand the strain much longer than the 
English production, as well as being far easier on the horses drawing it. 

The human pack animal is not forgotten. The cargadores of South America 
and street carrier of the Orient form picturesque groups. Palanquins, traveling 
hammocks, and sedans from remote corners of the globe, and some from remote 
times, illustrate how one class of mankind drudges that another may ride in luxury. 

Oddly contiguous to these boxes and bags on poles rise many beautiful pa- 
vilions, which shelter the pets of the " wheelmen." The bicycle exhibit is to be 
found in the beautifully lighted and readily accessible entresol. Several nations 
have contributed, but the American makers, both for the number and the beauty of 
their displays, are entitled to unstinted praise. There are also choice and rare 
marine exhibits on this gallery floor, some beautiful dioramas, and many exceed- 
ingly important engineering models, drawings, and maps. The associated 
engineering societies of Germany occupy the southern gallery with an exhibit 
which has cost a large amount of work and money — a very large amount when it is 
considered that the commercial inducement plays only a slight part in it and that 

22 



340 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

it is intended almost solely as a contribution to the engineering advancement of 
the world. 

Models or relief maps of the Erie Canal system, the Nicaragua Canal, and 
the Hudson river are of great interest. There are five very elaborate models of 
Hell Gate as it looked before and after the dangerous flood: Rock blown up in 
1885. The first shows the gate prior to 1869 on a scale of an inch to the mile. 
Ward's island, Hallett's Point, Flood Rock, the Hen and Chickens, Gridiron, and 
the Negroheads are plainly recognized in the miniature model. The second 
exhibit is a model of Hallett's point, one of the rocks blown up by Gen. Newton in 
1876. By turning a crank the surface is made to rise, showing the galleries, shaft 
heading, and coffer dams as they were just before the rock was torn asunder by 
dynamite. There are also models of Way's reef, Flood reef, and of the drill scow 
used in making the borings at Hell Gate. 

A very interesting and educating place is the Transportation Building, and 
no mistake. It overlooks the wooded island, forming one of the group of edifices 
composing the northern architectural courts of the Exposition. It is refined and 
simple in architectural treatment. The main entrance consists of an immense 
single arch, enriched to an extraordinary degree with carvings, bas-relief, and 
mural paintings, the entire feature forming a rich and beautiful yet quiet color cli- 
max, for it is treated in leaf and is called the golden door. The interior of the 
building is treated much after the manner of a Roman basilica, with broad nave 
and aisles. The roof is in three divisions; the middle one rises much higher than 
the others and its walls are pierced to form a beautiful arcaded clear story. The 
cupola, placed artistically in the center of the building and rising 165 feet above the 
ground, is reached by eight elevators. The main building of the transportation 
exhibit measures 960 feet front by 250 feet deep. From this extends westward to 
Stony Island avenue an enormous annex, covering about nine acres. This is only 
one story in height. In it may be seen the more bulky exhibits. Along the central 
avenue or nave, facing each other, are scores of locomotive engines, highly polished. 
The Transportation Building cost $488,183. 

Those who were loudest in their condemnation of the bright colors used in 
painting the Transportation Building are now the sorriest that they did not count 
ten or delay in some other way before they spoke. As the color scheme developed 
the carpers grew fewer and the advocates of the plain grew more aggresssive. One 
is at a loss to explain a sky-blue statue of Stevenson, an emerald green Watt or a 
terra cotta Edison, but each merges its glaring colors into a congruous whole. 
Artist and layman acknowledge that the boldness of coloring does more than any- 
thing else to bring out the dazzling brightness of the white city. 

Except for the doorway of retreating arches, the architectural gem of the 
whole exposition, no particular attempt at adornment has been made on the Trans- 
portation Building. Every nook, nave, corridor and grand gallery is built for a 
purpose. It was planned and built, more than any building in Jackson Park, for its 
use in properly displaying ancient and modern methods of transportation. Being 
in this highest sense useful it is, according to Socrates, in the highest sense beautiful. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 341 

It should be classed as a cardinal sin for any sightseer to merely walk through 
the Transportation Building, glancing at the exhibit with indifferent eye. Better 
not enter the portals of the building. It is a place for the student and not for the 
dilettante. The one sees the apotheosis of evolution in transportation. The other 
sees wheels going round or methods for making them do so. You may travel over 
the world seeking old and new methods with a fadist's zeal and a lifetime of search 
will not bring you to as many methods of progression as you will find in the Trans- 
portation Building. The experts in transportation methods are the ones who are 
the most astonished. It convinces them more than any one else of the littleness of 
human knowledge. In their own field, where they have been accustomed to wear 
as a right the crown of the chieftain, they meet strangers with methods superior to 
their own in every respect. After a careful inspection of the cars and locomotives 
the general manager of one of the best roads in the United States said: " Our com- 
plete train service in the United States is perhaps better for our uses than that of 
any foreign country, but there is not one of them, apparently, who has not advanced 
further in particular directions. American roads can learn a lesson in improved 
methods from every foreign exhibit in the Transportation Building. It is rather 
humiliating to acknowledge this, and I, for one, have just ordered a smaller sized 
hat, but the thing to do is to acknowledge the truth and adapt for our own use the 
man)' improvements displayed." 

How Darwin would gloat over the transportation exhibit! Logicians tell us 
it is a vain thing to attempt proof by analogy. Perhaps not by a single illustration, 
but how is it when illustrations are heaped Ossa on Pelion? Whether or not the 
doctrine of evolution applies to man, there is no question that it applies to the 
works of man. From the lifting of weight by contracted biceps to the steam crane 
which lifts a hundred tons as easy as the baby lifts its rattle is a lesson in evolution. 
From the original " Rocket" and "Meteor" locomotives with their stove boilers and 
barrels of water on wheel-barrow tenders to the 130-ton locomotives capable of a 
speed of 100 miles an hour is an object lesson seen here in a moment, but it com- 
passes the experiences and best work of hundreds of thousands of men during their 
lifetime. Forty years ago an enterprising Frenchman joined two wheels with a 
frame, put a saddle on the frame, and with toes just touching the ground developed 
a speed which astonished the universe. From this "dandy horse" to the modern 
pneumatic safety bycicle is a long step or rather a multitude of short steps, but each 
can be seen in the general scheme of evolution. One is fairly dazed at the develop- 
ment of man's genius, but his exaltation is shattered in a minute by the chattering 
of an impertinent sparrow which flits jerkily along just out of reach. How long 
before man will propel himself in similar wise? From the "dandy horse" to the 
pneumatic, from the "meteor" to the modern locomotive is but the beginning of 
things in comparison with the airy flight of the British interloper. Ages may come 
and Langleys may go before the aeroplane principle is fitted to the uses of man. 

Willard Adelbert Smith is chief of the department of the transportation 
exhibits. He was born at Kenosha, Wis., Sept. 20, 1849. His parents came west 
from New Hampshire in the '30s and were among the early settlers in Wisconsin. 



342 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



His early education was in the public school of the village, up to 1861, when the 
family removed to Rockford, 111., where he entered and graduated from the high 
school. In 1S65 he entered the freshman class of Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, 
and graduated with class honors in 1869. The same year he entered the law school 
of Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., and graduated with highest honors in 
1871. In 1870 he was admitted to the bar of the State of Missouri, and in 1871 
admitted to practice in the United States courts. He was appointed to his present 
position with the exposition July 27, 1891, upon the recommendation of the railroad 
managers of Chicago. 



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HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



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CHAPTER XIII. 



MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 

The Department of Mines Excels all Former Exhibits of its Kind— Included in This Display is Every 
Kind of Material from the Rough State to the Finished Product — Artistic and Instructive Group- 
ing — Striking Exhibit from New South Wales — Michigan Makes a Fine Display of Copper in 
Various Shapes — Missouri Shows Zinc, Lead, Iron and Other Minerals — Canada Contributes 
Nickel, Silver and Gold — Montana's Pavilion a Centre of Attraction — The Silver Statue of Ada 
Rehan — Colorado Makes a Magnificent and Dazzling Display -California Shows Gold, Silver, 
Copper, Tin, Borax, Quicksilver, and Many Other Minerals — Its Marble and Onyx Exhibit Chal- 
lenges General Admiration — Ponderous Mining Machinery in Operation — Miniature Mining Plants 
With Devices for Boring, Lighting, Hoisting and Pulverizing— Methods of Separating Ores — Old 
Style Rockers and Long Toms — All the New Implements — Magnificent Exhibits of Coal and Iron 
by Ohio and Pennsylvania — The Wonderful German Exhibit— The Finest Ever Made Before in 
Any Country — Sketch of Chief Skiff. 



UCH an aggregation of the products of the mines of the 
world as is now represented in the Mines and Mining 
building has never been seen before. All the states 
and territories of the Union; far-off Alaska, Australia, 
Brazil, Mexico, and Southern Africa ;Great Britain, Germany, 
Canada and Greece — all are represented. Of the foreign 
countries Germany and Australia lead; while the friendly 
but vigorous rivalry between the great metal-producing 
states and the territories of America has been productive 
of wonderful results. The German exhibit includes a dis- 
play of iron and steel girders in pyramids arranged in either an ar- 
tistic or grotesque form, and a tree made up of wire and iron pipe 
of all manufactured sizes. This display, which cost $50,000, is the finest iron and 
steel exhibit ever made at the world's exposition. Native workmen, labored on 
this exhibit for four months. 

The exhibit of New South Wales attracts much attention, not o: ly from the. 
character, but the size as well, of the display. The entrance to the New South 
Wales Pavilion is marked by columns of metal ingots, each containing six tons of 
copper, tin, antimony and silver ore. There are also pillars of bituminous coal 
twelve feet high, the blocks being four feet square, representing the average thick- 
ness of the vein from which they were taken. A column of canal coal is also shown. 
This coal, which is locally known as "petroleum shale," yields 150 gallons of crude 
petroleum to the ton. On raised platforms are shown specimens of reef and placer 
gold, while samples of iron, copper, manganese, antimony and other metals are ad- 




346 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

vantageously displayed. The coal columns are spanned by a triple arch, sprinkled 
with coal dust, on which are shown in silver letters the yearly output of coal and 
minerals. 

California, Colorado, Montana, Idaho, Arizona, New Mexico, Missouri, and 
Wisconsin astonish the beholder even if he be familiar with the mineral resources 
of these states. 

Among the state exhibits Wisconsin stands in the very front rank and 
attracts admiration. Many of its most valuable specimens enter into the construc- 
tion of a magnificent pagoda twenty-five feet high and occupying a floor space 
on one of the best blocks in the building, forty-nine feet long by forty-five feet 
wide. This pagoda consists of four monoliths resting on elaborately carved bases 
furnished by the Prentice Brown Stone company. There are two entrance of terra- 
cotta surmounted by the coat of arms of the state. The railing extending around 
the four sides is made of green jasper and fancy granites with wrought brass panels 
of clever design. The plans show that the pavilion in the center rests on four blocks 
of different colored granite, and the capitals of the columns which hold them are 
liberally studied with amethysts and other brilliant stones. The fountains in the 
center of the pagoda are also of amethyst, the whole forming one of the most attrac- 
tive features in Chief Skiff's department of the great show. The entire display rep- 
resents an outlay of $20,000. The pagoda is filled with handsome show-cases con- 
taining the best specimens of ores and mineral of all kinds that Wisconsin can pro- 
duce. For instance, there is one case holding $250,000 worth of pearls. It was 
designed by the Beatty Manufacturing company. This display rests on a plat- 
form made of white and black marble tiling, the whole being surmounted by a 
beautifully-gilded dome, richly ornamented, thus giving the display a showy effect 
both from the galleries and distant sections of the building. 

Kentucky's mineral exhibit is one of the chief points of interest to all classes 
of visitors in the Mines and Mining building. In addition to the display of mineral 
products, tastefully arranged in a gallery nearly 150 feet long, under the building, is 
reproduced a section of the famous Mammoth Cave. The wonders of the cave are 
displayed by means of paper and plaster work, stalactites being reproduced in staff, 
and a collection of blind fish and other animal life peculiar to the big Kentucky 
hole are exhibited. The entrance to the Kentucky pavilion, which stands near the 
north end of the Mining building, is a mammoth arch of polished cannel coal. This 
arch is thirty feet high, twenty-three wide, and over the entrance in letters of gold 
the word "Kentucky" is emblazoned. Just inside the entrance is a relief map of the 
state, 5x10 feet, constructed on a scale of four inches to the mile, and showing every 
river, town, village, city, mountain range, and other geological features. The dis- 
play of iron ore from various sections of the state makes a splendid showing, while 
the specimens of coal, building stone, and tile clay are artistically arranged in groups 
representing the east and west sections of the state. Kentucky produces the finest 
tile clay known in the United States, and some splendid specimens of the burnt tile 
are shown at the main entrance and on the tiers of steps on each side of the pavilion. 







-STATUE 



OF JUSTICE" IN MONTANA EXHIBIT OF MINES BUILDING. 



348 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Michigan makes a generous display of copper and iron ores and refined cop- 
per, and exhibit of the machinery and methods of working the mines. The copper 
mining industry of the northern peninsula has reached a great height, and thus far 
the output more than equals the demand. 

One of the most interesting of all the exhibits is that of the Cape Colony 
diamond plant, and the daily operations of the Zulus attract great crowds. 

The exhibit of Wyoming, in charge of Harry E. Crain, was collected largely 
and installed by Ur. L. D. Ricketts, late territorial geologist of Wyoming, and is 
one of the most attractive in the group of far western states, not from the stand- 
point of gorgeousness, but from the fact that Wyoming is the "Keystone State" 
of the West in the vastness and richness of its coal and iron and in its deposits of 
sodium and sand and other minerals that enter into the manufacture of glass. Pro- 
fessor John Berkenbine, of Philadelphia, says that, on account of its deposits of 
oils, coal, Bessemer, and its timber and water courses, Wyoming will some day be- 
come the greatest manufacturing state west of the Mississippi river. Its coal out- 
put in 1883 was 779,620 tons, which has kept on increasing every year until in 1893 
it reached 2,322,787 tons. Its oils are preferred to any other for lubricating pur- 
poses by many of the western railways, while its iron ore fields are known to cover 
an area of 26,000 square miles. The exhibit, itself, has been an artistic one from 
the first, and some beautiful moss agates and slabs of other peculiar stones, pyra- 
mids and shafts of coal and Bessemer and huge blocks of sodium may be seen, 
while its collection of tin ore received the first award. The President of the State 
Commission, John S. Harper, is one of the leading men of Wyoming; and Mr. Ell- 
wood Mead is the secretary, who, although the principal executive officer of the 
commission, has special charge of the agricultural section. The Yellowstone Park 
stands conspicuously at the head of all other spectacular scenery in the world. 

The Pennsylvania pavilion is just in front of the north entrance east of the 
main aisle. Stepping into the pavilion the visitor passes between neatly finished 
glass cases containing 300 bottles filled with petroleum products. The bottles are 
twelve inches high, four inches wide, and one inch thick, and bear the State coat of 
arms. In front of these cases stands a huge relief map of the State 7x14 feet, show- 
ing the location of all coal and iron mines, oil and glass fields, blast furnaces, pipe 
lines, and railroads. The most attractive feature in the exhibit is a complete work- 
ing model of a coal mine and breaker. The model occupies a space 24x8 feet. Nine 
engines are shown and the work they do from the time the coal is hauled up the in- 
clines, dumped into screens, where it is assorted into sizes and loaded into railroad 
cars, while the mine cars return by gravity for fresh loads. Beside the model 
stands a little pavilion constructed to show the possibilities of slate. Every use 
to which slate can be put — for pillars, roofing, school slates, and so on — is 
shown. At the west side stand sixteen trumcated pyramids, disposed in rec- 
tangular form, showing all the varieties of anthracite found in the anthracite 
region and also all the commercial sizes. Analyses of the different varieties are 
exhibited. At the corners of the rectangle are glass cases two feet square and eight 
feet high displaying the varieties of bituminous coal. A colored drawing is shown 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



349 



illustrating the manufacture of zinc oxide and spiegelite, which is used for recar- 
bonizing iron from the manufacture of steel. Another case contains samples of the 
thirty varieties of fire clay found in the State, crude and burnt, and the bricks made 
from it. Nextto it are cases showingthe varieties of tile clays, crude, floated, ground, 

unburnt, burnt, glazed, and unglazed. There 
are also samples of the seventy-eight varieties 
of building stone in the State, finished and un- 
finished, shown at the north end of the pavil- 
ion. Then there are samples of the glass 
sands of the State, the different mixtures used 
for the various kinds of glass, and specimens of 
the finished product. Soapstone, nickel, man- 
ganese, iron ore, and the various stages in 
the manufacture of iron with charcoal, an- 
thracite, and bituminous coal are to be seen- 
Near the model of the mine and breaker 
stands a primitive furnace, such as was used 
in the beginning of the iron industry. Grouped 
about it are the various tools used in mining. 
Upon the south and east walls are photographs^ 
charts, and maps of geological and mineralog- 
ical surveys, relief maps, and the like. In 
the center of the Mining building stands what 
the Pennsylvanians call an anthracite "needle." 
It is a shaft of anthracite showing a vertical 
section through a fifty-four-foot vein in Schuyl- 
kill County, with the coal-slate seams, etc., 
in their proper place. Creede's mineral dis- 
play is one of the best from Colorado. It 
comprises a collection of twenty-four samples 
of ore taken from seventeen mines, showing 
silver, gold, zinc, and lead. The silver assays 
show from seventeen to 2,100 ounces to the 
ton, the gold 1-10 to 4.35 ounces, lead from 
9% to 70 per cent, and zinc 30 per cent. The 
mineral-bearing matter includes quartz, ame- 
thyst, rose, jasper and tellurium, spar and 
talc. Many of the specimens are said to show large flasks of fine silver and gold. 
California's exhibit is worthy of that great state, costing about $10,000. It is 
in the form of a Grecian temple, with three main entrances flanked on the sides by 
smaller loggias. The central portion of the facade is 20x37 feet in dimensions and 
the loggias are 12 feet high. This structure is composite in construction, the 
materials coming from all parts of the state, including yellow and mottled marble 
from San Bernardino county; grayish green sandstone from Alameda county, Rock- 




THE MINER. 



35o HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

land white granite from Placer county, Raymond granite from Fresno county, 
yellow sandstone from Santa Clara county, veined marble from Amador county, 
onyx from San Luis Obispo county, red sandstone from Flagstaff county, marble, 
Sespe brown sandstone, and soapstone from the Catalina islands off Los Angeles, 
and other materials from other parts of the state. The capitals of the four col- 
umns at the entrance are of virgin gold and silver, while the bases are of composi- 
tion and copper finished. The pavilion is roomy and sub-divided to show to advan- 
tage the extensive mineral display that was sent by the state. 

Ohio makes a fine display of its stone, coal, and iron. Montana makes one 
of the best, its most attractive party being the solid silver statue of Ada Rehan 
representing justice. Canada also makes a rich display. 

Viewed from the galleries or the floor the Mining building carries out to the 
letter its chief's account. Not only are its exhibits massive, natural productions, 
but they are massed together in a manner which suggests their nature and purpose. 
There are great obelisks of metal, solid piles of ore, substantial facades of stone and 
cement, and small mountains of coal. One country shines with a pillar of silver 
surmounted by Atlas bearing a silver globe, and another shows a shaft of metal 
that looks as if it had been hewn out of a solid block, and the observer may see 
mining machinery in operation, methods of separating ores, and devices for boring, 
lighting, hoisting, and pulverizing. 

The Mining building is situated amidst the most beautiful of natural and 
architectural surroundings. It faces at the north the western and middle inland 
lakes and the flowers and lawns of the Wooded Island. It reflects on the west the 
gilded light of the Golden Door and the singularly handsome and unique high- 
color finish of the Moorish Palace for the transportation exhibits. It is flanked on 
the east by the turreted pavilions of electricity. At the south looms the lofty and 
graceful dome of Administration. The architect has seized the inspiration of the 
theme, the occasion and a favored environment. Upon a great floor 700 feet long 
by 350 feet wide and covering over five and a half acres, he has constructed a 
massive and solid structure, relieved and embellished with all the symmetrical and 
classic forms and rich ornamentations known to his profession. An arcade consist- 
ing of a loggia on the main floor and a deeply recessed promenade on the gallery 
floor occupy the main fronts of the building. It is intersected at the center by an 
enormous arched entrance 56 feet high and 25 feet broad and at the corners ends in 
square pavilions surmounted by low domes. The loggia ceilings are heavily coffered 
and emblematical decorations are massed at the prominent points of the furnace. 
Its architecture, of early Italian renaissance, with a slight touch of French spirit, 
together with the enormous and floating banners, invests the building with the ani- 
mation that should characterize a great general Exposition. The interior design 
is of no less interest than the exterior. The roof rests upon ten great cantilever 
trusses so that the floor is practically unencumbered, there being only two rows of 
iron columns on either side. This is the first instance of the application of the 
cantilever system to building and the result is a structure signally adapted to 
exhibition purposes, the gain in space being quite large. The gallery 60 feet wide 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 351 

and 25 feet above the main floor extends entirely around the building and is well 
lighted by clear-story windows above. The repeated series of large arched windows 
along the walls and the extensive glass roof covering furnish abundance of light, 
The cost of the building was $250,000. It was commenced in July, 1891, and was 
the first building to be finished. 

Missouri's pavilion, which is filled whith splendid specimens, is worthy that 
great state. The location is central, and the structural materials were contributed 
by enterprising local producers. The base of the superstructure is of granite and 
the screen wall rising above is composed of yellow Roman brick. The coping, 
pilasters, and frieze at the main entrance are of terra cotta, and the panels used in 
decorating the entrance are onyx. Wrought out in conspicuous designs are the 
Missouri coat of arms, with two life-size Cupids surmounting the main entrance and 
festoons caught up at the top in the beak of an eagle. The general effect is very 
striking. Among the specimens in the pavilion are a typical specimen of dissemi- 
nated lead ore weighing 4,500 pounds, a chunk of pure galena ore weighing 6,500 
pounds, and still another exhibit weighing 1,650 pounds, said to be the largest jack 
ever taken out of a mine. The iron and zinc ores are also well represented, while 
coal, kaolin, or china clay, brick clay, granite, limestone, sandstone, marble, in the 
rough and prepared states, form an interesting portion of the exhibit. 

One of the most interesting exhibits in the Mining building is the collection 
of safety appliances commonly used by miners in their daily toil. Aside from the 
danger incident to all excavations — that of caving in from crumbling roofs or poorly 
constructed tunnels — the. most prolific source of injury to miners is from fire damp, 
causingexplosions, or noxious gases which cause death from inhalation. The exhibit 
of apparatus used in ventilating mines, preventing explosions, and in detecting 
poisonous gases is very complete. Among these contrivances the most interesting, 
as well as the best known, is the safety lamp. The display is historical and progres- 
sive, offering an opportunity for the study of the evolution of the safety lamp from 
the simple gauze lantern of Davy to the many compartmented benzoline and 
electric lamps of today, which combine the double purpose of safe illumination and 
the detection of gas in however small quantities. Of the scores of varieties which 
have at different times sprung into favor, had their day, and dropped into oblivion 
to make room for improved appliances, six of each kind are shown. These are 
arranged in the order of their discovery and are in charge of an expert, who ex- 
plains all points as to principles of construction and relative merits. The lamps are 
sectioned to show compartments, method of operation, direction of draughts, etc. 
The most primitive lamps shown are Davy's. He was the inventor of the first lamp, 
a flame isolated from the dangerous fire damp. His lamp had a fine gauze around 
and above the flame, which, under ordinary circumstances, prevented the flame 
coming in contact with the exterior air. The clanny lamp followed, the inventor 
adding a glass tube, in which the flame was incased. Then, in rapid succession, 
followed Geordie, Muessler, and Thomas with modifications of the glass and 
draught. It was then found that the gas given off by the burning wicks was 
injurious in itself, and recourse was had to various spirit lamps, one fed with air 



352 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



saturated with hydrocarbon vapors, and another using benzoline from a sponge 
reservoir. When it was found that the gas in coal mines in which fine dust was 
flying became very dangerous, even when present in but small quantities, inventors 
hit upon the plan of attaching gas ventilators to the lamps. When it was found 
that the miners using safety lamps injured their eyes from straining to see by the 
poor light of the lamps, caused by the use of the gauze, it remained for the promi- 
nent electricians, such as Edison, Pollack, Breguet, and Stella, to come forward 
with a safety light. Portable electric lamps were made, dispensing with the fumes 
of the old-style lamps, and answering all the requirements of brilliant light, sim- 
plicity of mechanism, and lightness of weight. These lamps are shown with all the 
intermediate steps in the progress of their development. 

Swedish manufacturers are especially rich in the department of iron and 
steel. Probably the most attractive single-piece is a mammoth polished steel shield, 
eight feet high, on which are displayed, around a central medallion, twenty scenes, 
illustrating the Frithiof's saga. It was made in Gothenberg and is valued at 
$1,500. Another showy product of Swedish mines and factories is a giant band saw, 
220 feet long and 12 inches wide, said to be the largest ever made. It was rolled at 
Sandwick. Fine edge tools and specimens of Dannemora steel, the hardest in the 
world, make the bulk of the iron exhibit. Fine pottery, carved woods, art furniture, 
and safety matches, in the manufacture of which Sweden has never let the rest of 

the world overtake her, are also shown. The 
decorations of the building are largely devoted 
to wax groups illustrating the peasant life of 
the country, and the national pastimes, skating, 
snow shoeing, sail skating, and other wintry 
sports. Upon the walls are portraits of Swe- 
den's great ones, such as Tegner, Linnaeus, 
Oxenstiern, and Queen Christina. Frederick 
J. V. Skiff, chief of the mines and mining de- 
partment, was born at Chicopee, Mass., Nov. 
5, 185 1. He came west before attaining his 
majority and settled in Lawrence, Kan., where 
he entered the newspaper business. He lived 
in Lawrence for eight years and owned and 
edited the Evening Standard m 1887, when he 
left Lawrence and went to Denver to become 
city editor of the Rocky Mountain News. He 
subsequently went to the Denver Tribune, of 
which paper he was general manager and part 
owner in 1885, when he left the newspaper field 
to organize a land and loan company. In 1887 Mr. Skiff was appointed superin- 
tendent of the Colorado bureau of immigration and statistics, and in that capacity 
made several collections of the mineral resources of the State, which were exhib- 
ited in the St. Louis and Chicago expositions, and now are on permanent exhi- 




CH1EF SKIFF. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



353 



bitions in the Pueblo Mineral Palace. He was appointed a member of the Na- 
tional Commission for Colorado in 1890 and was chairman of the committee on 
mines and mining for that body. In June, 1S91, Mr. Skiff was made chief of the 
mines and mining department of the Exposition, where he remained until the close. 




COLORADO EXHIBH 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



355 



CHAPTER XIV. 



DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY AND ITS BUILDING. 



Wonders of Electricity— The Building; Devoted to this Science— Undreamed of Revelations and Effects 
—Franklin and His Kite— The Man Who First Harnessed Lightning— Temple of the Western 
Electric Company— The Grandeur and Brilliancy of the Exhibit— Thousands of Concealed Incan- 
descents— Mingling of Rainbow Tones— Prismatic Colors that Awe the Spectator— An Electric 
Theatre— Cascades of Fantastic Lights— Magnificent Exhibit of Thomas A. Edison, the Wizard of 
Menlo Park— Startling and Beautiful Effects— Obelisks of Light and Color— Spirals of Radiance 
and Fountains of Incandescents— Corinthian Columns Ablaze With Imitation Sunbeams— Five 
Thousand Witching Lamps Glitter in Pillars of Glass— Eighteen Thousand Lights in the Edison 
Tower, Chief Barrett. 

O single science challenges such general attention and ad- 
miration as the mysteries and wonders and the bene- 
fits and capabilities of electricity; and there is no place 
where the crowds go so early and so often and linger so v 
long as at the palace devoted to the dissemination of 
knowledge upon this subject. Upon approaching the 
Electricity Building from the south the visitor beholds 
on a pedestal in the hemicycle the towering statue of 
<7 Benjamin Franklin, the first one to attempt to harness^ 

lightning to thought. There he stands, and there is 
no mistaking him, in his long-tailed coat and old Knickerbocker 
habiliments throughout. Nor is there any mistaking of the ex- 
act moment of the philosopher's life, for the artist has so conscientiously and dra- 
matically reproduced these that nothing is wanting in the conception. The up- 
lifted face and eyes, the half-outstretched hands, the look of eager anticipation are 
all faithfully delineated. Every American school child that gazes upon it knows 
that it is old Ben Franklin and his kite, and that he has wrested from the clouds 
the secret of their lightnings — that he has discovered electricity. This statue is by 
Carl Rohl Smith, and it has a place of honor, deservedly. 

The first structure put up in the Electricity Building was for the display of 
the Western Electric Company. It is a rectangular Egyptian temple, with sloping 
sides and scalloped cornice. Without losing its thoroughly Egyptian character the 
temple is sufficiently conventionalized to meet the requirements of an exhibit-room. 
The four sides bear friezes' and panels filled with the peculiar flat and angular fig- 
ures of fellahin at work. The figures are exactly similar to those on obelisks and 
temple walls in the country of the Nile. Their occupations, however, are not plow- 
ing with a bent stick or making mud houses. They are manufacturing electrical 

23 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 357 

machines and appliances. The conception of the designer is a bold one and serves 
to contrast most strongly nineteenth century results of discovery with ancient crudity 
of scientific investigation— the latter, however, more by implication than portrayal. 
The whole is done in staff. 

No pen can adequately describe the grandeur and brilliancy of this temple 
when flooded with light from 2,000 concealed incandescents. The main display- 
room is ornamented with six massive columns, composed of prismatic glass. In the 
center of each column is placed a revolving chandelier of electric lights. The 
general effect is to cause a rare vibration and mingling of rainbow tones through-*^ 
out the room, which thrills the novice with a sort of indescribable awe. It is a s 
though the surrounding air quivered with a surcharge of electrical fluid which s 
seems to communicate its mystic motion to the spectator. 

From the main room to the passage connecting with the two lesser rooms the 
transition is to a soothing, soft glow which drops from the ceiling. The space is 
roofed with ground glass and the light originates from several hundred lights be- 
tween the ceiling and the floor above. In the smaller display rooms the prismatic 
columns are repeated. 

The exhibits consist of annunciators, telephone and telegraph apparatus, 
multiple drill presses, wire-insulating machines, cable-laying devices and every 
other article of electrical manufacture. Over the cases containing displays the walls 
are in purple and red stones, relieved by gold. 

A short distance from the temple the same company have built and daily 
operate a theatre — not a grand, stupenduous assembly room like that of the Audi- 
torium — just a sweet little place, modeled after the most pretentious, though, and 
seated and upholstered in the most approved way. Upon the stage of this theater 
a skilful manager presents a series of set scenes and a few puppets. It is no child's 
show or Punch and Judy again, though the children are greatly delighted with it. 
The practical purpose of this theater is to illustrate some of the things that may be 
done by an ingenious electrician when he is given an unlimited treasury and full 
control of the stage. The lighting of the theater by tiny incandescent drops is >^ 
arranged so as to give the best decorative effect, but it is on the stage that the 
ingenuity of the electrician displays ilself. There more tints and shades than the 
serpentine dancer has yet dreamed of, moonlight effects to please the most roman- 
tic stage lovers, lightning to which the darkest deeds and direst disasters that the W' 
melo-dramatist has yet conceived may fitly be played, and cascades of light for the 
most fantastic ballets. 

A conspicuous attraction is Elisha Gray's " Telautogram " or long distance 
writing telegraph machine. This is one of the latest and most wonderful pieces of 
mechanism connected with electricity. Simply a San Francisco man may write to 
his friend in New York by telegraph and the communication is whirled over the 
wires instead of by the fast mail. 

Up in the gallery and upon the main floor may be seen thousands of new 
devices of electrical use. There are light houses, ship and house lights, and more 
styles of buttons than a man could touch in a week. There are revolving, running, 



558 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




COMBINATION SWITCH BOARD. 

J made the incandescent lamp a life study. From 
this graceful luminous shaft extends into the groined 
tion of the nave and transept, displaying over eighty 
methods of construction have re- 
sulted in showing a perfect whole, 
as if from base to top the entire 
shaft was hewn from one solid 
mass of light. The colors are 
arranged by mechanical methods 
capable of being flashed in har- 
mony with the strains of music. 
The column is crowned with a 
well proportioned replica of an 
Edison incandescent lamp formed 
from a multitude of pieces of 
prismatic crystals. Upward of 
30,000 of these beautiful jewels 
are strung on a frame and are 
all lighted from the interior by 
a large number of incandescent 
lamps. The effect produced is 
marvelous and can be appre- 



jumping, shooting and rico- 
cheting lights and cascades 
of fantastic incandescents. 
There are Corinthian col- 
umns ablaze with imitation 
sunbeams, obelisks of light 
and color, spirals of radiance, 
fountains of brilliant shades, 
and thousands of witching 
lamps that glitter in pillars of 
crystals. There are also hun- 
dreds of phonographs that 
re-sing the music of the 
world. The formal opening 
of the Electricity Building 
did not take place until the 
completion and unveiling of. 
Edison's Tower of Light. 
This tower is located in the 
center of the building and 
represents the achievements 
of the electricians who have 
the center of the building 
arch formed by the intersec- 
feet of solid brilliancy. The 




MODEL OF FARMFRS RAILWAY MOTOR. 




SCENIC THEATER IN ELECTRICITY BUILDING. 




THE RHEOSTATS IN SCENIC THEATER, ELECTRICITY BUILDINC 



3 6o HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



the 



ciated only when seen. The colonnade around the base is the exhibit of 
Phoenix glass works of Pittsburg and the distribution of the electric conductors to 
attain the various effects and changes necessitates careful study, and the combina- 
tion of kaleidoscopic beauties are almost infinite. 

Upon the opening night alluded to the chief of the electrical department 
walked to the railing and gazed down the long vista of the building. On all sides, 
above and below, electric lamps were burning. Some with the soft glow of opals, 
some with the fierceness of welding heat. Whirling wheels of rainbow hues spun 
with ever-changing colors, and mysterious pens wrote inscriptions on the wall in 
letters of fire. 

In the center of all this brilliant scene rose a gigantic shrouded figure, lifting 
its impressive height almost to the beams above. Around it was massed a throng 
of expectant people. Suddenly the shroud fell, and a beautiful Corinthian pillar, 
starting from a graceful colonnaded pavilion, stood revealed. For a second it stood 
in all its cold beauty, and then came a burst of electric light from the search lights 
in the gallery. The radiating shafts focused on the tower, making it shimmer and 
sparkle with their radiance. Above the capital was poised a huge lamp, built up 
of 30,000 pieces of crystal. When the white rays glanced on its thousands of facets 
myriad lances of sparkle glinted all around. 

Then the soft sweet melody of Strauss' familiar " Blue Danube " came from 
Sousav's orchestra and Electra sought music for a partner in the dance. The crystal 
bulb suddenly burst into a million diamonds. High in the air the jewels flashed as 
if imbued with life, and the open-eyed thousands below sought relief in long-drawn 
sigh of wonder which achieved the volume of a strong wind's voice. 

The waltz grew merrier and to the dancing measures lines of purple light 
shot the length of the pillar. As daintily as a maiden the incandescent fire tripped 
up and down, flashing first on one side then another. When the purple dancers 
had made the circuit, golden-hued lights took their places, and then suddenly, as if 
the figure of the dance were finished, all the purple lights shot out and the column 
was fluted with lustrous bulbs. The wizard wand moved and the gold appeared. 
Another wave and every one of the 5,000 purple, white and gold lamps sprung into 

\ being, and the tower of light became an indescribably beautiful specimen of pyro- 
technical still life. 

It was the glorification of Edison. Some man called the name aloud, another 
took it up, and a thousand voices shouted in honor of the man whose brain wrought 
out the marvels sparkling before them. The tower of light was a pillar of fire, and 
cheer succeeded cheer as the glorious spectacle illuminated the space. 

In the pavilion beautiful electroliers were suspended, transforming the classic 
dome into a crystal cave with stalactites of pearl, amber, rubies and sapphires. 

All this was in the center of the building. Up in the north end revolving 
lighthouse lenses sent their strong rays into the eyes of the people, while above 
them the twinkling notes of electric pianos fought against the united blares of 
Sousa's horns. 







"1 


/ 


v 




■B^ 














CHARLES C. BONNEY, 
President of the World's Congress Auxiliary. 



362 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 






The Electricity Building carries out the Spanish renaissance idea, modified 
by a Corinthian treatment. It is 345 feet wide and 700 feet long. The general 
scheme of the plan is based upon a longitudinal nave 1 1 5 feet wide and 114 feet 
high, crossed in the middle by a transept of the same width and height. The ex- 
terior walls are composed of a continuous Corinthian order of pilasters, 3 feet 6 
inches wide and 42 feet high, supporting a full entablature and resting upon a 
stylobate 8 feet 6 inches. The total height of the walls from the grade outside 
is 68 feet 6 inches. At each of the four corners of the building is a pavilion, 
above which rises an open tower 150 feet high. The building has an open portico 
along the whole of the south facade, the lower or Ionic order forming an open 
screen in front of it. The various subordinate pavilions are treated with windows 
and balconies. The details of the exterior orders are richly decorated, and the 
pediments, friezes, panels and spandrels have received a decoration of figures in 
relief, with architectural motifs, the general tendency of which is to illustrate the 

purposes of the building. In the hemicycle 
on the south front stands the fine statue of 
Franklin, by Rohl-Smith. The appearance of 
the exterior is that of marble, but the walls 
of the hemicycle and of the various porticoes 
and loggias are highly enriched with color, the 
pilasters in these places, being decorated with 
scagliola, and the capitals with metallic effects 
in bronze. The building with its large window 
spaces and high central and corner towers is 
especially designed for electrical illumination 
by night, and considered as part of this display 
are the beautiful electric fountains which show 
their magic splendors at the head of the basin 
to the south of the building. 
, Chief John P. Barrett was born in Auburn, 
N. Y., in 1837, and went to sea at 11 years of 
age, which pursuit he followed until he was 
chief barrett injured at the age of 22. He then came to 

Chicago and was appointed a watchman in the 
Fire Department and was at once assigned to duty in the telegraphic branch of 
that department, and advanced so rapidly that in 1876 he was appointed city elec- 
trician, which position he still holds. In February, 1891, the Director-General 
appointed Mr. Barrett Chief of Electricity of the World's Fair. He is one of the 
most approachable and one of the most unostentatious officers at Jackson Park, 
and his department is one of the most superb and brilliant in every way. 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



365 



CHAPTER XV. 



FISH AND FISHERIES BUILDING. 



One of the Greatest of All the Resorts— Magnificent Display of Many Kinds of Fresh and Salt Water 
Fish— Minnows and Aligators Under the Same Roof— Some of the Best Known Denizens of the 
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Gulf of Mexico are in the Swim— Speckled Trout from New 
England Rivers and Dolly Vardens from the Streams of California— Carp and Suckers Move 
Lazily About— Perch, Pike and Pickerel in the Same Tank— Bass, Flounders, and Salmon Turn 
Up Their Aristocratic Smellers— Gold Fish and Other Gaudy Species Splash Merrily Around 
-The Sturgeon and Showbill are Spaciously Quartered— Sketch of Chief Collins. 

EN, women and children are alike inevitably drawn to- 
ward the Fish and Fisheries Building. The acquaria, 
which is the largest but one in the world — that at 
Brighton, near London — occupies the entire eastern an- 
nex to the main fisheries building. In the center of 
the building is an open basin four feet deep with a di- 
ameter of twenty-five feet. The tank decorations con- 
sist of stalagmites grouped in artistic designs around 
the borders of the circumference and in the center, 
where a fountain is kept constantly dripping fresh water 
into the basin and among the flora at various points. 
Surrounding the basin glass tanks complete another circle 
equi-distant between the circumference of the basin and the 
circular row of tanks along the walls of the building. A six- 
foot passage way with cemented floor affords ample walking 
space for sight-seers in front of the outer row of tanks and on both sides of the in- 
ner circle. The average depth of the tanks when filled with water is five feet. In 
length they vary from six feet to sixty feet. Two-thirds of the space is reserved 
for fresh-water fish; the remaining space is given up to denizens of the sea. All of 
these tanks are decorated in much the same way that the center basin has been 
decorated. Calcareous tufa, a limestone formation found in certain springs in To- 
ledo, O., has been used profusely in making the decorations which represent minia- 
ture submerged mountains, etc. Various bits of vegetable matter coated with lime- 
stone form rough, fantastic designs. These have likewise been used for decorative 
purposes, and in building the tiny grottoes and reef a dark cement has been used to 
unite the tiny stones. In the holes and crannies black earth was deposited, and it 
is in this soil that aquatic plants were planted. 

The inmates of these tanks swim about as freely as if no glass sides stood 




366 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



between them and freedom. Minnows of all sizes and classes; trout speckled with 
delicate brownish black circles, iridescent stripes, and whitefish specked in 
dazzling kaleidoscopes of color; goldfishes and flounders, perch, bass, and half a 
score of other kinds may always be seen. The water supplied to them is filtered, 
and, though of the purest quality, as seen through the glass looks a dull, muddy, 
sea green. 

In these salt-water tanks all the known fish specimens of the Gulf of Mexico 
and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans may be seen. 

The central basin contains the showy fishes. To minimize the danger of 
failure in transportation and transference of these live specimens, the government 

spared no expense. Underneath the floor of the build- 
ing a great tank, holding 40,000 gallons of water, was 
constructed. From the various aquaria the water trickles 
into this tank, and from it is forced by a pump back into 
the aquaria. This is used, however, only in the case of the 
salt-water tanks. In the fresh-water basins pure filtered 

water is always used. In- 
side the glass walls and 
four feet above the water 
line is a two-inch pipe, with 
small stopcocks about ten 
inches apart. Water is fed 
through these pipes, with 
the flow regulated accord- 
ing to the drain pipes 
which lead to the sewer. 
This water is kept at all 
times at a temperature as 
near 60 degrees Fahren- 
heit as possible. The aquaria is the only place in the Fisheries building where live 
fishes are exhibited. The main building is given up mostly to exhibits of the prod- 
ucts of the seas and rivers, and the west annex is used for the.anglers' display. En- 
tering the main building from the north, the first display offered the sightseers is 
that of Mexico. Fish propagation is a feature of this exhibit. Passing from there 
to the side aisle comes the Russian collection, unique in many ways, with awealth of 
caviare perfectly bewildering. Next to it is Norway's space. Dried cod of the Lofo- 
ten Isles and spiced anchovies of Bergen, are displayed. Many full-sized fishing 
boats are also shown, among them old Norse and Viking ships. Great Britain is at 
the extreme western end of the building. Its display is not large, but very interest- 
ing. France, Australia and Canada next follow in line, while theexhibitsof Japan 
and the Netherlands are located in the northeastern quarter of the building. All of 
the odd shaped boats used in the Japanese fisheries, together with the apparatus, im- 
plements, and products are displayed with much taste and decorative effect. Can- 
ada has a large and exhaustive exhibit. Brazil makes a feature of its fishing-boat 




SEAL SWALLOWING A FISH. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



367 



display; and of the States, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania display prominently the pro- 
pagation and culture of fish. Rhode Island shows its menhaden fisheries in full, 

fine models showing purse, 
mate and strike boats being 
a feature of the exhibit. Al- 
together the fisheries de- 
partment is an interesting 
building to visit and affords 
a rarely attractive display 
even to people whose lives 
have been spent away from 
the association of rod and 
reel. In April last the au- 
thor, who met and had a 
long conversation with Mar- 
shall McDonald, United 
States Fish Commissioner, 
was informed by that offi- 
cial that the exhibit, which 
would be nearly complete 
by the middle of May, would 
be as fine as any in the world, 
and he kept hisword. This 
is what the Fish Commis- 
sioner said: 

"This display will be one 
of the most interesting on 
the grounds, and when it is 
complete will contain speci- 
mens of all the fish found in 
the waters of the American 
coast and lakes and rivers. 
Salt water specimens will 
include sharks, swordfish, 
dolphins and porpoises, but 
our plan to bring a baby 
whale was found to be im- 
practicable. We will show 
also how these fish are 
caught and by statistics 
demonstrate the value of the 
American fishing industry. "The exhibit will come from all our collecting stations 
throughout the country. The different sections of the aquaria will be finished to 
represent the bottoms of the sea, the lakes and rivers in which the fish are found. 




STURGEON OF NEW YORK. 



368 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




GRAND BANKER OF 1741. 



fore May. "The most bea 
The anemone looks like a 
closed, it is, when it 
expands its arms 
that look like tend- 
rils and are of the 
most delicate color- 
ing, that they are 
beautiful.) The grot- 
to will be paved with 
bits of coral and shells 
and sea grasses will 
lend their beauty to 
the picture. This and 
more that is marvel- 
ous from the bottom 
of the sea we intend 
showing. If we can 
get a school of por- 
poises we may put 
them in the lagoon, 
as they will not live 
in the aquaria. The 
exhibit is to be made 
geographically, so as 
to show in sections 
together all the fish 
peculiar to the differ- 
ent parts of the coun- 
try. The great di- 
visions are the New 



utiful 
plant 



The salt water fish will be placed in salt water, 
seven car loads of which are now on the way 
to Chicago. Thirty thousand gallons more 
will be made from lake water and the sea salt 
water sent here last winter from Massachusetts 
and added to what comes in these cars. The 
water for fresh water specimens will be filtered, 
so that it may be transparent. Fish will come 
here first from the nearest distributing points, 
and when they have been put in the aquaria 
we will send our cars to the more remote sta- 
tions. It is probable that the car will not be 
sent to Oregon for the exhibit of salmon be- 

feature of the exhibit will be an anemone grotto. 

when opened up. (Shapeless and colorless when 




A CLIPPER OF TODAY. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



369 



England coast, middle Atlantic, gulf district and Pacific coast for the salt water 
fish, and the New England states, lake region, Mississippi valley, and the west 
for fresh water fish." 

All that the Commissioner said, and more, has been faithfully carried out. 
And so attractive has been the Fish and Fisheries Building, that the dullest day 
has always found it crowded. 

Ten of the individual States of the Union show collective exhibits of the 
fisheries of their waters. Another interesting feature is the weather-worn fishing 

boat used by the famous Ida 
Lewis — the American Grace 
Darling — in her heroic life- 
saving deeds. Approaching 
the Fisheries Building from 
either front, one is impressed 
with its beauty and general 
grace of construction. The 
tall dome towers high above 
the gables of the main struct- 
ure, while the small turrets 
that adorn the dome and 
main entrances appear in 
pleasing contrast with the 
red-tiled roof, columns and 
arches. Flanked on both 
the east and west by small 
pavilions and connectingar- 
cades, the whole presents an 
architectual view that is sur- 
passingly unique and beautiful. The infinite detail of fishes and other acquatic 
animals with which the columns, arches, and friezes are decorated in bas relief is 
gratifying to the eye, and the skill and ingenuity displayed by the ornamentation 
are as remarkable for originality as for fitness. The extreme length of the build- 
ing is 1,100 feet and its cost was $200,000. 

All things considered the Japanese exhibit at the Exposition is the most re- 
markable of all. It is remarkable in its comprehensiveness, in its beauty, and in its 
peculiarities. The Government of the Mikado was not stingy in preparing for the 
display of the prosperity of the advancement of its country. The diet appropri- 
ated 630,000 yen, or $500,000, the sum being exceeded only b}-' Germany, France, and 
Illinois. Beside the Phcenix Temple on the Wooded Island, the tea-house and the 
bazaar on the Plaisance there are exhibits in the Woman's Building and in the De- 
partments of Agriculture, Art, Fisheries, Floriculture, Forestry, Liberal Arts, Man- 
ufactures, Mines, and Transportation. 

But the fisheries is probably the most unique exhibit. Inasmuch as Japan is 
an insular country it is natural that fishing should be one of the leading occupations 




SKELETON OF A WHALE IN FISHERIES BUILDING. 



37° 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



of the people, and that fish, seaweed, and other marine products should be common 
diet. But the industry of fishing from ancient times down to the opening of Japan 
was a simple occupation somewhat limited in its scope. Since, however, the Japa- 
nese have learned from other nations to what extent marine industries are capa- 
ble of development, fishing has become with them the source of many and varied 
lines of business. 

The exhibit is in the northeastern part of the Fisheries building. Over the 
doorway hangs the Japanese flag above a sort of curtain of nets; and above the 
door is a sign with the name Japan made of shells of "awabs" (sea-ear). Imme- 
diately on the left and right of the entrance are piled up cans of fish. This industry 
is entirely modern, but is growing rapidly. In ancient times canning was unknown 




MODEL OF INDIAN FISHERMAN, MINNESOTA EXHIBIT. 

as a method for preserving fish, though the pickling process was employed. Fish 
were, and are eaten raw, boiled, and pickled in shell or "shoyn" (soy). Epicures de- 
light in eating fish fresh from the sea or river, and scarcely dead. When the Em- 
peror of Japan in 1890 made a visit to Mito he was treated to large live salmon out 
of the Naka River. The canned goods in the Japanese exhibit are those of tai, or 
perch, wafer cake, "unagi-kaba-yaki," (roast eels) , green turtle, mackerel, lobster, 
oyster, "maguro" (tunny), tortoise, salmon, (under the name "saumon," and spring 
salmon.) 

There are also shells; glass cases of salt-cod, dried anchovy, broiled smelt, 
sardines, smoked salmon, bonito, dried flounder, boneless herring, bottles of fish 
oils of many kinds, edible sea-weed, oyster sauce, and kegs of similar articles. The 
various kinds of apparatus for catching fish are also exhibited; the hooks, the lines, 
the bamboo rods, the nets of silk or other materials, the prawn pots. 

Smelt fishing by means of cormorants was employed more in olden times but 
is kept up somewhat to the present day. The fishermen catch their cormorants by 
setting wooden images of the birds in places which they frequent, and then covering 



372 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 






the surrounding branches and twigs with bird-lime. One bird thus caught becomes 
the decoy for more. These cormorants are so valuable that their owners are said to 
provide them with mosquito nets during the summer. Cormorant fishing is always 
done at night by torch-light. A skillful fisher can handle as many as twelve cormor- 
ants at once, and many catch 155 good-sized fish an hour by each cormorant. Every 
bird in a flock has and knows its number, and one of the funniest things about them is 
the quick-witted jealously with which they invariably insist, by all that cormorant lan- 
guage and pantomime protest can do, on due observance of the recognized rights 
belonging to individual numbers. The birds are numbered and named. No. 1, or 
Ichi, is the senior in years, as well as rank. It is the last to be put into the water and 
the first to be taken out, the first to be fed and the last to enter the baskets, in which 
when work is over, the birds are carried from the boats to their domicile. If, hap- 
ily, the lawful order of precedence be at any time violated, the rumpus that forth- 
with arises in that family is a sight to see and a sound to hear. 

The method of gettingshellfish called shijimi, a staple article of diet in some 
parts, is also novel. The occupants of a boat are usually man and wife, though some- 
times only one person manages the whole affair. The boat is tied to a long bam- 
boo pole, secured at some distance in the river. The woman manages a wheel, by 
which she gradually pulls the boat nearer the pole, while the man, with a basket 
attached to another long bamboo pole, scoops up the shells as the boat moves. 

There are also in the exhibit in the Fisheries building models representing 
the apparatus and furnaces for curing bonito, a sardine press, and the boats used in 
catching bonito and cod. The latter, directly in front of the entrance, are one-tenth 
of the actual size. The bonito, called "katsuo," is of solid flesh, and is a great 
favorite with both natives and foreigners. Especially common in use is kat-suo- 
bushi, dried and smoked bonito, cut into thin slices and employed to add flavor to 
vegetable dishes. Sardines, "washi," also are common diet, and are sold at the 
cheap rate of half a dozen for a cent. Fried, they make as good eating as when 
put up in oil. 

Oh the walk of Japan's space are pictures of various scenes connected with 
the fishing industry, also a group of gold fishes. On the outside at the left of the 
entrance are drawings of many kinds of fish and of oyster-culture grounds. 

The occupation of a fisherman, though arduous, is not entirely prosaic. It 
is attended, of course, with dangers sufficient to make it exciting, and it brings with 
it in success incomparable exultation. One of the most exhilarating sights in Japan 
is the return home of the fishing smacks in the afternoon. The beautiful sight of 
the sea dotted with white sails has appealed so strongly to the esthetic sense of the 
Japanese that it is included along with "the autumn moon," "the evening snow," 
"the night rain," "the temple bell," "the evening glow," in the "eight beauties" of a 
province. The boats as they approach the shore take in sail and are propelled by 
sturdy rowers much in the fashion of old Roman galleys. As there is no wharf, they 
are beached stern foremost, so that they are all ready the next morning at 3 or 4 
o'clock to be pushed off easily. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 373 

A dozen or so fishermen consider 800 fish a good catch for a day, and if each 
one realizes, besides fish for his Own household, 20 or 25 cents for his labor, he 
deems himself fortunate. That sum is ample to keep up a bare existence in wretched 
huts. But the Japanese fisherman can be made satisfied and contented with only 
a little, and never murmurs or complains at his hard luck, and never envies the bet- 
ter fortune of others. 

The fishermen of Japan, as a class, are ignorant and superstitious. They be- 
lieve that if a man while going to fish, meets a bonze (Buddhist priest) on the road, 
he will catch no fish, as the bonzes eat no fish. Worship at a Shinto temple is sup- 
posed to aid in securing a large catch; and thanksgiving offerings of old anchors 
or parts of the vessels or of fish will naturally serve to propitiate the anger of the 
sea god. Shipwrecked mariners, rescued from impending death, are accustomed 
to hang up votive tablets in temples, and to offer to the gods any relic which also 
may have escaped the sea. 

When the great Japanese hero, Yamato-Dake, who probably is only a myth- 
ological personage, was waging war against the enemies of his country, he reached 
Yedo Bay, and, looking across the comparatively narrow passage, thought it no 
difficult matter to get to the other side. But after he embarked, the sea god, to 
punish his insulting arrogance, aroused a great storm which threatened to over- 
whelm the boat. Then Tachibona Hime, the wife of the hero, bidding her lord 
farewell, leaped into the waters as a victim to appease the sea god's wrath. Later 
Yamato-Dake chanced to find on the shore his wife's wooden comb, and, erecting 
an altar, he dedicated the relic to the gods. On the same spot still stands a Shinto 
shrine, where the spirits of the hero and the heroine are yet worshiped by fisher- 
men and sailors. 

"Fish are prolific," said an official connected with the United States Fish 
Commissioner's exhibit to the author one day. "Huxley has said that if all the 
eggs of one mackerel were hatched and if all the eggs of the next two generations 
also were hatched the space now occupied by the ocean would be filled solidly with 
mackerel." 

"Where is the need, then, for a Fish Commissioner?" 

"The Fish Commission is needed on account of one kind of fish eating an- 
other kind. Some kinds of fish feed on young fish, and so do many kinds of birds. 
Indeed the spawn of some fish is the regular food of other fish. Perhaps it is a good 
thing, on the whole, that the breeding of fish is restricted in this way; but the re- 
striction has been overdone so far as the fish that are most useful to mankind are 
concerned." 

"What was the origin of the Fish Commissioner?" 

"It originated with the appointment of Prof. Spencer F. Baird by Congress 
in 1872, to investigate the cause of the decline in the fisheries of the United States. 
At that time there was an alarming disappearance of the best food fish from some 
of the waters of the country. They had simply been destroyed by other fish and 
caught by the fishermen. What would have been our condition now if nothing had 
been done it is hard to tell. However, the result of Prof. Baird's investigations 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 375 

and recommendations was that in the same year the United States Fish Commis- 
sion was instituted, with him as the first Commissioner." 

"What has been accomplished since then?" 

"In brief, hatching and rearing stations have been established at Grand 
Lake Stream, Green Lake, and Craigs' Brook, Me.; Gloucester and Wood's Holl, 
Mass.; Havre de Grace and Bryan's Point, Md.; Central Station and Fish Pond, 
Washington, D. D.; Wytheville, Va.; Duluth, Minn.; Alpena and Northville, Mich.; 
Put-in-Bay, Ouincy, 111.; Neosha, Mo.; Leadville, Colorado.; Blackamas, Ore., and 
Fort Gaston and Baird Station, Cal. Appropriations have been made for stations 
in Vermont, Montana, and Texas. The result is that an immense quantity of use- 
ful fish have been hatched and the waters of the country stocked with them. Since 
1872 the commission has hatched and distributed 1, 500,287,409 whitefish, 968,643,350 
shad, 332,046,700 yellow perch, 178,241,500 cod, 98,101,446 salmon, 3,005,054 rainbow 
trout, 2,027,02s brook trout, and other kinds of fish by the millions." 

"What has been the effect on the fish supply?" 

"Beneficial, of course. The catch of shad has been doubled, and the disap- 
pearance of the whitefish has been arrested. Numberless rivers and lakes from 
which fish had disappeared have been stocked, and certain kinds of fish have been 
made to thrive where the}' were never known before. The Pacific slope has 
probably been benefited more than any other part of the country." 

"What was the origin of the artificial propagation of fish?" 

"That is a long story. The first man who accomplished it was J. L. Jacoby, 
of Westphalia. This was in 1872, though two Frenchmen, named Remy and 
Ghazin, discovered the art independently in 1840. The first person who hatched 
fish artificially in this country was Theodosius Garlick, of Cleveland, O., in 1853. 
The process is simple, but it has improved materially since first discovered. These 
exhibits that you see scattered around in this part of the building are intended as 
an object-lesson in the history and progress of pisciculture. Fish could be hatched 
artificially for a long time before it was understood how to do it without having 
them attacked and killed at once by fungi." 

"What is the process, in brief?" 

"The first operation is illustrated in that boat that you see there with two fisher- 
men in it. The man standing is catching shad in a net, and passing them to the 
man sitting behind him, who is pressing the eggs out of the fish into a large pan. 
The milky fluid from the male fish is pressed out into the same pan, in the same 
way. The fish are not only not injured but are sold and eaten. The eggs, which are 
by the process fertilized, are carried to the hatchery to be hatched out. One cod 
fish will yield 250,000 eggs and one shad from 30,000 to 120,000. 

"What is done next.-''' 

"Fish eggs are hatched by the movement of water over them, and con- 
sequently they are divided into three classes. The first class is the buoyant, such 
as perch eggs; the second is semi-buoyant, such as shad and whitefish eggs; and 
the third class is heavy, such as salmon and trout eggs. Buoyant eggs are hatched 
by an imitation of a tide. They are put into a box in which the water is made to 



376 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



alternately rise and subside. The semi-buoyant eggs are hatched by passing water 
up between them from below. You see them in those glass jars, where water is 
let in at the bottom and runs over at the top. The heavy eggs must be hatched 
by depositing them in trays and having the water pass over them, as you see done 
in the long narrow boxes. If you will scrutinize the eggs in the glass jars you will 
see the fish in the eggs, and as soon as they are hatched they pass off with the 
water and are put into tanks to be fed and reared. All this is illustrated in the ap- 
paratus of the exhibit. Great, isn't it?" 

Captain Joseph W. Collins, chief of the fish and fisheries department, was ap- 
pointed to that position Feb. 18,1891. He was born at Ilesboro, Waldo County, 
Maine, Aug. 8, 1839. His boyhood was spent as a fisher lad, and in the winter 

months he attended the county school of his 
native village, where he received his pri- 
mary education. His latter education was 
obtained on ship-board, where he perfected 
himself in mathematics and navigation. Cap- 
tain Collins began his career in 1862, when 
he was appointed captain of a fishing vessel 
running out of Gloucester, Mass. In 1879 he 
became connected with the United States 
Fish Commission. His first work was a sta- 
tistical inquiry into the fisheries of New Eng- 
land, for the Tenth Census. In 18S0 he was 
appointed on the staff of the United States 
Commissioner to the International Fischerei 
Austelling at Berlin. In 1880 he went to 
London to represent this country and to as- 
sist in arranging the United States exhibit 
at the Great International Fisheries Exposi- 
tion. In 1886 he invented a new type of 
fishing vessel, which was adopted by Profes- 
sor Spencer F. Baird, then United States Fish Commissioner. In the winter of 
1887-88 he was called to Washington for consultation by the International Fish 
Commission, which was then negotiating the fishery treaty with Canada. In 
1888 he was appointed in charge of the division of fisheries of the United States 
Fish Commission, and has since had charge of that work. In the same year 
he was also appointed as representative of the Fish Commission to prepare its 
work at the Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central States, held at 
Cincinnati. In 1889, at the solicitation of the Hon. Robt. P. Porter, Superintendent 
of the Census, he accepted the position of special agent of the Eleventh Census, in 
charge of the section of fisheries; and in 1890 he was nominated by the United 
States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, the Hon. Marshall McDonald, to rep- 
resent that bureau on the government board of management and control at the 




CHIEF COLLINS. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



377 



World's Columbian Exposition. Captain Collins not only prepared the fish com- 
mission's exhibit at the Fair, but he has contributed largely to the fish and fish- 
culture literature of the country, and is a member of many scientific societies at 
home and abroad. 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



379 



CHAPTER XVI. 
THE PALACE OF FINE ARTS. 

A Magnificent Building Throughout— Paintings and Statuary From All Parts of the World— Private 
Collection of Painting From Many Homes— Pictures of Every Phase of Life and Nature— Ani- 
mal and Portrait Paintings From All Lands— Hundreds of Beautiful Marine and Landscape 
Sketches— Allegory and Mythology From Imperial Galleries— Schnidler's "Market Scene in 
Cairo"— Canon's "Hunting Master"— The American Loan Association— Joe Jefferson "The Mauve" 
— Hovendin's "Breaking Home Ties"— The Emperor Francis Joseph's Loan— England Surprises 
With Her Beautiful Paintings and France Maintains Her Fame as an Art Ce nter— Sketch of 
Chief Ives. ■ 




HE Fine Arts Building of C. B. Atwood, with its two annexes, 
is already famous for its architecture. It has even been called 
"the greatest thing since Athens." It is the largest art gallery 
ever constructed. There are in the building seventy-four 
galleries of varying size, ranging from 30 feet square to 36 
by 120 feet. It contains many picked pictures and statuary 
and selections from nearly all the galleries of the world. The 
construction is necessarily fire proof, the main walks are solid 
brick covered with "staff" highly ornamented, while the roof, 
floors and galleries are of iron. It is severely classic in ap- 
pearance, being of the Grecian-Ionic style. The main building 
is 500 by 320 feet with two annexes, each 120 by 200 feet, giving 
a total floor area of 4.08 acres. The great central dome is 125 feet high, capped 
with a colossal statue of Winged Victory, and is 60 feet in diameter. The building is 
located in the northern portion of the park facing the lagoon on the south and the 
handsomest state buildings on the north. It is surrounded with verdant lawns 
which on the south are terraced down to the balustrades on the water's edge. There 
is an immense flight of steps leading down from the main portal to the lagoon 
where there is a convenient boat landing. It cost $735,811. The main building is 
intersected by a nave and transept 100 feet wide and 70 feet high; between the 
promenade and the naves are the smaller rooms devoted to private collections of 
paintings and the exhibits of the various art schools. There are 145,852 square 
feet of wall space, and the artists of all countries seem to vie with each other in the 
delineation of figure painting; animal, child, character and portrait painting; marine 
and landscape sketches, still life, Scriptural and mythological genre, allegory, in- 
teriors* and pictures of every phase of life and nature. 

As there are many thousands of paintings and statuary from all the art points 
and galleries of Europe and America, Australia and Japan, and from other countries 



38o 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 






the author must content himself mentioning a few — conspicuously those in the 
three rooms filled with the American loan collection. Comment on the value of 
this part of the exhibition, considered both from an educational point of view and 
a monetary one, is unnecessary. So large and varied a collection of paintings of 
the same merit has never before been shown in this country. Even the famous 
Paris collection representing a hundred years of French art does not surpass it. 
Statistics in regard to the number of paintings and the various public-spirited 
people who have loaned them to the Exposition can alone be of use in emphasizing 
the generosity and promptness with which Miss Sarah Hallowell's appeal for loans 
was answered all over the country. Twelve Corots are in the three rooms, three 

pictures by Bastien Lepage, two of Rosa 
Bonheur's studies, "The Expulsion from 
Paradise," "Midnight Moonlight," "The 
Flight Into Egypt," and "Elsinore," by 
Jean Charles Cazin, and by Millet six of 
his most characteristic peasant pictures. 
The first room one enters is hung entirely 
with pictures representative of the im- 
pressionist school. There are Raphaels, 
Claude Monets, Pissaros and a Besnard, 
which, although they affect the uninitiated 
with a sense of rawness and incomplete- 
ness, are nevertheless to be regarded, with 
interest if not with mixed admiration. In 
the second room there is greater variety 
and consequently more to please those 
who do not regard art from a critical or 
technical point of view. On one wall 
alone there is a wonderful collection. 
Alma Tadema's "Reading of Honor," 
loaned by Henry G. Marquand, hangs in the center. To the left, a little beneath 
it, is Jules Dupre's masterpiece "At Sea," and to one side Corot's "Path to the 
Village." A splendid piece of color is Isabey's "Fete of the Hotel de Ram- 
bouillet." This hangs near a study of peasants by Joseph Israels, known as "A 
Frugal Meal." Largest of all the canvases is "The Country Festival," a study in 
rosy cheeks and graceful poses by Louis Knaus. Cazin's wonderful "Moonlight at 
Midnight," Jan Van Beers' essentially modern "You Are Welcome," and R. C. 
Bonnington's landscape complete the list on this side of the room. Scarcely less 
remarkable is the wall directly opposite on which are hung Harry Thompson's 
"Shepherdess," a simple peasant girl guarding her flocks on a sandy common; 
Millet's "Pigkillers," two Corots — one a landscape near Ville d' Avery, a Daubigny, 
and the famous Meissonier, "View Near Poisey — Reconnaissance." 

The last room glows with vivid eastern coloring, Jean Leon Gerome, Tas- 
saert's "Temptations of St. Hilarion," and the striking tones of Carolus-Duran's 




GOLD FISH, BY FRED. W. FREER. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



38i 




PORTRAIT OF AUGUSTUS ST. GAUDENS, BY KENYON COX. 



"Odalisque" and "Por- 
trait of Mme. Modjeska.'" 
In this room, too, there 
are three Corots, the "Or- 
pheus," with its myste- 
rious shadows, "Lot's 
Wife," and a landscape. 
The only Greuze in the 
collection, "The Pouting- 
Child," and a landscape 
by John Constable, the 
English painter, are given 
space here, and on the 
north wall is a large study 
by Rosa Bonheur of 
sheep grazing on a hill- 
ride under a gray sky. 
Millet's "Man With the 
Hoe," "Haymaker" and "The Gleaners" are here to attract the attention of all 
who have learned to know his peculiar style and choice of subjects. Two pictures 
by Puvis de Chavannes, Jules Breton's "The Song of the Lark," "The Colza 
Gatherers," Delacroix's "Turks Abducting a Girl," two marines by Manet, "Cat- 
tle" by Troyon, and George Moreland's "Contentment" are some of the other 
pictures that are conspicuous. 

Among the people who have generously loaned their art treasures to the 
Exposition must be counted Joseph Jefferson, who, although he parted reluctantly 
with "The Mauve." the gem of his collection, is now congratulating himself that it 
escaped the fire at Buzzard's Bay. Chicago connoisseurs have shown great 
liberality in shar- 
ing with the pub- 
lic their private 
collections. 

Twelve paintings 
from Potter Pal- 
mer, eleven from 
C. T. Yerkes, six 
from Mrs. Henry 
Field, four from 
Martin H. Ryer- 
son,and several by 
A. M. Munger and 
S. M. Nickerson 
are readily recog- 
nized on the walls. 




THE SECRET-SCULPTURE, BY THEO. BAUER. 



382 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 






Probably the most popular picture among those painted by American artists 
and given space in the United States section is Hovenden's "Breaking Home 
Ties." It is a simple study of the living-room of an old New England farm house, 
showing the table set with quaint old china the mantel adorned with pieces of 

glazed ware, the high 
backed yellow chairs, and 
the ingrain carpet that 
every New Englander in 
the United States can re- 
member if he looks back 
far enough. Two figures 
in the foreground com- 
mand most attention — 
those of a woman with 
a careworn, anxious face 
and a boy whose expres- 
sion indicates half a long- 
ing to try fortune, half a 
homesick lingering and 
loathing to leave home 
scenes. The boy's sisters, 
his father, carrying away 
an old-fashioned carpet- 
bag, and his dog are in the 
background. England 
makes a splendid show. 
The works of its artists 
are a revelation to the 
American people, as was 
the case in 1886 at the 
Art Exposition in Berlin, 
where the people up to 
that time considered Eng- 
lishmen only as practical 
merchants. The Roman 
groups by Alma Tadema 
are realistic, and, at the 
same time, they present artistic dignity. Hubert Herkimer's excellent portraits, as 
well as landscapes and marine scenes by Dicksee, Moore and others, will attract the 
admiration of connoisseurs. England's artists are represented by 800 pieces by the 
best brushes, and valuable canvases loaned by private owners. Among many are 
shown the "Garden of Hesperides" and "Hercules Wrestling with Death" by 
Leighton, "Halcyon Weather," by Sir John Miller; "The Maiden's Race," Wegnin; 
■"The River Road," Forbes, and "Storm at Harvest" by Linnell. 




WORKMEN MOULDING STATUARY. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



383 



The German division shelters magnificent treasures of art exhibited by in- 
dividual artists, also such loaned from the National Gallery. Herr Schnars-Alquist, 
Germany's Art Commissioner, has divided the exhibit into three prominent 
groups as to coloring, shades and subjects. One of the salons contains the his- 
toric groups. It represents the dignity and brilliancy of the German Imperial 
family. A colossal painting by Ferdinand Keller, an apotheosis emblazoning the 
reconstruction of the German Empire, covers the entire wall space in this room. 
This grand painting is the property of the National Gallery in Berlin. Emperor 




LABOR, BY J. H. FRY. 

Wilhelm I., Emperor Frederick and Prince Bismarck are made the life-size and 
prominent figures of the group. Bismarck's portrait is there by various masters. 
Thus the salon could be termed "The Bismarck," for in a certain measure the days 
of glory of Germany's first Imperial Chancellor are vividly recalled thereby. 

A. von Werner's historic group, "The Berlin Congress," is a masterwork of 
portrait painting; here also the ex-Chancellor figures as the most prominent per- 
sonage of his time; the participants of the "Congress," all European celebrities, 
are grouped around the Prince and listen to his explanations, his words, dictating 
peace to Europe. This magnificent painting is valued at $25,000, and will likely 
be purchased by the Germania club of this city. In this division there is also a strik- 
ing portrait of Emperor William II. by Max Kroner. 



3§4 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 









1 



i 

3 



-**«<jS3C^jvv*» l >' 



ASSYRIANS SALUTING THE SUN. 



Another collection in 
an adjoining room places 
the spectator in a solemn 
frame of mind; there are 
the religious and dramatic 
scenes, works of art of 
great value. The third 
division, containing sev- 
eral apartments, shelters 
Stilleben, German land- 
scapes, portraits, groups 
and marine scenes by 
masters of international 
repute, such as A. von 
Werner, Molly Cramer, 
Gabril Max, Franz Simm, 
Fritz Uhde, Eugen Duck- 
er, Max Bredt, Edmund 
Harburger, Menzel, Len- 
bach, Schnars-Alquist, 
Liebermann, Schuch and 
others. Among the works 
of sculpture Boths' mar- 
ble statue, "Eve," causes 
as much sensation as the 
various pictures of Co- 
lumbus are causing doubt 
relative to their genuine- 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 385 

ness. On the galleries of the German section one will find drawings, portraits by 
Menzel only a few inches in circumference, which vary in price from $1,000 to 
$5,000. The majority of visitors — laymen, of course — pass these works of art, and 
if they were probably offered at 50 cents each the average visitor would still hesi- 
tate buying; nevertheless they are works of art of high standing, for which connois- 
seurs abroad are paying the mentioned prices. 

Germany has 580 paintings and 120 sculptures of bronzes and marble. 
Among the oil paintings are Professor Oswald Achenbach's "Near Naples." 
T. Alberts' "Alone," Paul Andorff's "Village in the Spessart," Albert Arnz' "Still 
Life on the Game Preserve," Hans Bachmann's "The Morning of the Wedding 
Day," Professor A. Baur's "The Martyr's Daughter," Theodore von der Beeck's 
"Cigarette Manufactory" and "On the Heights," Carl Becker's "Vidette," Professor 
E. Bracht's "Sinai," Professor J. von Brandt's "The Surprise, "Professor Hugo 
Crola's "Industrious Sisters," H. Deiter's "On the Brook," Professor Eugen 
Duecker's "Summer Eventide," Albert Flammi's "Italian Women at the Fountain." 

The collection of Holland includes some 400 canvases by about 50 artists, 13 
of whom are women, and only two of the 50 are catalogued as portrait painters. 
The pictures are none of the large variety and are mostly humble, modest subjects 
with nothing of the dramatic style. Mme. Henrietta a Ronner who has been called 
the "only painter of cats" has a large collection of felines, the most natural kittens 
and tabbies ever seen. H. W. Mesdag and Josef Israels are the greatest of the 
Dutch school and send many marine and domestic pictures. The whole collection 
rivals that of France, France being looked upon as the leader in modern art. As 
well as her splendid paintings and sculpture from the Louvre and other well known 
galleries, France displays in her department six of the marvelous Gobelin tapestries, 
figures in ivory adorned with gold, jeweled cases with reliefs of Brateau and en- 
ameled cups by Thesmar. One canvas seems as beautiful as another and it is dif- 
ficult to specify. 

Sweden has over two hundred subjects and has three pictures by His Royal 
Highness, Prince Eugene, of Norway and Sweden. Among the artists are names 
well known in art circles outside of Sweden and Paris. 

Japan, Spain, and Italy exhibit paintings and statuary equal to if not excelling 
all these. The Viennese paintings are 200 in number and would have been fewer had 
not the Emperor Francis Joseph sent a number of his own and induced others to 
contribute. The walls in the Austrian section are painted a Nile green, the same 
color as used in the imperial gallery in Vienna. This is a marked departure, as in 
nearly all cases the tone used in decoration is dark. There are five allegorical 
paintings by the celebrated Hans Makart, loaned from the Emperor's private 
collection. 

Austria's most famous woman painter is Mme. Weisingn, who sends three, 
all of which have been awarded medals at the exhibitions in Vienna. They are 
"Morning at the Seashore," "Breakfast in the country" and "The Laundress of the 
Mountains." Prominent among the landscapes are Schindler's "Cemetery in 
Daimatia" and the "Hunting Master" by Canon, which is loaned by Count Hans 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 387 

Wilczek, of Vienna. The celebrated "Market Scene in Cairo," by Leopold C. 
Muller, is one of the best pieces of figure painting in the collection. Then there are 
pictures by Brozik, Tilgner, Schanger, Thoren, Pansenger, Mott and others equally 
prominent. 

The exhibit by France maintains the dignity and credit of the rew Republic 
as the heart of fine arts. There are more than a thousand choice contributions from 
worthy brushes, many of which represent the great national manufactories of 
France collected at the Palais d' Industrie. Sevres sends 200 exhibits, objects in clay 
and plaster, as well as more elaborate works. Among them may be mentioned 
"La Republique," a bust by d'Enjalberts, the portrait of M. Carnot, by Chapu; "La 
Paix." by Michael; "La Leda," by Suchetet; "La Catherine de Russie," by Deloye; 
"La Judith," by d'Aizelin; and the charming "Mozart Enfant" of Barrias. Finely 
decorated vases, amphoras, chalices, urns, etc., by Doat, Sandoz, Belet, Fournier, 
Bienvil, Vignol, and others will be displayed. Beauvais sends tapestries. Especial 
mention may be made of the six marvelous Gobelin tapestries, the largest of these 
being "The Goddaughter of the Fairies." Graceful figures in ivory, adorned with 
gold and on pedestals of worked filigree, jewel cases, decorated with reliefs of 
Brateau, and enameled cups by Thesmar are exhibited. Many of these works will 
remain in America. 

Two famous canvases among others are sent from Belgium. They are "The 
Avenue of Oaks" and "Winter," works of the great landscape painter, Franz 
Lamoriniere. These were shown at the International Exhibition in Berlin, where 
"The Avenue of Oaks" received the great diploma of honor. In Paris the same 
picture and "Winter" brought about the artist's promotion to officer of the Legion 
of Honor and obtained besides a gold medal. There are 300 paintings from 
Belgium in all. 

The space alloted to Denmark comprises Rooms 73, 74, and 75, in the south, 
west corner of the west pavilion and a small portion of the gallery of the east side 
of the south court. There are twenty works of sculpture in this section, the most 
notable being "The Captive Mother" by Stephan Sinding, which shows a woman 
with her arms bound behind her kneeling over to suckle her child; numerous por- 
traits busts by P. S. Kroyer, who also exhibits as a painter; Johanne Dan's "Snake 
Charmer," and an excellent figure of "Susanne Before the Elders," by A. N. Saa- 
bye. Among the works of merit in this section are two portraits by Bertha Veg- 
man, who is also represented by a small landscape with the figure of a little girl. 
In all of her work there is a strength and directness which makes it appear to be the 
wcrk of a man. 

By P. S. Kroyer there is a small garden scene which is full of light and fresh 
brilliant color, with the figures of two women sewing in the shade. This artist is 
also represented by an excellent portrait of a young girl in pink. Julius Paulsen is 
represented by a large picture showing three half-nude girl models in the corner of a 
studio awaiting the hour to pose. The interior of a "Children's Home," with a 
crowd of youngsters in a long room lighted at one end, crowding about two nurses 
who are feeding them, .s by Kund Erick Larsen. The execution of this work is 

25 - 



388 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

excellent and the subject is one which must make it popular. Otto Haslund shows 
the interior of a stable with three well-drawn heads of cows. A large work by 
Oscar Matthiesen shows a team of cart-horses on a quay of the Seine in Paris. A 
grewsome subject painted by J. E. Carl Rasmussen depicts a party of shipwrecked 
sailors at sea in an open boat surrounded by sharks. Carl Lacher shows a fine 
marine with an effect of moonlight on a rough sea, through which a steamer is 
ploughing its way, and there are many others that might be mentioned. 

Where all is acceptable and beautiful it is difficult to select. Everyone 
knows that Italy, France, Germany, England, and America would show off well. The 
German section alone includes 580 paintings and 120 sculptures. These works 
were selected by two juries — one making the rounds of the art centers of Germany 
collecting the works and a jury of revision passing finally upon them at Bremen. 
Among the names of the painters and sculptors are P. Barsch, Menzel, Desseman, 
Kallworgh, Kaulbach, Keller-, Friese, Knauss, Koner, Lenbach, Normann, Seiter, 
Seitz, Karbina, V. Uhde, Dieters, Oberlaender, and Koepping, Bruett, Klein, Kruse, 
Wenck, Hurdneser, Unger, Begas, and Valcker. The German government paid 
the cost of transportation and the insurance of the exhibit, and such articles as are 
not disposed of at private sale will be returned to Germany. 

The work which has been given the place of honor is the "Eve" by A. Brutt. 
It is an admirable work technically, and the conception of Eve as a mother carry- 
ing the infants Cain and Abel is one of marked originality. Two busts by 
Rheinhold Begas are fine examples of dignified and evidently successful portrait- 
ure. One of them is of Menzel, the artist, and the other is of Von Moltke. Two 
examples of polychrome sculpture are included in the exhibit in this room. They are 
bas reliefs by C. Hilgers and represent "Christ Healing the Sick" and "Christ rais- 
ing the daughter of Jarius from the Dead." There is an excellent figure of a youth 
seated on an antique vase and pulling a thorn from his foot by Eberlein. The 
artist has taken an oft-treated subject and produced something original and pleas- 
ing. The figure has a fine "swing" in its movement, and composes well from all 
points of view. By Carl Begas there are two finely executed groups of nude figures 
light and pleasing in subject but by no means trivial. One of a young girl holding 
a baby boy, who is pulling her hair, is perhaps the stronger work, and one which 
might easily have become insipid and characterless in the hands of a sculptor of 
less ability. 

Another of the works particularly worthy of study in the German section is 
the two busts of young boys on a single pedestal by Max Kruse, whose beautiful 
figure of the "Soldier of Marathon" is one of the strong works of those shown in 
the north court of the Art Palace. 

The sides of the room and the pedestals on which the statuary stands have 
been painted in imitation of marble of various colors, and rich draperies and rugs 
decorated the doors and floor. 

There seems to be considerable good portrait painting in Denmark. One ex- 
ample "Morten," by G. Achen, is a healthy, pleasant-faced coachman with livery, 



3QO HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 






whip, and cockaded hat. "Morten," it appears, is in Denmark the generic name of 
the coachman, as we should say Jehu in America. 

The one portrayed, however, is quite individual, being the man who has for 
years driven the horses of the painter's friend Petersen. 

Two women make a very good showing among their countrymen. Miss 
Bertha Weggman sends a landscape and three portraits, all painted with firmness 
and originality. 

Elise Konstantin-Hansen has a modest painting of an oatfield with a small 
lad's flaxen head just showing above the high grain, and a big, white bird swooping 
down on the left. 

Impressionism has made little headway in Sweden. Viggo Pedersen seems 
its one adherent with his "Sun Setting Over the Sea" in a vivid streak of paint, and 
his "Water Mill," in a peculiar, almost Japanese, perspective and a pool of purple 
water that flows like oil. Upstairs in the gallery there is a strong, almost th atrical, 
painting by Pedersen, "Isaac Seeing the Arrival of Rebecca." 

Isaac was long-sighted, for the average visitor cannot distinguish Rebecca in 
the distance, but Isaac himself towers up against the sky, a strong, warm light 
falling on his head and shoulders, while the lower part of figure is in shadow. 

The upper gallery, which has usually been considered a place of refuge for 
pictures of the lesser sort, has not been so treated by Mr. Matthiesen, the Danish 
commissioner. A small but fine marine of his own hangs here, "Gale on the West 
of Jutland," The large Pedesen already mentioned; "A Storm is Brewing," an im- 
portant work by Carl Locher; "Glacier, on the Coast of Jutland," very bold and 
fine in color, besides many smaller works which keep the standard as high as the 
galleries downstairs in the annex. 

By the way, there is apparently another Hans Dahl, or else the same man 
spells his name differently, and paints in two distinct manners. Coming down from 
the gallery, where the large academic "Storm" is one of the principal features, one 
stumbles upon a quite different "Evening Picture," signed Hans Dahl. Perhaps 
Danish artists have the trick of varying styles. Julius Paulsen shows three paintings 
which looks like the work of three separate men. "The Models are waiting" is a 
rather ordinary painting of three very ordinary women, partly disrobed and look- 
ing bored. "Portraits of Prof. Frolich" is a careful and honest portrayal of one of 
Denmark's artists, and "View of a Plain" is one of those small, quiet pictures which 
one overlooks at first, but whose value appears on study. It is just a stretch of 
flat country, over which the eye apparently travels for miles, varied only by a line 
of trees and the shadows of the floating clouds. The breadth, the atmosphere, the 
simplicity of the whole constitute its merit. As for the Prof. Frolich, whose por- 
trait was just mentioned, his own contributions are not of a high order. There is 
Cain, shrinking from the eye of the Lord, and a couple of small pictures of legends 
of Satyrs that do not deeply impress one. A. A. Jendorff one imagines to be also a 
painter of the old school from his semicircular panel of "The Deluge, ' convention- 
ally filled with writhing, nude figures, all of the same brownish complexion, and the 
offended Deity appearing in the clouds in a majestic blue mantle. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 39 i 

In the same roof there is a large painting by H.J. Braendekilde which 
breathes the spirit of modern thought. "Worn Out" it is called, and it represents a 
wide expanse of plowed land, a quiet sky, and a low line of farm houses in the dis- 
tance. An old, old man has fallen helpless, unable to go any farther. The few 
things he was carrying have slipped from his hold; a young peasant girl, his 
daughter, presumably, kneels beside him and shouts for help. 

It is bitterly tragic, the venerable figure whose life time of work has brought 
him only this, but it does not strike the disagreeable, inartistic note touched by two 
other painters. Rassmussen, in his "Shipwrecked Sailors" in a raft on a skilfully 
painted sea which is alive with sharks; and still more Zartman, with a "Job" most 
liberally bespotted with boils. Aucher, noted for his fishermen pictures, has a big 
"Fisherman Returning Home" and a group of heads called "Three Old Fellows.'* 
A great deal of space is taken up in one room unworthily by a portrait group of 
the Danish royal family. The king and queen occupy the sofa in the center; 
on their right hand stand the prince and princess of Wales (their daughter), with 
the late duke of Clarence; on their left side is the czar and the czarina of Russia, 
who was also a Danish princess. Those interested in royalty will further find the 
king and queen of Greece, the crown prince of Denmark and his wife, and a 
variety of little grand dukes and duchesses. Those merely interested in art will 
have had enough by this time. 

Swedish painters and sculptors have a noteworthy exhibit at the Exposition. 
It includes a large number of groups and works in paintings, sculpture, architect- 
ure, and decorative art, numbering 200 subjects. Among those who contribute to 
the collection of sculpture are the following: Christian Erikson, Ida Matton, Paris; 
Alfred Mystrom, A. Soderman, Stockholm; W. Kennan, Paris; T. Lundberg, Stock- 
holm; John Borjesson, Professor of Royal Academy, Stockholm. In the section of 
oil paintings are found subjects from: G. Albert, Paris; J. G. Andersen, O. Ox- 
borelius, A. Beer, Stockholm; Wilhelm Behm, Gnesta; R. Berg, O. Bjorck, Eva 
Bondier, Mina Bredburg, Baron Cederstrom, P. Ekstron, Stockholm; his Royal 
Highness, Prince Eugene, of Sweden and Norway, who contributes three subjects: 
■"The Forest," "Autumn Day," and "The Temple"; H. Feychting, Stockholm; A. 
Genberg, Stockholm; Baron Hermlin, Stockholm; Augustus Hagborg, Paris; Eu- 
gene Janssen, Stockholm; Prof. J. Kronberg, Stockholm; Carl Larsson, Gothen- 
berg; A. Lindman, Stockholm; Carl Nordstom, Stockholm; G. Pauli, Stockholm; 
Count von Rosen, Professor Royal Academy, Stockholm; Ida von Schutzenheim, 
Baroness Emma Sparre, Stockholm; Carl Tradgardh, Antoinette Vallgren, Paris; 
Alfred Wahlberg, Professor Royal Academy, Paris; Charlotte Wahlstrom, Alfred 
Wallender, Stockholm; A. L. Zorn. Allan Osterlind, Paris. In the water color 
groups there are found subjects from: Anna Boberg, Stockholm; Anna Ericsson, 
Gothenberg; A. T. Gellerstedt, Professor Fine Arts Academy; Baron T. Hermelin, 
Stockholm; Carl Larsson, Gothenberg; Z. Tiren, Stockholm. In the division al- 
loted to engravings, etchings, and prints are found contributions from: F. Boberg, 
architect, Stockholm; R. Haglund, Stockholm; A. H. Haig; Count G. von Rosen, 
and Andrew L. Zorn. 



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HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



393 



In conclusion the author would say: A better representation from a greater 
number of different nations is seen than has ever been brought together at any pre- 
vious exposition. The responses from foreign governments and the enthusiasm of 
foreign artists when the art exhibit was thrown open to them has far exceeded the 
most sanguine predictions of two years ago. -Visitors, therefore, see not only an 
epochal exhibit of American art, but the choicest productions of the world's great 
masters from across the sea. Space is assigned to France, Germany, Austria, 
Holland, Great Britain, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Russia, Italy, Spain, 
Japan, Canada and Mexico- There is also a gallery devoted to modern European 
master-pieces owned in private collections in America. Lovers of the finesse in the 
French school may see masterpieces by acknowledged leaders. The famous Dutch 
school, the Russian, the less known but powerful Scandinavian, the impressionist, 
and man)- others are represented by a selection of the choicest productions from the 
leaders of each school. When it comes to a critical study of American art, the 
patriotic American discovers therein not only certain characteristics of each of 
the foreign schools, but a distinct individuality, just as the American character is 
composite and a reflex of its varied sources. 

The international fine arts expositions of the past may be said to have begun 
with Paris in 1867. Then followed Vienna in 1873, Philadelphia in 1876, Paris in 
1878, and special exhibitions of fine arts in Berlin and Munich some years later. 
Then came the Melbourne Exposition, preceding the last great international ex- 
position in Paris in 1889. An idea of the scope of the present fine arts exposition 
may be gathered from the fact that the fine arts exhibit contains between 1,500 and 
2,000 pieces in the American section alone. In round figures France contributes 
800 pieces, Germany 900, Dutch artists 300, England 600, Austria 300, Denmark 
250, Sweden 200, Italy 600, Norway 180 and Belgium 400. The largest space is 
given to the United States artists. Next comes France with 19,201 square feet, 
next Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium and Austria in order, and so on rang- 
ing down to Mexico, which has 1,506 square feet. In securing a good representa- 
tion of American art, advisory committees were appointed in the leading art cen- 
ters of the United States and in European centers where American art colonies 
flourished. By an interchange of service these advisory committees became juries 
of selection. The work of these juries and of the national jury have been entirely 
satisfactory- 

The east and west pavilions connect with the central pavilion by means of 
corridors, which are also used as galleries. The east pavilion contains the French 
government exhibit and also the French masterpieces owned by Americans. The 
west pavilion contains the Italian exhibit and the exhibits of several other foreign 
countries whose space is limited. The central pavilion has two floors for the 
exhibit of paintings. The northeast section, or one-fourth of the space for paint- 
ings, is devoted to the works of United States artists. The southeast section is 
given up to Great Britain and Canada. The southwest section contains the works 
of art sent by Holland, Spain, Russia and Japan. The northwest section contains 
all the German paintings. In general terms the oil paintings are all hung on the 




STATUE OF THORWALDSEN, PAVILION OF DENMARK, MANUFACTURES BUILDING 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



395 



ground flocv in the central pavilion, while water colors are on the second floor. 
There is an overflow exhibit of oil paintings upstairs in the American section. 

Between these four quadrangles are four courts and the central rotunda. The 
north and south courts contain the groupings of statuary. The east and west 
courts contain the architectural exhibit. Here are seen structures and casts illus- 
trating ancient, medieval and modern architecture. Cases of ^antique and modern 
carvings, and architectural drawings are hung on the walls. In the north and south 
courts is the installation of statuary. There are figures and groups in marble, casts 
from original works by modern artists, models, monumental decorations, figures 
and groups in bronze and bas-reliefs in marble and bronze. 

The central rotunda contains a heroic figure of Washington by Thomas Ball, 
On the sides of the rotunda are twelve spaces for figure groupings furnished by 
different foreign countries. There are also rotundas in each of the smaller pavil- 
ions, where statuary and architectural specimens are grouped. There are eighty 
galleries in all including the east and west pavilions. These range from 30 feet 
square to 36 by 120 feet for the exhibition of paintings. There are also 108 alcoves, 
fronting on the court of the central pavilion. Twenty-eight of these are on the 
first floor and eighty on the second floor, and much additional wall space is gained 
by their use. Engravings, etchings and black-and-whites are mainly upstairs with 
the water colors, and pastels are down stairs with the oils. 

The lighting arrangements are as faultless as can be devised. All the pavil- 
ions, including rotundas, courts and galleries, are lighted from above. The modu- 
lation of natural light in the daytime is 
simple and effective. The system of artifi- 
cial lighting at night is in itself a work of 
art. Myriads of incandescent lamps shed 
a mellow radiance over courts and galler- 
ies. The electric lamps are arranged in 
clusters above each court, and also in con- 
tinuous rows around the galleries. The at- 
tractiveness of the art galleries at night is 
admitted as one of the features of the Expo- 
sition. Halsey E. Ives was born in Havana, 
N. Y., 45 years ago. In 1862 he began work 
as a draughtsman and in 1864 he was found 
serving the Union in the army in Tennessee. 
In 1866 he began the study of art, and in 
1874 he entered the Polytechnic school in St. 
Louis. Subsequently he studied fine arts in 
France and England, and upon his return to 
the United States he was made a member of 
the faculty of Washington University as an 
instructor in the fine arts. He is an artist himself and his appointment is consid- 
ered as one of the best, as he is thoroughly a leader and a teacher.. He is also 
one of the most affable gentlemen connected with the Exposition. 




CHIEF IVES. 



?: 



■■■ 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



397 



CHAPTER XVII. 



THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 



Marvelous Collection of Exhibits made by "Uncle Sam" — Three Thousand Models from the Patent Office 
— Progress of American Invention Elaborately Presented— The Smithsonian Display Alone a Won- 
derful Educator — Bird and Beast Mounted Amid the Same Surroundings as in Life — Each Specimen 
so Labeled that no Observer can make a Mistake — A First-Class Postoffice in Operation — Dead 
Letter Curiosities — Tarantulas, Horned Toads, Human Skulls, Axes, Dolls, Molasses Candy, Stuffed 
Owls, Alligators, Ostrich Eggs, and Thousands of Other Things that never Reached their Des- 
tination — War Department Novelties— Great Guns and Little Ones — Cannons and Torpedoes — 
Historic Documents from the Department of Justice — Documents Connected with the Dred Scott 
Decision — Great Exhibit by the Agricultural Department — Horticulture, Pomology and Forestry 
— Special Alaskan Exhibit —Quaint, Curious and Interesting Objects of Ethnological Research — 
Peculiarities of Many Birds and Beasts. 

OUR Uncle Sam's place— the Government Building— is al- 
ways crowded; and the intelligent variety of its exhibit and 
its usefulness as an educator is best illustrated by the many- 
thousands who visit it daily. There are some artists and 
critics and others who are or who pretend to be highly dis- 
pleased at the architectural qualities of the Government 
Building, and some of the more fastidious among them 
have condemned it as unsightly and unworthy of the har- 
monious beauty of the Exposition. But not one of them 
has found fault with it from a utilitarian point of view. It 
is admirably adapted to the department exhibits. That is 
a great deal. It is situated directly north of the big Man- 
ufactures Building, and cos" the government $400,000. Ex-Supervising Architect 
Windrim drew the original plans for the structure, and Supervising Architect Ed- 

brooke finished it. 

In the original World's Fair legislation a board of management for this ex- 
hibit was created, consisting of a representative from each of the eight executive 
departments, one from the Smithsonian Institution, and one from the United States 
Fish Commission. That board is as follows: 

Edwin Willits, Department of Agriculture, chairman; Wm. E. Curtis, De- 
partment of State; Fred A. Stocks, Treasury Department; Maj. Clifton Comly, 
United States Army, War Department; Commodore R. \\. Meade, Navy Depart- 
ment- A D Hazen, Postoffice Department; Horace A. Taylor, Department of the 
Interior- Elijah C. Foster. Department of Justice; G. Brown Goode, Smithsonian 
Institution and National Museum; Tarleton H. Bean, United States Fish Commis- 




39« 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



sion; F. T. Bickford, Secretary and Executive Officer. The superintendent of the 
exhibit is Capt. Aytoun, who takes pride in the fact that the Government build- 
ing was actually complete and all the exhibits ready in advance of the opening of 
the Fair. His department was the first to receive and the first toDinstal an exhibit. 
The exhibits in the building occupy a floor space of more than 100,000 square feet, 
to which the various annexes and the battleship, where the naval display is made, 
add about as much more space. 

In the center of the Government building stands a thirty-foot section of one 
of the giant trees from Mariposa Big Tree grove, near the Yosemite Valley. It is 
called the " John W. Noble." Four wide 
corridors connect the main entrances with 
the rotunda. Eight alcoves around the cen- 
tral space are filled with collections of Co- 
lonial relics made by the Board of Lady 
Managers. Perhaps a great majority of the 
visitors to the Government building enter it 
at the southern portal. When a sight-seer 
walks into the building at that door, which 
looks toward the Manufactures and Liberal 
Arts building, he sees upon his left the 
•dual exhibit of the Postoffice and Treasury 
Departments — a full working postoffice in 
active operation, receiving and depositing 
mail, delivering letters, issuing and paying 
money-orders, registering letters, and trans- 
acting all the business that comes within 
the scope of an office of the hrst class. This 
model postoffice has been constructed with 
a glass front to enable visitors to watch all 
the processes. Near at hand is a complete 
model of a mail car, in ivory and gold deco- 
rations, and in the same section are models of all the curious old-time methods of 
carrying the mail — by sleds with dogs, runners, and men on horseback. The Dead 
Letter Office has made an exhibit of curious mail matter and wonderfully addressed 
envelopes in this section; and everybody who goes sight-seeing through the building 
stops to look at it, and it seems sometimes as if everybody who went through the 
building stopped here at precisely the same time. They stand around the case from 
three to ten deep and gaze, first in silent wonder, then with a gradually broadening 
grin of comprehension, which in not a few cases deepens into the sheepish, half- 
guilty look assumed by a person whose conscience has received a sudden and un- 
expected jolt. 

For this department wherein the unclaimed packages from the dead-letter 
office are exhibited is almost as bad as a visible conscience to many of the visitors 
to the Government building. A man may stand in front of it and merrily jest on 




JOHN W. NOBLE, BIG TREE FROM CALIFORNIA. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 39c, 

the folly ot anyone sending snakes or chewing tobacco through the mails, and 
underneath all his blithesome manner may lie the consciousness that it was only last 
week that he himself sent molasses candy or cologne. 

Never was there such a varied collection of odds and ends in so small a space 
before. It ranges from alligators to layer raisins, and includes everything on earth, 
in air, or sea. There are snakes and centipedes and tarantulas, and a skull or two 
thrown in to add to the gilded horror of the thing. There are pistols of every 
quaint and bygone pattern known to man, and daggers and knives sufficient for an 
army of assassins. There are axes and hatchets and sleigh bells jumbled in side by 
side with stuffed birds and rag babies. An owl perches serenely upon a human 
skull, while in another case an Indian scalp is jostled by a china doll. In one case 
is the evidence of a fruitless attempt to send a string of battered Chinese coins by 
Uncle Sam's carriers. Perhaps it was a case of filial devotion on the part of some 
almond-eyed washerman — who knows? In another case somebody's pounds of 
tobacco wait unclaimed side by side with somebody else's bronze medals, and all 
day long crowds gather and part, and their uneasy consciences ever bring them 
back for just one more fascinated stare at the heterogenous collection. 

In the Treasury Department exhibit are collections and views illustrative of 
the work of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, of the Bureau of Engraving and Print- 
ing, and of the Philadelphia Mint, which shows a stamping press in operation and 
makes a display of its noted numismatic collection. 

. Across the broad aisle to the east is the elaborate exhibit made by the War 
Department. In its ordnance section are all kinds of cannon, from the fifty-two ton 
gun down to the smallest known howitzer, and a full line of gun-working machinery 
in operation. The quartermaster's section occupies considerable space in the war 
exhibit. Figures showing uniforms and methods for transportation and sustenance 
of troops in vogue in the army are full of interest to the student of military affairs. 
There is a full collection of the Civil War battle flags, and the Signal Service 
exhibits a vivid reproduction of Arctic scenery. 

Two years have been consumed by the United States Engineering Corps in 
preparing for the exhibit of models of all the great American engineering works, 
including dams, jetties and levees. These models are in the War Department 
exhibit. 

The east entrance to the building leads to the exhibits of the State Depart- 
ment and the Department of Justice. The former shows all the great original his- 
toric documents appertaining to the formation of the republic, portraits of distin- 
guished American statesmen, including all the Presidents, and interesting originals 
of treaties. On the righc hand the Department of Justice has displayed large oil 
portraits of the seven Chief Justices and of all the Attorney-Generals. Glass cases 
contain some of the great legal documents that have made the country's historv- 
The documents in the Dred Scott decision are there. 

Around at the north end of the building Uncle Jerry Rusk has shown what 
the Agricultural Department has done for cereals, for cotton, silk and tobacco cul- 
ture, and for the promotion of a knowlerge of entomology, pomology, and forestry. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



401 



The fish exhibit shows the method of taking fish, fish boats now in use and those 
of more primitive forms, and a collection of uncommon fish from the deep sea. A 
wonderful group of casts of fish made by a rare process forms a part of the exhibit. 

The Interior Department exhibit includes displays from the Land Office, 
Patent Office, and Geological Survey. The Land Office has furnished in its special 
Alaskan exhibit one of the greatest ethnological collections on the grounds. Orig- 
inal models of all the important American inventions are shown in the Patent Office 
section, which adjoins the geological collection. 

The great Navy Department exhibit is made in the United States coast- 
line battleship, and other annexes provide room for the model army hospital, the 

Indian school, a weather 



bureau in full operation, 
a life-saving station, 
manned and equipped, a 
lighthouse no feet high, 
in which burns a 16,000 
candle power lamp, and a 
naval observatory. It is 
gratifying to the superin- 
tendent that the present 
government exhibit is 
more extensive than ever 
before attempted at any 
of the expositions. At 
the Centennial the floor 
space occupied was not 
For comprehensiveness 




POLAR BEAR STATUARY ON BRIDGES. 



more than half of that taken up by the present exhibits. 
and perfection the Smithsonian's display comes pretty nearly beating anything at 
the Fair. There is a stuffed raccoon eating persimmons, and there is a fine spec- 
imen of the earliest form of cornstalk fiddle. There is a special exhibit from 
Alaska, and there is a fine walrus brought from Seal island especially for the Fair 
by Capt. Healey of the revenue marine. It was the finest and biggest walrus the 
captain could find. There are scores and scores of other animals as carefully se- 
lected as these. 

Birds too — lots of them — arranged on the same plans as the mammals. 
There is an especially fine display of humming birds — the best in the world. Some 
fine birds of paradise. The birds are shown at home, just like the beasts. There is 
a hornbill family. Mrs. Hornbill sits on her nest in a hollow tree and the hole she 
went in by has been walled up with clay by the crafty Mr. Hornbill, just a little 
hole left for the old lady to feed through. The Smithsonian does not know whether 
Mr. Hornbill does this to keep his wife from gadding about too much or whether 
he does it to keep enemies from stealing her eggs. But they do know that he does 
it, and they show him that way. 



402 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Then there is a fine display of that provident bird the California woodpecker. 
In the summer, when other birds are loafing about trilling merry roundelays, this 
wise bird puts in his time drilling holes in dead trees. In the fall, when the other 
birds are still trilling and having a good time, the woodpecker gathers acorns, 
drives them into his supply of holes, and plugs them up. And in the winter, when 
the other birds are shivering and wishing they had more tailfeathers, this foxy 
woodpecker is just rolling in luxury and getting fat off his stores. 

Then there is an extermination series shown. This is a classified array of 
birds and beasts of species which are fast being exterminated. There is a easeful 
of graceful wild pigeons prettily grouped. Not so ven many years ago, says Mr. 
Earll, men used to go out along the shores of Lake Michigan within the present 
limits of Chicago and kill a bushel of these pigeons before breakfast. Now the 
Smithsonian had a hard and long hunt to get ten of the pretty birds for the World's 
Fair. Then there are the red and green Carolina paroquets. There were lots of 
them in Illinois once, and only a few years ago they were a nuisance in Indian 
territory. Now the institution has to send hunters clear down into the wilderness 
of the everglades to get Carolina paroquets. A group of these birds is shown feed- 
ing in the snow. People to whom a parrot is a parrot and always a tropical bird 
will rail at this, but it is true to nature. The paroquet's habitat was once almost as 
far north as the latitude of Chicago. 

And there is a protective mimicry series of birds and beasts which change 
color and appearance to be in accordance with their surroundings. The ptarmigan 
of the north is a fair sample — white as the snow about him in winter, brown in 
summer. Here is another novelty in this department — an exhibit of useful animal 
products. The object is to illustrate the uses of the different parts of animals and 
to show that exceedingly few parts fail to be used by man. It is all done in that 
relentlessly classified way that allows no one to get muddled. First the appendage 
on the skins of animals. There is hair of all sorts for brushes, wool, feathers for 
decorative purpose and feather pictures, even feather flys for fish hooks — a long 
array of most interesting specimens of articles made from hair, feathers, and wool. 
The number will surprise you when you look. But that is not all. Fish scale 
jewelry and all sorts of things made of tortoise shell come within this class. Then 
the skins of animals with the outer appendages — furs in a bewildering variety. 
Then skins of animals without appendages — leather. All imaginable sorts of 
leather, 250 distinct kinds of it, from a pair of boots made from human skin to 
pouches made of snake hide. There is the back of an Indian chief's neck neatly 
tanned and some bits of well cured skin from a young girl's breast. 

Claws next, and horns and hoof jewelry, and trophies of claws, combs, and 
all manner of trinkets from horns; gelatine and glue, and fertilizers from horns 
and hoofs. Teeth — Here comes the ivories, an exhibition of themselves. There is 
the largest elephant tusk in America. It is nearly 8 feet long and weighs 137 
pounds. Elephant ivory, narwhal ivory, alligator ivory. Bones — Agricultural im- 
plements, weapons, household utensils, fashioned by folks who are savage, poker 
chips fashioned by folks who are not savage. Flesh — An infinite variety of meats, 



404 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

from Armour's extract of beef to dried shark's flesh. Viscera — Eskimo waterproof 
suits made from the intestines of the walrus, catgut made from the interior economy 
of sheep. Animal Fluids — Dried blood fertilizers, galls, and pepsins, artists' pig- 
ments. 

Now for ethnology. The Smithsonian illustrates the different linguistic 
stocks, forty in number, of the American Indian. Its agents have within the last 
two years taken photographs and sketches of the chiefs of the characteristic tribes 
of each of these stocks. They have bought from each chief his best war toggery. 
They have, when possible, taken plaster casts from life. They have reproduced 
these chiefs exact in stature, features, complexion, dress. It is a work of the utmost 
value, the last true records of a dying race of men. There are groups, too, illus- 
trating primitive Indian industries. 

There is an exhibition of representative fishes, insects, and, invertebrates, 
an exhibit of physical geology, showing cave formations in replica, volcanic for- 
mations, and the glacial period. A small but striking array of gems and ornamental 
stones of America is shown. 

To get back to ethnology again there is a display showing the origin and 
growth of music — 300 instruments of all ages of the world, another department 
illustrating the primitive religions, and one showing the development of the potter's 
art among the Japanese 

When you visit the northwest corner of the Government building you will 
think you are looking at the interior of Machinery Hall through the big end of a 
spy glass. On every hand are multitudes of glistening machines that look as if 
they had been built for liliputians. 

These are the models sent from the Patent Office. You have heard of the 
Patent Office; perhaps you have read a Patent Office report. 

The exhibit is interesting, very. Chief Special Agent Ewing, who is at the 
head of the Interior Department's show, says he thinks the Patent Office Bureau, is 
the best of all. 

What an array of queer little machines! Some of them are built rudely of 
wood and in ill proportions. These are few. Some of them are of burnished steel 
and brass, bright, in perfect proportions. Some of them are duplications in mina- 
ture of appliances that everybody in the world knows about; some of them are con- 
trivances nobody outside the Patent Office ever heard of. Every one of them is 
the embodiment of an inspiration; every one shows something that was new and 
original; every one of them has helped the world along a step. 

Remember that your beneficent Uncle Samuel, whose display this is, never 
goes to a world's fair just to amuse people. He always aims at instruction when he 
exhibits. This display of the Patent Office is aimed to be instructive. The aim 
has been carried out right well by three special agents, to whom the work was com- 
mitted. The plan of the exhibit was to show the development of the arts and 
•sciences in America, and the influence of the Patent Office in promoting that devel- 
opment. To this end the exhibit has been rigidly classified, and there is not one of 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



405 



the 2,500 models in the long array of glass cases that was not placed there with a 
definite purpose. 

And the 2,500 models include about everything, from a rude Gallic reaping 
machine, pushed by a bullock— date A. D. 70— to a life-sized Hotchkiss revolving 
cannon— date A. D. 1S93. The Hotchkiss gun stands beside the desk of Principal 
Examiner A. P. Greeley, who is in charge of the exhibit. He can whirl around 
and set the thing going whenever he pleases. 

This exhibit illustrates admirably the progress of America and of the world 
in the chief arts and industries. Uncle Sam might have picked from his 225,000 
specimen inventions a lot of wonderful contrivances that would have shown how 

far the Yankee inventive 
genius can go after it gets 
into crankiness. That 
would have made a com- 
ical show, but Uncle Sam 
kept those at home. He 
kept three of his best ex- 
aminers busy for nearly 
two years picking out his 
best patent models, and 
he spent $15,000 cleaning 
and fitting up these mod- 
els. 

Result: Object lessons 
in progress to be had no- 
where else on earth — not 
even at the United States 
Patent Office. There is 
the matter of printing 
presses. First, a model, accurately constructed, of the original printing press 
that Guttenberg built. Then, models of several of the later types of hand presses, 
then cylinder presses, and on into the ramifications of stop cylinders, two-revolu- 
tion presses, and color presses. Finally, the Web perfecting press appears, a fine 
series of models of every step in its development. Last and most modern, a full 
working model, exquisitely finished, of Hoe's latest press, that prints 70,000 news- 
papers an hour. 

Go into other arts, for instance into the manufacture of textile fabrics, card- 
ing and combing machines, spinning contrivances, looms, taken up at the very 
dawn of civlization and brought right down to this day. 

Incidental to this department is a full object history of the sewing machine. 
There is the original model of the very first Howe machine of 1846. It seems to 
consist largely of an abnormal fly wheel and a steel plate set with long teeth, upon 
which the cloth was hung. Then, in succeeding machines, this toothed plate dis- 
appears, and there are various devices for a continuous feed introduced. Every 




STATUARY ON BRIDGES— BUFFALO. 



406 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

year shows a big or little improvement. There is a procession of sewing machines 
from the days of your grandmother down to the time when you can get one as a 
gift for subscribing to a story paper. 

The very latest of them all is a queer-looking concern designed for the diffi- 
cult work of sewing woven lining upon looped fabric. That machine is fed by a 
plate full of long teeth, almost like the original Howe machine. There are sewing 
machines exclusively for buttonholes, others for eyelets, machines that sew leather 
two seams at a trip, machines that embroider, sew zigzag, and fasten on four-holed 
buttons. There is one little one that you could put in your hat. It was made by 
the Shields Company in 1S90. It will do 5,000 stitches a minute. 

The growth of that other American product, the typewriter, is shown. There 
is the first sign of a typewriter, a huge and curious machine invented by William 
Burt, in 1829. It was a practical machine and worked well, but it failed because 
the people were not quite ready for typewriters in 1829. Burt sold the rights to his 
invention in the New England States for $75. There is on record a letter from the 
man who bought the rights, making a tremendous kick and demanding his money 
back because there was no sale for the machine. Burt's original model was burned 
in 1836. The present one was carefully built from specifications in the patents 
signed by President Andrew Jackson. 

There is the Thurber machine of 1836, and another one of a little later date 
that looks like a hemisphere covered with knobs. The first Remington machine,, 
made in 1874, is as big as a full-grown hand organ, and its keys are like poker chips. 

" Farmers," says Examiner Greeley, " sometimes look upon the patent office 
as an enemy. We shall aim to show them how much the patent office has advanced 
the science of agriculture." So there is an exceptionally fine display of inventions 
in agricultural implements. In plows there is the original crooked stick plow, and 
the first plow with a cast-iron mould board. This was invented by Neobald in 
1797. It looks clumsy. 

A tremendous row followed its first introduction in the market. Farmers 
said it would poisen the soil and kill all their crops, stocks, and families. But the 
cast-iron plow kept improving. You can see every step of it in these models. 

Perhaps the best example of the fin de siecle plow is a handsome bronze 
silver model, on which Charles Anderson was granted letters patent, June 7, 1892. 
It is a sulky gang plow with so many levers and springs that one thinks nobody but 
a civil engineer could manage it. Seeders, planters, harrows, and reapers, are in 
endless variety. 

The reaper, too, starts right from the first. There is the rude ox-cart, with 
the sickle attachment, that was used in Gaul in the first century. There is also the 
first modern reaper, an English invention of 1799; another of 1825 that looks like 
an over-grown lawn mower. The McCormick machine of 1831 was the first real 
reaper, followed by table rake machines and self-binders. 

Steam engines include the whirling steam globe of Hero, contrived ages ago, 
and the crude attempts of James Watt. Hero's machine is shown in working model, 
and of Watt's inventions there are fac-simile miniatures. A splendid showing of 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 407 

detail improvements in engine building are shown, as well as the gradual perfection 
of valves and eccentrics. There are models of the earlier locomotive engines that 
are historic, and an array of grotesque monsters that never did get on the rails. 
The climax is a working model of the cylinders and drivers of a mighty compound 
locomotive, patented May 29, 1892, by Samuel Vauclain; air and gas engines, too, 
including the famous Ericcson models; pumps, boilers, propellers, wood working 
machinery. The model of the noted Blanchard gun-stock lathe, the wonder of its 
day, is in this class. 

And electrical inventions! There is the first attempt at a magnetic motor 
invented by Joseph Henry in 1835, the original model of Faraday's induction coil, 
which was the basis of all later electrical progress, and the Davenport motor of 
1837. This machine was practical, worked well, but was a failure because no one 
had discovered how to produce an electric current by dynamos. It is only in the 
last few years that electricians have commenced to understand the full value of 
Davenport's invention. Page's motor, which drove a locomotive from Washington 
to Baltimore in 1854, is there too. After that comes the work of Morse, Edison, 
Thompson, and Houston — it is a maze of electric ingenuity. Writing telegraphs 
and multiplex telegraphs, telephones of a sort you never saw before, electric lamps, 
big and little, motors, dynamos, and armatures. The electrical show will puzzle 
anybody but an expert. 

So much for the arts of peace. There is a corner for bloodthirsty ingenuity, 
though. One great case is full of portable fire weapons. At one end is a wooden 
tube wrapped with bamboo. It looks like a Roman candle. That is the first gun. 
At the other end is a businesslike little weapon with a slender blue barrel and a 
collection of mysterious steel knobs about the breech; the Kray-Jorgensen maga- 
zine riflle, patented Feb. 21, 1893. ^ ts stee ^ P omt eci bullet, three-tenths of an inch 
in diameter, will find a man and slay him further away than you can see him. The 
bullets can be fired so fast the barrel of the piece gets hot. The last gun is an inter- 
esting study in progressive killing. 

Early in the exhibit there is a quaint hand culverin, the earliest form of a 
pistol. The man who fired it had to touch it off with a slow match. Next there is 
a match lock of the time of Admiral Columbus, of whom you may have heard, and 
next is a wheel lock of the sixteenth century. This machine has a long and exceed- 
ingly big barrel, quaintly lacquered. Upon its breech is a small steel wheel set 
upon a spiral spring. The musketeer had to wind up this wheel with a big key. 
When he touched the trigger, whi : went the wheel, grinding a brilliant shower of 
sparks out of a flint set to bear upon its circumference. 

This particular weapon was tried by the Germans in a little argument with 
the French in 1855. It is said to have impressed the Gallic musketeers with aston- 
ishment and disgust, just like the Teutonic, zundnadelgewehr, the famed needle 
gun, acted upon their descendants some centuries later. You can see a fine speci- 
men of the zundnadelgewehr a little further along the case after you have passed 
the stages of the later flint locks and the old muzzle loaders. In the breech loaders, 
the magazine guns, and the hammerless fowling pieces, you have the handiwork 



408 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



here of Sharp, and Berdan, and Maynard. Here is the famous and deadly Henry 
rifle of i860, the progenitor of the Winchester, and all the magazine guns. 

Pistols next — some queer ones, too. There is the first Colt model that was 
offered for a patent. Across the aisle are cannon and great guns, Chinese wooden 
cannon, and the big, graceful Dahlgren gun, that amazed the world in the '6o's. 
Freaks in the shape of cannon include Lyman's accelerating cannon of 1857, which 
has three little brass barrels that run into one, one by one. The model of the first 
Gatling is here too, a clumsy, squatty machine, and so on — why, one may stay in 
the Government building a week and then not see all it contains. 




BREECH OF A RAPID FIRING GUN. 



PART VII!. 



OTHER MAIN FEATURES. 



CHAPTER I. 



THE SHRINE OF THE WHITE CITY. 

Reproduction of the Convent Where Columbus and His Son Once Took Refuge— Court, Cloister and 
Corridor— The First Cross Erected in America— Coins Made From the First Gold Found in 
America— Letters Patent and Autographs From Ferdinand and Isabella— Collection of Paintings 
on Wood and Rare Mosaics Loaned by the Vatican— Two Bells With a History— One of the Can- 
nons of the Santa Maria— More than a Thousand Paintings in All— Model of the Norse Ship- 
Books Written by Marco Polo and Americus Vespucci— The Sepulcher Room— Many Pictures and 
Relics of the Last Days of Columbus— La Rabida, the Mecca of Many Pilgrims— The Remains 
of the Great Navigator— The Battle Ship Illinois— A Superb Counterfeit Man-of-War— A Vesse' 
That Has Never Tossed on Billows— The Lighthouse and Life-Saving Station— Hospital Service. 

HE convent of La Rabida stands on a little promontory jutting 

into Lake Michigan, at the southern end of the Park. It is 

'an exact reproduction of the monastry of that name, near 

Palos, Spain, where Columbus and his son Diego took refuge 

over four hundred years ago. As this building seemed to 

be more closely associated with the career of Columbus than 

any other known, the directors of the Exposition thought a 

fac-simile of that structure would be the most fitting shelter 

for all the relics of the great navigator that had been secured 

for exhibition at the Fair. It is a low, rambling building 

with red tile roof and resembles very much many of the 

adobe churches to be seen in Old Mexico and in our own States and Territories. 

The court-yard, cloister and corridors are singularly beautiful with their arches, 

crumbling pillars, grated windows and quaint architecture throughout. 

The chapel is a long, low room, roughly plastered, with great black beams 

that stand out conspicuously in contrast with the universal whiteness. The altar, 

which is in charge of the Franciscan monks, has been fitted up by them to reproduce 

the altar of the original monastery. Two of the most conspicuous objects in it are 

a battered wooden cross about ten feet high, that was erected by Columbus on his 

arrival in America, and a little worm-eaten door taken from the convent. 

In old cases about the room are valuable documents dating back to the close 

of the fifteen century. The curious cipher signature of Columbus, the royal letters 

4uy 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



4H 



patent from Ferdinand and Isabella to the great discoverer when he sailed his off 
first voyage and making him admiral of the fleet, an autograph letter from Queen 
Isabella returning a book which Columbus had loaned her and urging him not 
to delay his voyage, and many letters written to his son Diego in 1504, are espe- 
cially interesting. In another case are some old coins made from the first gold 
found in America. They are larger than a silver dollar of to-day and are cov- 
ered with quaint designs very roughly made. Portraits of Columbus, together 
with a large collection of old paintings on wood, and rare mosaics, loaned from 
the Vatican, are hung about the wall. Several of the oil paintings representing 

incidents in the 
career of the navi- 
gator are also in 
this sanctuary, one 
of the most famous 
being by J. C. Ama- 
soffsky, professor 
of fine arts, St. 
Petersburg, depict- 
ing Columbus as a 
young man ship 
wrecked and cling- 
ing to a spar in the 
vater. Then there 
are two bells with 
a history. One was 
given to Columbus 
by King Ferdi- 
nand, and was hung 
in the church in 
Isabella and was 
the first church 
bell in the western 
hemisphere. It is badly broken and weighs only about ten pounds, but it bears 
on one side Ferdinand's initial, and when struck gives out a faint sound in a minor 
key. The other bell is almost twice as large, and was given by Pope Alexander II. 
to the church in Carthagena, in Colombo, in 15 16, and was the first bell heard 
on the main land. On either side of the altar are two anchors used by Columbus. 
They are badly rusteaten. One of them was lost from the flagship Santa Maria 
at La Natividad, and Washington Irving, in his life of Columbus, mentions in a foot 
note that he had heard that it had been found. Research was made by Mr. 
Curtis, and the anchor was found in possession of the Indians who held it with 
reverential care. It is 9 feet 6 inches high and has lost its two flukes through the 
action of the water in which it lay nearly three hundred years. One of the four 
cannons which were on the Santa Maria are also shown. It is a queer little thing, 




CONVENT OF LA RABIDA. 



412 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



only about four feet long roughly made of iron and very rusty. If it were 
melted down and made into a solid shot there would not be enough of it 
to fill the breech of one of the smallest siege guns of to-day. 

In the main part of the monastery the 
several rooms are turned into art galleries. 
Here are nearly a thousand pictures, includ- 
ing portraits in many styles of Ferdinand 
and Isabella, Lief Erickson, Marco Polo, 
and an oil painting of Americus Vespucci, 
which is said to be painted from life. One 
of these rooms is known as the Columbus 
room. Here are the seventy-four pictures 
of the discoverer, by as many different 
artists, which have created so much com- 
ment, as no two bear the slightest resem- 
blance, and by a rather singular coincidence 
there are seventy-four different statues of 
him erected in different parks in the world 
and a model of each placed under each 
picture. The curio-room contains a model of 
the Norse ship said to have been used by 
Lief Erickson and a chart of his course; the 
old mill in the park at Newport, the origin 
of which no one knows, truly, and the in- 
scriptions on the Dighton rock, near Taun- 
ton, Mass., which are said to have been made 
by Norsemen in the tenth century. 

In another room are a number of relics 
from Columbus' home at Funchal, Madeira, , 
which was built for him by his father-in-law, 
Bartholomew Perestrello. These include 
the double doors of the house, the shutters 
from a window, a small scantling, a piece of 
barbosana wood and a cane made from one 
of the joists which was sent to the late James 
G. Blaine and which has been loaned. In a 
glass case is a copy of Marco Polo's book, 
"De Regionibus Orientalibus," which Col- 
umbus carried on his first voyage to the 

west. Another book of interest is one written by Americus Vespucci in the monas- 
tery of Saint Die, France, the book that gave America its name. It was written 
while he was under the patronage of King Rene II., of Lorraine. In this are also 
shown the breviary carried by Columbus on his voyages of discovery. 

In what is known as the " sepulcher room" are many pictures and articles 




LIGHT HOUSE. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 4 13 

relating to the last days and death of Columbus. Three paintings by Ortego, Baron 
Wappers and Robert Fleury are on the same subject, " The Death of Columbus." 
There are also views of the City of Seville and the house in which Columbus died, 
which is still standing at Valladolid, Spain. 

At one end of the sepulcher room is a little inclosure within which are placed 
photographs of the Cathedral of Santo Domingo, cathedral at Havana, showing the 
places where the bones of Columbus are said to be deposited. The fac-simile of 
the box in which the remains of Columbus were found is also shown, together with 
a fac-simile of the casket in which his dust now rests. 

A replica of the doors that guard the cell in which are held the alleged 
remains of Columbus at Santo Domingo, a piece of altar rail, and the fac-simile of 
the urn inclosing the casket of Columbus, complete the list of relics connected with 
his burial. 

This monastery is called the "shrine of the White City" and here many vis- 
itors go on a pilgrimage before viewing the other features of the Fair. There are 
many hundreds of objects that cannot be mentioned, as it would take a small vol- 
ume to briefly enumerate all that may be seen at La Rabida. The author calls to 
mind no more delightful place, or one that created a more lasting and profound 
impression. 

Not far from the English building is the battleship Illinois. It is a counter- 
feit man-of-war, but it looks for all the world like one of the great white liners. It 
appears as if made of iron, but it is only brick. It might seem as if it had tossed 
on Sicilian and Indian seas, but it has never sailed an inch. It has real guns, but 
the concussion of the discharge of any one of them would knock the vessel into a 
heap. It is one of the most magnificent and interesting object lessons of the Fair, 
nevertheless, and has been visited by four million of people. It is erected on piling 
by the Navy Department. The structure is, to all outward appearances, a full- 
sized model of one of the new coast-line battleships. It is surrounded by water and 
appears as if moored to a wharf. It has all the fittings that belong to the actual 
ship, such as guns, turrets, torpedo tubes, torpedo nets and booms, with boats, 
anchors, chains, cables, davits, awnings and deck apparatus, together with all the 
appliances for working the same. Officers, seamen, mechanics and marines are 
detailed by the Navy Department during the Fair, and the discipline and mode of 
life on naval vessels are completely shown, although possibly the detail of men is not 
quite so great as the complement of the actual ship. The dimensions of the boat 
are those of the actual battleship: length, 384 feet; width amidships, 69 feet 3 inches, 
and from the water-line to the top of the main deck, 12 feet. Centrally placed on 
the main deck is a superstructure 8 feet high, with a hammock birthing on the same 
7 feet high. Above these are the bridge, chart-house and the boats. At the for- 
ward end of the superstructure is a cone-shaped tower called the " military mast," 
near the top of which are placed two circular "tops" as receptacles for sharpshooters. 
Rapid-firing guns are also mounted in each of these tops. The height from the 
water line to the summit of this military mast is 76 feet, and above is placed a flag- 
ship for signaling. The battery comprises four i3-inch breech-loading rifle cannon 




PEN AND INK SKETCH— LANDSCAPE. BY THE PRINCESS IMIRETINSKY, RUSSIA. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 4 i 5 

four 6-inch breech-loading rifle-cannon, eight 8-inch breech-loading rifle-cannon, 
six i-pound rapid-firing guns, twenty 6-pound rapid-firing guns, two Gatling guns 
and six torpedo tubes. All these are placed and mounted as in a genuine battleship. 
On the starboard side of the ship is shown the torpedo protection net, stretching 
the entire length of the vessel. Steam launches and cutters ride at the booms and 
all the outward appearances of a real ship of war are imitated. Frank W. Grogan 
was the designer and the cost was about $100,000. 

Near by the United States Government exhibits a lighthouse and service, a 
naval observatory, a life-saving station and apparatus, and other appurtenances 
that are of benefit to young and old. The lighthouse is an exact reproduction of 
an American government lighthouse, with powerful search lights and all the 
belongings of such an exhibit. In the life-saving station the launching and 
handling of surf-boats are shown, with all sorts of wrecking appliances. This 
station will probably remain as a permanent one. The military hospital shows the 
latest approved methods of caring for the sick and wounded boys in the employ 
of Uncle Sam on land or water. This hospital is on the large parade ground in front 
of the Government building, where exhibition drills are given daily by the regulars 
and by visiting militia. The naval observatory attracts thousands daily. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



417 



CHAPTER II. 



THE WHITE HORSE INN AND KRUPP'S GUNS, 

Reproduction of a Famous English Hostelry— Coffee and Cakes a la Francaise— Great Guns as Peace- 
makers—A Gun Weighing 12 1 Tons That Will Send a Shell Fifteen Miles -Opinions of 
Major-General Schofield— Shoe and Leather Building— Merchant Tailor's Building— Choral Hall— 
The Teiminal Station— Intramural Railroad— Service Building— Bureau of Admissions— Puck 
Building— White Star Line Pavilion— Windmills, Hospitals, Restaurants and New England Clam 
Bakes. 

HITE HORSE INN stands in the south end of Jack- 
son Park, close to Agricultural Hall. This is an 
exact reproduction of the English hostelry made 
famous by Dickens in the "Pickwick Papers." Over 
the main entrance is the old sign of the original house 
— a life-size figure of a white horse. A wide hall leads 
into a square court around which, at the second story, 
runs a rustic balcony. On the left is a bar, on the 
right the restaurant and directly back is the kitchen. 
In the court are rustic tables, chairs and railings 
covered with trailing ivy. Here genuine English 
maids serve genuine substantiate and drinkables sup- 
posed to be peculiarly British. The interior is finished 
in the quaint old English decorations, the woodwork 
being stained a very dark color in imitation of oak. 
In both bar and restaurant are large brick fireplaces, adorned by portraits of 
Dickens, Pickwick, Sam Weller and other characters taken from the work. 

Aside from the figures over the mantlepieces, there is but little decoration. 
The second floor is occupied by the World's Fair Auxiliary Pickwick Club and is 
cut up into small rooms for private parties, and tables are also found around in the 
balcony, which, with the inner court, extends to the top of the building and are 
used as outdoor refectories. 

The inn is the terminal point of a stage line from the city to the Exposition. 
The coaches, of English pattern, drawn by four-horse teams, land their passengers 
along the boulevards and through Washington Park to the grounds, where English 
patrons and others find a regular "chop house." 

Near the White Horse Inn is a French bakery, where all kinds of French 
bread and cakes are made in great ovens, bigger than any in France, in the pres- 
ence of the patron. These cakes and bread, and coffee at five cents per cup, are 
served by French maids. 




4i8 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING. 



One of the most attractive and impressive exhibits at the south end is that of 
the Krupps, who show, among many others, the largest gun in the world. The 
Krupp pavilion is east of the south pond, and consists of a large iron hall 196 feet 
in length, 82 feet in width and 42 feet in height, and was constructed and erected 
by the Gutehoffnungshuette of Oberhausen. On the land side there are two small 

towers on the front ex- 
tensions, two large ves- 
tibule entrances and a 
high square tower in 
the center. The panels 
on the front are dec- 
orated with coat-of- 
arms of Westphalia and 
Rhineland and on the 
cornice are shields bearing the coats-of-arms of the different states in Germany. 

Sixteen monster guns line the west side of the interior, facing the lake, and 
from the center of the line protrudes the gigantic barrel of the thunderer, 17 feet in 
diameter. The barrel is a jacketed, built-up tube. It has Krupp's rounded-wedge 
breech closure. Its total length is 46 feet and it has 120 grooves in rifling. The 
barrel, which has the immense weight of 121 tons, including the breech-closure, is 
supported by a front pivot carriage with a weight of projectile of 2,205 pounds. 
This gun was made in 1886 and has since been fired with sixteen rounds with full 
charges. A steel-armor shell with the above-mentioned initial velocity can per- 
forate, when striking at right angles, a wrought-iron plate 3X feet in thickness at a 
range of two-thirds of a mile. It can also send a ball or an explosive shell 15 miles. 
There are five quick-firing guns, from 3 to 5 
feet in caliber. The five-foot gun has a speed 
of over eight shots a minute. The four-foot 
gun has a speed for firing thirteen shots aimed 
fire a minute and the three-foot gun of over 
nineteen shots. There are also two small field 
guns, one with a barrel 680 pounds in weight, 
besides a great variety of smaller guns and 
other implements of war. It costs $1,250 to 
discharge the big gun. Gishert Gillhausen, 
,the engineer who represents Krupp here, sug- 
gests that even though the cost was large the 
directors of the Exposition might save money 
after the show closed by firing the gun, as the 
concussion would undoubtedly knock down all the great buildings in Jackson Park 
and thus save a lot of labor in their removal. The big Krupp gun exhibit cost 
nearly $1,000,000. 

According to the census of 1893, the total number of persons employed' at the 
Krupp works were 25,301; of these 16,956 were at the cast steel works at Essen. 




MERCHANT TAILORS' BUILDING. 




- 27 



420 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



The cast steel works at Essen consists ot more than ioo departments. Some of 
them, for example the hydraulic presses and armor plate mill and many other 
works, were built recently. At the cast steel works at Essen are about 1,500 fur- 
naces, twenty-two trains of rolls, 1 1 1 steam hammers, and four hydraulic presses of 
enormous power, and about 3,000 machine tools. The total length of driving-shafts 
amounts to five and one-half miles; the total length of driving belts to thirty miles. 
There is a branch steel work at Annen. The iron ore is blasted at four iron 
works situated along the shore of the Rhine, and 547 ore mines in Germany, as well 

as several mines at Bilbao 
in the north of Spain, fur- 
nish ore for these works. 
The quantity of coal used 
in the works is 4,200 tons a 
day, and the coal mines be- 
longing to the firm supply 
the works with the greater 
part of this quantity, the out- 
put of the firm's own collier- 
ies average 3,300 tons per 
working day. The analyses, 
as well as a great number of 
assays, are made in test 
houses and in chemical lab- 
oratories, while the war ma- 
terial is tested on the large 
practice groundsat Meppen. 
One day in June Maj. Gen. 
John M. Scofield, command- 
ing the armies of the United 
States, looked into the yawn- 
ing mouths of what he calls 
"the greatest peacemakers 
in the world." These peace- 
makers are the huge guns 
which are housed in the pavilion of Herr Krupp. " The cannon of Herr Krupp," 
says Gen. Schofield, " makes a fit addition to an exhibition of the arts of peace. 
People who look at them can realize, to some degree at least, the horrors of war, 
and they teach a lesson more forcible than almost any other advocate of the 
universal brotherhood of men. The people of the United States are a peace-lov- 
ing people, and as such they should learn that the only way to preserve peace is to 
prepare for war. If other people see that we are ready and able to protect our- 
selves and that they cannot attack us without danger of severe consequences they 
will be apt to let us alone." 




OLD WINDMILL— HOLLAND EXHIBIT. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



421 



" But the government has none of the Krupp guns in use nor does it need 
any. Our own manufacturers can supply us. At the armory in Troy, N. Y., the 
machinery is now being built for a 16-inch gun which will be practically the same 
as the largest of the Krupp kind. Possibly next year, and certainly the year after, 
a type of these immense weapons will be built and tested. For one thing, no 
nation needs any of these enormous cannon. They are useful only where there is 
room for but few guns. The experience of the English and Italian navies has 
already shown that they are too large for service on board ship. The difficulty is 
to float such an immense mass of metal and at the same time to carry sufficient ar- 
mor to protect the vessel from the attacks of land batteries. On land, however, 
no such difficulty is encountered, and consequently the advantage is all with the 
defense. In this way, also, the invention and construction of larger cannon con- 
stantly tends to promote peace. 

" But while in the interest of peace we should have ready a supply of the most 
improved weapons of modern warfare, it does not follow that a large standing 
armv should be main- a 



tained. In this patriotic 
•country it is easy to 
raise an army, but great 
cannon and other ap- 
paratus cannot be man- 
ufactured in a month. 
Men who are able to 
handle the delicate ma- 
chinery by which they 
are sighted and fired 
must also be kept in ser- 
vice." Quite an interesting place is the Leather and Shoe Trades building, situated 
on the shore of the lake, south of the great central basin, southeast of the Agricul- 
tural building, and between the Krupp gun exhibit and the Forestry building. It 
is 575 feet long and 150 wide; its greatest length being from north to south. In the 
•center of the building is a hall, 64 feet wide by 480 feet long and 50 feet high; 
around the hall are the galleries, 42 feet wide, 18 feet high on the first floor, and 22 
feet high on the second floor. The building is well lighted by 520 windows and 
skylights, and is built entirely of wood. The exterior covering is of staff and 
plaster. Two large stairways at the end of the hall lead to the galleries or second 
story; two small ones, in the center of the building, lead directly to the offices and 
restaurant. A bridge at the height of the first floor crosses the main hall. The 
building was erected by the subscribers to the stock of the World's Columbian 
Exposition, on account of the Leather and Shoe Trades building. Work upon this 
building was commenced December 5, 1892, and completed and ready for the 
reception of exhibits on April 1, 1893. It contains all the domestic exhibits of 
leather, boots and shoes, rubber boots and shoes, and of the allied trades; also the 
exhibits of leather in all forms, from all the foreign countries exhibiting at the 




TERMINAL STATION. 



422 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



Exposition. Fine exhibits were prepared by the following countries, and were 
shown in the building, erected exclusively for leather, viz: France, Germany, Rus- 
sia, Austria, Spain, Japan, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela and the Argentine Republic. 
There is also shown in the building leather curios from the different foreign coun- 
tries, such as the native foot-gear, clothing, harness, saddles, bags, and such articles 
from museums and private collections as have been made famous by age and asso- 
ciation. A model shoe factory is in operation in this building, and more than one 
thousand pairs of shoes were manufactured daily during the Exposition. The 
entire second floor is devoted to machinery, which includes the model factory, shoe, 

leather and rubber ma- 
chinery. The Merchant 
Tailors' building at the 
northern end was erect- 
ed under the supervis- 
ion of the Chicago Mer- 
chant Tailors' World's 
Fair Committee of the 
Merchant Tailors' Na- 
tional Exchange of the 
United States of Amer- 
ica, at a cost of $30,- 
000, the money having 
been raised by volun- 
tary contributions from 
the merchant tailors 
and woolen and trim- 
ming merchants of the 
United States. The 
building is 94 feet each 
way over all. It is 55 
fee« 6 inches square, inside measurement, and is in the form of a Greek temple, a 
reproduction of the Erectheum, at Athens, finished about 410 B. C, planned by 
Pericles, and erected under the supervision of Phidias, the great Greek sculptor. 
The interior of the main room is octagonal in shape, which forms a small room in 
each corner. Upon the north and south sides is a semi-circular room, 14x22 feet. 
The toilet and semi-circular rooms, also the portico fronting upon the lagoon, are 
strictly private for the exclusive use of subscribers to the Building Fund. The 
walls are finished in cream and gold and decorated with mural paintings, repre- 
senting the eight great historical periods of dress. First, Adam and Eve making 
aprons of leaves; second, a Barbarian scene; third, Egyptian; fourth, classical 
Greek; fifth, mediaeval; sixth, renaissance; seventh, Louis the XIV. to XVI.; 
eighth, modern. There are also other frescoes emblematic of the trade. The floor 
leading from the entrance to under the dome, and all of the space under the dome 
(circle, 33 feet in diameter) , is covered by ceramic mosaic from Shropshire, Eng- 




HYGEIA BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 423 

land, which, with ttie rich drapery of the entrances to the private reception rooms 
make the merchant tailors' exhibit hall most attractive. 

Festival (Choral) Hall building stands upon the shore of the lagoon at a 
point where the two great promenades meet. Its location enables it to be seen 
from distant parts of the grounds across the lagoon with its beautiful wooded island 
and green shores. To the one side stands Horticultural building, while Transpor- 
tation building stands on the other. The style of the building, which is Doric, 
makes it simple and severe in treatment; its form, which resembles an amphitheater 
surmounted by a dome, gives the building, both externally and internally, a rounded 
form, from which project on the four sides porticoes, the one facing the lagoon being 
the principal entrance, and enriched by fluted Doric colums six feet and a half in 
diameter. From the portico leads a flight of spacious steps, at the foot of which stand 
two statues, being reproductions of celebrated.marbles of Handel and Bach. On either 
side of the portico are panels in relief work representing the progress of music, and 
in the panels over the doors are relief portraits o f Gluck, Berlioz, Wagner, Schu- 
mann, Schubert, Mozart, Mendelssohn, Bach, Handel and Beethoven. The interior 
has the form of a Greek theater, except that the chorus of 2,500 voices occupies the 
part assigned by the Greeks to the stage, and thus it becomes amphitheatrical in 
form. There are no galleries of any kind to obstruct the view or sound. The 
building seats 6,500 persons. The decoration of the interior is in the same order 
as the exterior in relief work and color. A large foyer extends around the building, 
giving ample room for promenade. 

One of the noblest structures of all is the Terminal Station which cost nearly 
$400,000. This station would do credit to any city in the country. Its interior is 
even more attractive than its exterior. It was cool and inviting even during the 
hottest days and nights in July and August, and its waiting room for ladies was as 
extravagantly furnished as any hotel parlor in the land. Not far away was the 
Cold Storage building, which was destroyed on the 10th of July, 21 people, mostly 
firemen, having perished. 

Other features at the south end not heretofore alluded to are the Philadelphia 
cafe, Hygiea Water building, Bonded warehouse, Color building, Stables, Car- 
penter shop, and others. The main station of the Intramural railroad is located 
between the southern ends of the Agricultural building and the Palace of Mechanic 
Arts. The Intramural was an elevated electric railway, nearly four miles in length 
which ran trains every ten minutes each way at ten cents a trip, and carried as 
many as 70,000 people in one day. Its car house and power house are east of the 
dairy barns. 

Adjacent is a Vermont maple sugar and maple syrup stand and a restaurant, 
where coffee and edibles are served from a big log, 12 feet in diameter and 40 feet 
in length, from the State of Washington. Close by is a cluster of a hundred windmills, 
representing as many makers throughout the United States. The old Dutch wind- 
mill is an exact copy of one which has stood in Amsterdam since 1806. The heavy 
timbers which cap the round tower are parts of the original mill. The sail shaft is of 
heavy wood through which the arms of the sail are mortised at right angles to each 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 425 

other. A series of cog wheels made of wood run into each other at various angles, 
and on one of these is fixed the crank pin operating the pumping rod. The largest 
of these wheels is 5 feet in diameter. A balcony surrounds the tower about fifteen 
feet below the top. The living rooms of the family in such a mill consist of a parlor, 
a sitting-room and a kitchen. The walls of these rooms are covered with woven 
cloth, after the manner of the eighteenth century, and the furniture of the rooms 
follow the Dutch styles of the same time. 

Not far off is the wonderful sewage system, pumping works, and Indian 
School building. A short distance away is an old whale ship, which is an attractive 
feature. 

There are other structures elsewhere that deserve mention: The Service 
building, Bureau of Admission's building, Merck Pharmacy, Illinois Women's Hos- 
pital, Emergency Hospital, Puck building, White Star Line pavilion, Department 
of Public Comfort, Cafe de la Marine, New England Clam Bake, Swedish, Polish 
and other restaurants, and more than six hundred places where water, flowers and 
other things are for sale, all of which dotted the landscape o'er and undoubtedly 
imparted relief to everlasting greatness. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



427 



CHAPTER III. 




ONE OF THE GEMS OF THE FAIR. 

Tne Wooded Island— More than a Million Trees and Plants— Fifty Thousand Roses— Hardy Herbaceous 
Plants from All Over the World— The Hunter's Cabin and Japanese Building— Timothy Hopkin's 
Sweet Peas— John Thome's Church— A Spot Blessed by Heaven and Rivaling the Rainbow. 

N many respects the Wooded Island (or islands) , including the 
lagoons that surround it, is the gem of the Exposition — and 
the credit belongs to Olmstead, the landscape gardner; 
Ulrich, the landscape beautifier, and Thorpe, the floricult- 
urist. This trio made from an uninviting marsh a thing of 
beauty. When this trio took hold of the park to put it in 
shape for the reception of the buildings, they deepened the 
hollows, made silvery lagoons of the mud puddles, and created 
an island which to many is the prettiest thing of all. Walks, 
roads and avenues of trees followed, and the lake was 
hemmed in by a stone embankment, along which there is a 
magnificent promenade. The islands are fringed with 
shrubbery and great stretches of wild flowers growing in colonies, as they do on the 
prairies and borders of woodlawns and in marshes all through North Illinois. 
Semi-aquatic plants troop down to the brink; tall reeds and other water plants rise 
from the lagoon itself, and on its quiet surface lily leaves float dreamily, while the 
low outlying isles are tinged a living green by the sedgy things that creep to the 
water's edge. 

There have been planted on the islands and near thern 12,618 trees, 50,644 
shrubs, 151,394 hardy perennial, herbaceous, and miscellaneous plants, 136,678 
aquatic and semi-aquatic plants, 3,300 ferns, 9,582 vines, climbers and ornamental 
grasses; 60,000 willow cuttings, 114,920 bulbs and similar plants, and a great col- 
lection of native plants, which were used by the carload. The trees used were 
principally willows, poplars, water maples, cherries, elms and lindens. The shrub- 
bery consists of various kinds of low-growing willows, cornuses, spiraeas, loniceras, 
lilacs, snowballs and barberries. These form the basis of the groups, but to give 
variety and test their adaptability to the climate many rare shrubs were added. 

The inner, higher part of the wooded island, reserved for the use of the 
Floricultural Department, was laid out in lawns, flower beds and a rose garden, 
while the extreme north end space was set apart for the Japanese temple and 
garden, which are to remain as a premanent reminder of the patience, ingenuity, 
gentleness, good will and love of beauty of that nation of artists. The flower ex- 
hibits on the island form a long and charming procession. The Wooded Island is 



428 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR 




LOG CABIN. 



notably on the grounds of the Newport home of the late M 
Wolfe, consisting of azaleas and rhododendrons, and in the 
shrubs great 
clumps of lilies in 
many varieties are 
to be seen. The 
bulbs and shrubs 
bloom at different 
seasons, and thus 
the arrangement 
affords double 
pleasure. Over the 
lawns north from 
this fine exhibit is 
seen a green and 
flowery wall, the 
first hint of the 
rose garden — the 
glory of the island. 
This is a plot of 
one and one- 
quarter acres, ob- 
long in shape, and 
inclosed by a wire 
fence supported by Japanese building. 



about sixteen acres 
in extent, ten of 
which are devoted 
to the plantations of 
trees, shrubs and 
native plants already 
described. Through 
the middle is the long 
sweep of lawns and 
flower garden, about 
six acres in all. At 
the south end of this 
space is shown for 
the first time in the 
west, it is believed, a 
combination of plants 
and style of grouping 
that is seen on large 
places in the east ; 
iss Catharine Lorillard 
partial shade of these 




HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 



429 



posts nine feet high set at intervals of eight feet. Between the posts the wire 
netting droops in curves, the lowest point of each curve being six feet above the 
ground. The fence is lined with climbing roses and draped on the outside with 
many kinds of light-growing creepers, and the whole inclosed by a row of 22 
varieties of sweet peas, contributed by Timothy Hopkins, of San Francisco. This 
gracefully-shaped, vine-covered, flower-starred wall is in itself a thing of beauty. 
Access to the interior is at four points only — in the middle of each side and at the 
middle of each end — so the garden possesses the first requisite of a garden — seclu- 
tion. It also possesses the second — flowers. 

Fifty thousand roses were in flower in June and July. Thirty thousand of 
them belonged to the taller-growing hardy class; then there were twenty thou- 
sand tea and other tender 
roses of the low-growing 
kinds. North of the garden 
may be seen a great nursery 
exhibit, where the foremost 
growers of nursery stock 
show ornamental trees and 
shrubs such as home makers 
should know and use. West 
of the nursery exhibit a 
number of florists and 
planters have a great show 
of hardy herbaceous plants, 
one firm alone sending 
10,000 plants. Still west of 
these, England justifies her- 
self for clinging to fine old 
old vienna-midway plaisance. herbaceous perennials, such 

as peonies, phloxes, etc., a class of plants grown to perfection by the English. 
Just south of the approaches to the Japanese garden Germany displays her formal 
favorities, such as stocks, asters, zinnias and dahlias. Thus the whole sweep of the 
lawns from end to end is utilized by the best known plantsmen of Europe and 
America for their large and attractive exhibits. 

There are 35 specimens of sunflowers, 32 that are natives of America; two of 
Japan and one (the big sunflower) whose nativity is known to no botanist. 

The rhododendron exhibit on the Wooded Island during June was one of 
the most gorgeous and luxuriant ever seen anywhere, as there were special selec- 
tions of this famous flowering plant sent from Germany, Belgium and France, and 
from a number of American florists. Conspicuous over all other exhibits was that 
of Frederick W. Kelsey, of New York, who had at the south end of the island and 
just off from the broad path that leads along the eastern water front, erected a large 
white tent. On both sides of the entrance stood a couple of immense rhododen- 
drons. These were fully ten feet high and, when set in the ground ten day- 




430 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



before, a hundred delicate blossoms had given evidence of their being in full 
bloom. Through the wide opening were revealed glimpses of a perfect mass of 
bright colored blossoms that tempted alike, with irresistible impartiality, the soft 
zephyrs, the warm sunlight and the eager gaze of every lover of flowers who passed 
the tent. Several hundred plants were arranged in a solid mound that rose from 
a low height at the sides of the tent nearly to the top of the pole in the middle. 
The dark green color of the glossy, smooth leaves formed a striking contrast to 
the brilliant colors of the flowers. Each flower is composed of twenty or thirty 
separate and smaller flowerets. Each of these tiny flowerets is as big as a pink and 
perfectly formed. The effect of one of these many-flowered clusters is very pretty. 
Each floweret is striped with a different color — the pink flowerets with deep red, 
the white ones with purple, yellow and every imaginable hue. Each cluster, though 
only a single rhododendron flower, looks like a whole bouquet. 




ELECTRIC LAUNCH. 



Imagine about 500 of these clusters, of varying shades and colors, all grouped 
in an oval mound, against a background of deep green — truly this mound of floral 
beauty surpassed in quiet elegance the more startling but less beautiful tower of 
light in the electricity building near by. Over a hundred different varieties were 
mingled in this enormous mass of rhododendrons. Only florists would appreciate 
the album grandiflorum, the bandyanium,the delicatissimum,the everestianum and 
the coriaceum; it is a peculiar coincidence that almost without exception the names 
of the different varieties of the rhododendron are almost as voluminous and unpro- 
nounceable as the title of the flower itself. But all can easily imagine the beauti- 
ful sight of crimson, pink, red, silver, lilac and rich purplish crimson flowers, tinted 
with variegated hues and indiscriminately heaped together in a wonderful profusion 
of floral color and beauty. Outside the tent there were several choice specimens of 
conifers, Japanese Maples, and other strange and rare shrubs, plants and trees. 

The Wooded Island is reached by three bridges. At the southern end is 
seen the Hunter's Cabin, a novelty to many. At the northern end is the Hoodo, 
or Japanese building, which consists of three pavilions, connected by corridors, 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



43i 



each representative of the decorative and architectural features of three prominent 
epochs in the history of Japanese art The general ground plan follows the arrange- 
ment of the Hoodo Temple (hence its name) , an interesting monument of Fuju- 
wara art, erected by Yorimichi when at the height of his power, but is modified for 
the benefit of the main architectural unity and to suit the want of the present ex- 
hibition. The left wing is intended to represent the Fujuwara style, ranging from 
the tenth to the thirteenth century, when the pure Yamato school broke through 
the traditions of the Konin era. The interior decoration shows a room in the 
palace of the court nobles, who spent their refined leisure amid poetry and music. 

The right wing shows the 
building in the Ashikaga 
period, just about the 
Columbian epoch, when 
Japan, emerging from the 
war of the two dynasties, 
started into a new art-life 
under the influence of 
Zen-Buddhism and Lung- 
philosophy. Purity and 
Simplicity was the motto, 
and most of the rich 
colored decoration of feu- 
dal palaces was given up 
for plain ink landscapes, 
in the style of Sesshin and 
Soami. The interior is 
reproduced from the Gin- 
kakuji, a villa of an Ashi- 
kaga Shogun. The cen- 
tral pavilion is in the style 
of Tokugawas in the eight- 
eenth century, a part of 
a daimio's palace. It represents a sitting-room of a feudal lord. The central wall is 
covered with a huge pine emblem of strength and endless glory, with phoenixes. 
The adjoining chamber is decorated with fans of different designs. The ceiling 
consists of nearly 270 phoenixes in gold and color, encased between frames of gold 
lacquer and gilt metal work. Each of the rooms is furnished exactly in the styles of 
the periods. 

Wooded Island was so crowded with bloom and fragrance during the warm 
months that great swarms of honeybees invaded the fairyland and made each flash- 
ing poppy or sweet-tipped columbine nod'under the weight of its nectar-sipping 
burden. So varied were the colors that a hundred prisms seemed to have been 
hung in the clouds to reflect the glories of a hundred rainbows. So luxuriant was 
the foliage that even the maples and elders and oaks seemed to have forgotten 




GONDOLAS. 



432 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

their rules and built their leaves on special lines, bending their boughs to the very 
earth. Nursed and petted for twelve months, the bog and sand and swamp 
blossomed like a royal garden and it is no wonder that the shaded nook about the 
hunter's cabin and the jungle of the tropical hut and all the other bowers of the 
island were daily and nightly thronged with people. 

Well, John Thorpe made the most of it. And when the gates are closed and 
great piles carted out to the bonfires and melting pots and the history of the great 
event shall be more voluminously written, your Uncle John will have a golden page 
in the record which will tell of him grandiloquently as a florist, a botanist, a genius, 
a man whose whole heart shines in an honest face and whose rough dress covers a 
disposition as tender and sympathetic as a maiden's love. With the gentleness of 
a mother he has nursed the birds and blossoms and taught the pansies and dahlias 
and poppies how best to bloom and brought out two flowers where nature put a 
single blade. 

His worship, his religion and his whole existence are his flower pets, and no 
man was ever more consecrated to his lot or more happy in his work than this one. 
He has always been at it and desires nothing else, and, as he sat with his legs 
stretched on the grass one afternoon he told the tale of how it all happened. 

He was always talking with the blossoms, as he puts it, and when a wee boy 
he wondered why the violets were always blue, why the grass never grew any way 
but green and why nature never missed by accident the lesson and way taught it 
when the world began. Under the wide oaks of his English home he lay flat upon 
his back and wondered why no clouds were square. He had never seen any water 
that wasn't blue and sparkling, nor any rill that didn't laugh and chatter and dance 
and glisten like a coronet under the sunbeams. He grew up in the woods and 
among the hedges and primroses and toddled with his father about the meadows of 
a gentleman's home. From the very start the trees and shrubs and vines were 
his associates and what the boy loved the man adored. Thus he came near to nat- 
ure's heart and nature to him was all. 

Wooded Island is his church, and as long as he draws this fleeting breath 
some such spot, blessed by heaven and rivaling the rainbow, will be his altar. He 
wants no vaulted domes, nor pointed minarets, nor tinseled spire, nor velvet aisles, 
nor carved pew, nor quarelling choir, nor finical pastor. These be right, so he says, 
and he who wants them is as good as himself, but he prefers the cool, clear air as 
his nave and transept, the blue circle of sky as his high roof and the gentle rush 
of the breeze through the sighing poplars as his choir. This is why he spends 
many a Sunday in a reverie in his splendid bower and makes the Wooded Island 
his church. 

There are others who worship at this shrine while the morning star flings its 
splendor over a sleeping world, for some writer has expressed himself thus: 

When tremulous morning lights waver and burn like the enchanting 
glance of eyes lovelit and surprised, when flakes of summer glory melt in a sun- 
shine dusky with golden promise and full of tender preference, that is the time to 
■ rest and dream in the Wooded Island. Not in the courting hour of shadows, when 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 433 

brisk winds stir the flowers and plighted evening leans towards the night, nor at 
high, cruel noon, that bruises sentiment and withers violets, but in the morning, 
sweet with disappearing dew, when tears of dawn lie only where cool silence waits, 
and when white roses faint against the rich brown earth or bleeding heart droops 
in scarlet thirst, plaintive as a hopeless sigh. Then the young trees scatter a maze 
of lace-work about the gardens, the prettiest blossoms grow almost visibly and 
fragile things too delicate to bear the touch of sunbeams die in a wave of perfume 
There is a stillness that is enchaining and that poetry of loneliness which weds the 
soul to flowers and the melody of birds. The dripping grasses are so wondrous 
fresh and the leaves so restless. Where the sun blazes hungrily tendrils curl and 
petals fade as purity beneath the unkind torture of passion or hardily gather 
strength like the martyr's halo rising out of fire. That very few can know the 
lovely island in this early glory is one of the selfish delights of the Fair. "Myself and 
misery" and the man who works a fiendish garden-hose in relentless spurts of mercy 
to the flowers seem to about constitute the visiting list of the morning. At night 
it is not safe for sympathetic ardor to be adrift within gunshot of the hallowed spot. 
There is more undiluted adoration afloat in the secluded atmosphere than ever a 
lover's lane discovered to the rude eyes of bachelors and earthy scoffers. There 
is a teeming simoon of endearments on tap from 8 p. m. till the guards are called in 
and the lovers and lights put out. The swift splash of a night-bird's wing in the 
black lagoon startles more timid embraces out of plumb than can ever be braved 
again and the inhuman search-light is a distressing tattler, dreaded as a kodak. 
Out of the tangled meshes of malaria and amorous glances it is difficult for a rank 
outsider to gleam much evening consolation in the island, but in the beautiful morn- 
ing there is a glimpse of heaven for tired eyes and a touch of gold to aching hearts 
and weary lives. 




COLUMBIAN STAMPS AND COINS. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 435 




CHAPTER IV. 
FIFTY CENTS FOR A CUP OF TEA. 

Maria and Her Mother on a Stroll— Tea from Ten Cents to Fifty Cents a Cup— And Tea for Nothing- 
Bread Known as the Light of Asia— Where One May Feel at Home— That Which Stimulates 
But Does Not Intoxicate— None Should Miss These Tea Gardens. 

j *• LT in a northeastly direction, beyond the Fish and Fish- 
eries building, is a Japanese tea garden. "Fifty cents 
for a cup of tea?" said a scandalized old lady who was 
hesitating before the gate of this Japanese tea garden. 
"My sakes alive, I don't spend that much in a month to 
home, but I reckon we'd ought to see what it's like now 
we're here. Come on, Maria!" And they went in. The 
tea drinkers at the Fair are having such a chance to revel 
in their favorite beverage as has never come to them before, 
and very likely will never come again. This tiny Japanese 
tea garden, that is like a bit out of another world, is thronged 
all day long with curious people who have drunk tea all their lives, just as they have 
eaten steak and pie, and have regarded it perhaps as a necessary filling for their de- 
pleted interiors, but certainly as nothing more. 

To them the dainty ceremony and grave, decorous formalities with which 
the Japanese invest the operation come with something of the force of a revela- 
tion. 

When the visitor walks through the bamboo gate of the little tea garden he 
steps in one stride from dirty, dun colored Chicago, with its sordid mercantile at- 
mosphere, to Yeddo, basking in the shimmering sunlight of a perfect afternoon. 
It always is afternoon in that little tea garden, nestling down by the water's edge 
so lovingly, and the sun always shines there. 

t may be raining torrents on the rest of the Fair, but the visitor feels con- 
fident that it never does here. Nature wouldn't have the heart to- 

The skies are always blue and the sunny light is ever gleaming on porcelain 
dragons and antique bronzes, and the little rippling waves are always lapping the 
sedges along the shore with a happy sound, suggesting distant merrymaking, and 
over there on the hillside, dappled and flecked with the yellow sunshine, the little 
gardener is always at work with his exaggerated shears, apparently clipping one 
blade of grass at a time and never in the least hurrying, for he knows deep in his 
heart that there is plenty of grass to cut and an endless succession of sunny days 
to cut it in. 

28 



436 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Over on the porch of the ceremonial tea house they are always making tea, 
and such strong, rich, fragrant tea it is, too. It goes to the head of the visitor, who 
sits on a gay fat cushion and sips and sips and nibbles the while on the sugar cakes 
which accompany it, and afterward goes peering around in the tiny rooms of the 
doll house that the tea people call home, and finally his ideas get perverted, and 
everything seems perfectly natural and worthy of imitation. He begins to see the 
folly of chairs and tables and longs to go hopping around on the matted floors. 
And stockings' with thumbs on them like mittens look sensible and cool, and as he 
looks down on his own hot patent leathers he no longer takes any joy or comfort 
in them. 

There are two tea houses in the little garden, a big, cool, shady retreat, 
where the common herd who just drink tea may resort, and the ceremonial tea 
house, where those to whom tea is a religious conviction may observe their rites. 

The floor of this latter -house is raised some two feet from the ground, and 
visitors sit along the edge of the open porch and put their teacups on its shining 
cedar boards and watch the little tea-makers hopping about like a bevy of amiable 
and highly intelligent hoptoads. 

First, the soft-spoken attendant hops down with a dish of candy. There are 
two of them, looking like bricks of ice cream for a doll's party. They rest on a 
transparent square of some shining material that might be a very delicate kind of 
paper, but it is not; it's a shaving. 

Following the candy comes a rough-looking cup filled an inch deep with 
liquid so startling green that the visitor is almost afraid of it. This is the ieucha, 
powdered tea— the very best leaf grown carefully ground in a little bronze mill and 
steeped in the cup, and stirred with a bamboo-whisk broom. The rough yellow 
cup which the visitor looks at so slightingly is antique satsuma, more costly than 
the finest egg-shell china. 

The attendant brings 4 the cup on a silken mat, from wh.ch the drinker lifts 
u. This being disposed of, a rather more decorative cup follows, containing tea 
made from the natural leaves and steeped in a pot. This is called sees-cha, and is 
pale yellow. A sample package of the tea and a little fan accompany the second 
cup as a souvenir, and usually cause consternation to the visitor, who does not know 
how to transport them from the grounds. 

In the ceremonial tea house is a tiny, paneled room, a fac-simile of the room 
where State teas are held in a Japanese house. There are some beautiful bronzes 
here and an iron raven to be used as an incense burner. 

By the door is a bronze lavatory, where guests wash before entering. The 
tiny room is so spotlessly clean and sweet with its cedar and bamboo and matting 
that a lady visitor suggested the feasibility of a Turkish bath before allowing the 
guest to enter. 

After the tea drinker has exhausted the possibilities of the Japanese garden 
if he or she still feels a craving for the seductive stimulant a few paces further on 
beyond the intramural is the temple-like structure of the India Tea Association of 
Calcutta. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 437 

There is no charge for the tea here. The weary guest may bring his lunch 
and drink the companies' tea to his heart's content. If the guest is male be sits 
out in the big galleried room, hung with rich rugs and resplendant with gleaming 
weapons, and under the beneficent eyes of some fat gilt god he drinks of the "Star 
of India." 

The feminine guest is treated to more seclusion and is fed a brand known 
as the Light of Asia. The attendants are suggestive of anything but tea drinking 
— great swarthy fellows clad in crimson and gold. Their uniform is adapted from 
that of the viceroyal bodyguard. Most of them are fiercely bewhiskered, and it 
gives the feminine tea drinker rather a shock to receive the soothing draught 
from such piratical parties. 

At the door sits a pirate in white, with enough silverware in the shape of 
weapons on to furnish the service for a State dinner. 

The Indian tea is a rich amber color and smells like a hay field in July. The 
repiesentatives of the company are very hospitable. 

"We like," said one of them, "to have people come and try our tea, and we 
like to have them bring their lunches and feel at home." 




STATUE OF "REPUBLIC," EAST END OF GREAT BASIN. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



439 



CHAPTER V. 
THE PERISTYLE AND COURT OF HONOR, 

Columned Splendor Indeed — The Impressive Beauties of the Greek Peristyle — Nothing Like It Has 
Ever Been Seen or Attempted— Music Hall and Casino — The Pier and Moveable Sidewalk — The 
Court of Honor by Day and by Night — Statue of the Republic and MacMonnies ShiD of State — 
The Illuminated Fountains. 




OLUMNED splendor indeed. The portals of the World's Co- 
lumbian Exposition look out on the blue waters of Lake 
Michigan. A Greek peristyle, white and colossal, faces the 
waves which less than a century ago bore the canoe of the 
Indian, the boat of the adventurous trader. W r hat if this 
stately portico had flashed on the vision of Marquette or La 
Salle when they sailed along these shores in the seventeenth 
century, each the Columbus of our inland seas? Either 
would have thought that solitude had made him mad. What 
if this columned splendor had broken on the dying gaze of 
those first settlers of Chicago who only four score years ago 
were massacred on these very sands by savages? Those mar- 
tyrs of civilization would have accepted such a glimpse as the 
threshold of the mystical City of the Soul. 

On a ruder and a wider sea than this tossed the caravels of the Genoan 
sailor 400 years ago. In the dreams that mocked this world-finder in his hours of 
sleep, was there not a forecast of the great white temple of humanity which the dis- 
tant future would erect to the glory of his name? Surely this vision of the future 
was given to encourage him in the dark hours of his voyage, or at least to solace 

him in chains. 

Let us look at this peristyle and its surroundings. Nothing like it has ever 
been seen or attempted. It is grand and impressive, commanding and beautiful. 
The Peristyle is 600 feet long, 60 feet wide and 60 feet high. At its center is a 
grand archway, forming a portal from Lake Michigan to the Grand Central Court. 
This portal is dedicated to Columbus, and is inscribed with the names of the world's 
great explorers. Crowning it is a group of statuary, emblematic of the progress 
of the world. The Peristyle bears forty-eight columns, representing the states and 
territories. Each state's column bears its coat of arms. The cost of the Peristyle, 
with the Casino and Music Hall was $300,000. 

The latter, which is located at the northerly end of the great Peristyle, is 140 
feet wide by 246 feet long, and about 65 feet high. The main audience room is in 



440 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 






the center of the building, and is 126 feet long by the full width of the same, and 
occupies the full height of the structure. The space for the orchestra and chorus 
is at the east end, and it is in the form of a great hemicycle or recess, which opens 
into the main hall by an arch 66 feet wide and 54 feet high. The recess is semi- 
circular in plan at the rear and 50 feet deep from the front of the arch to the back of 
the circle. The ceiling of this recess or hemicycle is shaped like a quarter section 
of a sphere, so that the sound of the music is projected forward into the audience 
room just outside of the arch on the main floor is the platform for the orchestra 
with the chorus rising behind on a series of wide steps. To the west of the orchestra 

is the parquette, 
which seats from 800 
to 1,000 persons. 
These seats are also 
arranged on wide 
steps or platforms 
which rise gradually 
to the rear end, thus 
giving an uninter- 
rupted view of the 
stage and conductor 
to every person. All 
around this par- 
quette, except on the 
side occupied by the 
stage, is a loggia or 
passage about 20 feet 
wide, connecting with 
the main hall by 
many wide doorways, 
thus giving ample 
space for the entrance 
and exit of the au- 
dience with comfort and celerity. Above this loggia, which is about 20 feet high at 
the exterior wall and 14 feet high at the inner wall next the parquette, is the great 
balcony, which seats about 1,200 persons. The seats here are also arranged on rising 
steps, so that every one has a perfect view of the stage and of the audience in the 
parquette below. The seats of the balcony sweep round in a semi-circle at the west 
end opposite the stage, thus giving the audience room and the stage combined the 
form of a great oval. Around the front of the balcony are Corinthian columns which 
support the roof, and over the inner space is a large skylight which gives ample light 
by day. Around the rear of the balcony are alsoaseries of large windows command- 
ing a view of the great court on the south and the lake on the north. The main en- 
trance is at the west end through three wide archways into a great vestibule 60x80 
feet, and thence through three great openings into the loggia about the parquette. 




EAST SIDE OF PERISTYLE, LOOKING NORTH. 



442 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




MOVING SIDEWALK. 



On each side of this vesti- 
bule are wide and easy stair- 
ways, giving access to the 
balcony and second story 
of the building, and over 
the vestibule is a smaller 
hall 6o.\8o feet in size, which 
is for a recital hall, etc. 
Opening off this hall are 
several rooms, suitable for 
offices or dressing rooms 
about 25x40 feet each. 
Openingupon the vestibule, 
loggia and the balcony 
above are large and nu- 
merous dressing and cloak 
rooms of about the same 
size as above. At the other 
end and opening from each 
end of the orchestral plat- 
form are rooms for the ac- 
commodation of the Di- 
rector of Music and the 
principal singers and per- 
formers, with ample toilet 
rooms connected therewith. 
At the rear of the hem- 
icycle are large rooms for 
the chorus, and reached by 
private entrance directly 
from the seats. Above these 
rooms are others of the 
same size which, are used 
for meetings and as offices 
for the Bureau of Music. 
There is a third floor which 
also contains several large 
rcomsforgeneral purposes. 
On this floor and over the 
balcony is a large standing 
place of the same size as 
the balcony below, which 
opens upon the main hall, 
through a series of arched 
openings in the coved ceil- 




ESQUIMAUX VILLAGE AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



444 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

ing of the audience room, which will hold a great many people in case of an extra 
occasion, and is reached by ample stairways. The interior of the hall is richly 
decorated in color, with emblematic paintings on the face of the east wall above 
the great arch, and in the panels of the ceiling. It has been specially planned 
for acoustic effect. The great arch of the hemicycle is richly ornamented 
with architectural detail, and the whole can be brilliantly lighted by electricity 
in the most novel effects. The architecture of the exterior is like that of the Casino 
and Peristyle — Roman Corinthian — and richly ornamented in detail. Around 
the entablature above the columns are inscribed the names of the greatest com- 
posers and on the pedestals of the balustrade surmounting the cornice are placed 
many statues, 12 feet high, emblematic of the art of music. 

The Casino, one of the most popular structures en the grounds, is located at 
the south end of the Peristyle, and its dimensions are the same as the Music Hall 
at the north end, 140x260 feet. It contains restaurants and resting rooms as a part 
of the Bureau of Public Comfort, and is a favorite resort for visitors. 

Reaching out into the lake is an immense pier, half a mile in length, contain- 
ing the movable sidewalk. 

Immediately west of the noble Peristyle and connected with it is the famous 
Cour d'Honneur, the most attractive and spectacular part of the grounds. There 
is not a prettier stretch of landscape at Jackson Park than this, and to fully appre- 
ciate its grandeur, one must take a somber bodied and brilliantly canopied Vene- 
tian gondola and gently traverse the grand basin — which is the central star in the 
terrestrial Pleiades. Lining the water's edge appear the tall, straight rostral 
columns supporting the figure of Neptune, who stands grasping his trident, with 
disheveled hair falling about his shoulders, and eyes fixed seaward, while Tritons 
sport all around. To the west is the Columbus memorial, whose grand conception 
has already made Sculptor MacMonnies famous. The idea of the fountain is that 
of an apotheosis of modern liberty — Columbia — and takes the shape of a triumphal 
barge, guided by Time, heralded by Fame, and rowed by eight young female stand- 
ing figures, representing the arts and industries. 

Between these two groups of rowers rises a massive pedestal with E Pluribus 
Unum enscrolled across the forward panel. On this pedestal rests a smaller, sup- 
ported by four kneeling children, while seated aloft is Columbia, the principal figure 
of the fountain. Dignified of bearing, her right arm placed lightly on the back of 
her chair, her left supporting a flaming torch, her feet upon the globe, she fittingly 
personifies the proud young na.ion she represents. Erect, alert, with head held 
high, she seems to go serenely where time and fame conduct. Around the basin in 
which the fountain plays are columns 50 feet high, surmounted with eagles, and 
about the edge are groups of fantastical marine monsters, half horse, half fish, rear- 
ing as though about to plunge, and spouting heavy streams of water from their nos- 
trils. The smallest figures are over 12 feet, while the highest are over 20, and it is 
the largest and most beautiful fountain thus far ever produced. 

By a deft movement of his single oar the gondolier has turned his slender 
craft about and the shimmering waters of the lake are seen through the graceful 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



445 



columns of the Peristyle. These columns remind one very much of the Bernini at 
Rome in the court of St. Peter's. Between the Peristyle and the head of the basin 
towers the majestic "Statue of the Republic." Though 75 feet high and the largest 
effigy in the world, Sculptor French has embodied it with such ease of pose, dignity 
and commanding presence, that, gigantic as it is, it seems perfectly in unisoawith 
its noble surroundings. The statue grasps in her left hand a pole draped with a 
pennant and surmounted with a liberty cap, while the right arm is stretched upward 
to its utmost length, the hand upholding a globe on which an eagle rests with out- 
spread wings. The drapery lays in heavy fold on the arms and shoulders and falls 
in graceful lines on the sides. A sword is pendant from the right side and the 

features wear a look 
of proud contentment 
and happiness. The 
head is very similar to 
the profile on the Amer- 
ican silver dollar, and 
the statue strikingly 
resembles Bartholdi's 
"Liberty" in the New 
York harbor. Marble 
stairs lead up from the 
waterway on every 
side; stone and iron 
balustrades adorned 
with urns over-running 
A^ith trailing vines and 
brilliant blossoms, put 
an abrupt termination 
to the velvet and ver- 
dant lawns that are 
gently terraced to the 
stone wall that rises 
from the water and confines its banks, as the Seine is confined through Paris. 
Wonderfully beautiful is all this, and creates a sort of bewildering admiration; 
to think that with canal, gondola and the plaintive love song of the gondolier, one 
is after all not in Venice. Then rising all about are the wonderful structures — 
seeming marble palaces — the Agricultural, Machinery Mines and Mining, Elec- 
trical and the leviathan Manufactures buildings, while the Administration building 
fills a like position to the Kohinoor in the British crown. And this is the Court 
of Honor seen by sunlight, the tiny dancing waves caressing the sides of the 
diminutive craft, with snowy swans and ducks gliding about in stately beauty. The 
brilliant colorings and creamy whiteness of the buildings almost dazzle the eye in 
the noonday heat. 




CASINO. 




*&& 



448 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



But fancy one's self on the scene, gondola included, after dark, the cooling 
breezes from the lake ruffling the water and fanning the cheek and the gorgeous 
fete de nuit in full progress! All the surrounding buildings are ablaze with opales- 
cent light. The basin is necklaced with a double string of brilliants, and the 
domes, the arches, the pinnacles, the turrets, the pavilion roofs and angles stand 
out against the sable mantel of night in golden chains of luminous glory. The 
gilded dome of the Administration building at first seems a floating crown of a 
myriad of diamonds, then rests upon an iridescent pillow fringed with strung 
jewels and beads of fire. The MacMonnies ship of state sails majestically in a 
sea of flame. The magical effect of the prismatic rays cast from the concealed 
heights upon each arching jet is most enchanting, and every change of the color 

scheme proves more 
f charming. One is carried 

back to the Paris of 1889, 
and again sits in the 
Champs de Mars in wrapt 
admiration of the electri- 
cal fountain of that day, 
and wonders if all the new 
revelations can be more 
enjoyed, or if the cup of 
pleasure was full at that 
time. That was the first 
thing of the kind attempt- 
ed, and this far eclipses 
it! All the while the 
search lights have been 
traversing the heavens; 
now shooting far across 
the lake and picking out 
a tiny sailboat; now light- 
ing upon the airy Diana; emblazoning the statue of the Republic and adding glory 
to the fountain. Bits of daylight pluck the gems of the court out of the grasp 
of night and bathe them in midday splendor. 

A writer in the Los Angeles Heraldic in ecstacy over the Court of Honor, 
the Peristyle, and the Lagoons, as follows: 

Perhaps the most attractive part of the World's Fair grounds is that section 
known as the Cour d 'Honneur or Grand Plaza. In the center lies the basin, while 
all about, above the velvety and terraced lawns, are ranged the greatest structures 
of Jackson- Park. Agricultural Hall and the Palace of Mechanic Arts to the south, 
the Manufactures, Mining and Electrical to the north, the stately golden domed 
Administration building to the west, while the Music Hall, Casino and Peristyle en- 
close the square. Broad brick and concrete walks run all around the water's edge, 
which is protected by heavy balustrades surmounted with urns over-running with 




PUBLIC COMFORT BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 449 

trailing vines and brilliant blossoms. At the end of the Grand Basin in front of 
the Administration building is the MacMonnies "Barge of State," the largest fount- 
ain in the world. Heralded by Fame, guided by Time and rowed by eight young 
female figures in allegory, with Columbia representing this proud young nation, 
seated far aloft, the whole idea is meant as an apotheosis to modern liberty. Rising 
from the lagoon at the other extreme end is the golden statue of the Republic. 
Though 75 feet high and the largest effigy in the world, Sculptor French has em- 
bodied it with such ease of pose, dignity and commanding presence, that, gigantic 
as it is, it seems perfectly in unison with its noble surroundings. Just back are seen 
the graceful columns of the Peristyle. This colonnade connects the Music Hall 
and Casino, uniting in the center in the Columbus Memorial Arch surmounted with 
the masterful Quadriga, while way below is one of the water entrances to the lake, 
under-spanning bridges and the arch. Each Corinthian column represents one of 
the states of the Union, while the whole is capped with a hundred statues of heroic 
size. 

The lagoon system at the Exposition is a grand success- There is nothing 
so delightful and romantic as to take one of the many electric or steam launches 
or better still a gondola, and traverse its many miles of canals, past marble palaces 
and magnificent flower gardens, under arching bridges, skirting landscape, forests 
and stately villas. The musical dip, dip, of the quill like oars, the plash of crystal 
fountains, the squawking and bleating of many water fowls, and the moving panorama 
of international scenes makes this ride one of the features of the Fair. 

More than a dozen of these slender craft have been brought from Venice 
with their sturdy gondoliers. Those who have seen the beautiful "Bride of the 
Sea" will hardly recognize in these swift flying flashes of the rainbow and rowers 
in fantastic garb, the black bodied gondola of the native canals and their propellers 
in blue jeans, white blouse and scarlet sash, which the Chicago boats are supposed 
to represent. But be their hue correct or no, the traveling in one is none the less 
enchanting. They are about thirty-five feet long, the improved style having fierce 
dragons rampant upon the prow, the blue, yellow, green and purple bodies orna- 
mented with silver and gold scrolls and strange looking fishes, serpents and sea 
monsters. The awnings are of a corresponding color and decoration. A few are 
more sombre in tone, having the genuine steel prow curving comb-like high to fore 
and aft, and shining in the sunlight like a burnished blade of a sword. On the oc- 
casion of the fete de nuit, there is no better way of enjoying its splendor than to 
charter one of these and gently glide from place to piace. Many of the gondoliers 
have fine voices, and the mellow cadence of their dulcet love songs, accompanied 
by the melodious twang of the guitar or mandolin fill the air with sweet melody. 
On a moonlight night or in the luminious glow of electric illumination, one seems 
to be gliding on to an enchanted land on the rhythmical flow of song. 




THE FOUR RACES. STATUARY ON AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



45i 




CHAPTER VI. 
THE EXPOSITION STATUARY. 

All Is Not Gold that Glitters— Venice in the Zenith of Her Achievements was Never so Statuesque— 
Neither Rome nor Athens Could Point to So Many Inspiring Effigies— A Wonderful Thing is 
"Staff"— "Distance Lends Enchantment to the View "—Massive Statues that Resemble Marble 
Made from Scantling and Plaster. 

N the zenith of its achievements Venice was never so statuesque 
as Jackson Park. Nor Rome, nor Athens in their haughtiest 
epochs, could point to so many inspiring effigies. The author 
has taken some pains to group them rather than to intersperse 
them in his general descriptions of the buildings thus: Ad- 
ministration Building — Group: around the Dome: Commerce, 
Industry, Justice, Religion, War, Peace, Science, Art. Groups 
on the corner pavilions: Charity, Truth, Strength, Abundance, 
Tradition, Liberty, Joy, Diligence, Education, Unity, Patriot- 
ism, Theology. Single figures: Fisher Maid, Bather, Air, 
Diana, Harvesting, Electricity, Blacksmith, Chemistry. Groups 
at sides of the four entrances: Water Uncontrolled; Water, 
Controlled; Fire, Uncontrolled; Fire, Controlled; Air, Uncontrolled; Air, Con- 
trolled; Earth, No. 1; Earth No. 2. Interior figures: "Victory." Karl Bitter, sculptor. 
Agricultural Building — Bronze statue of Diana. August St. Gaudens, sculp- 
tor. Two "Ceres" groups. Eight "Four Seasons" groups. Four Horoscope groups. 
Four Cattle groups. Four Horse groups. Four "Pilia," for the corner pediments. 
Twenty figures of "Zodiac." Sixty-eight figures "Abundance." Philip Martiny, 
sculptor. The "Glorification of Ceres" in the main pediment. Larkin G. Mead, 
Florence, Italy, sculptor. 

Machinery Hall — Ten figures of "Sciences." The east pediment. Figure of 
"Victory," of which thirteen casts were made in copper, by W. H. Mullins, of Sa- 
lem, Ohio. M. A. Waagen, sculptor. Six figures of Inventors. Figure of "Victory," 
of which four casts were made in copper, by W. H. Mullins, Salem, Ohio. Robert 
Kraus, sculptor. 

Colonnade— One Cattle group. One Horse group. Four large Lions, at the 
base of the obelisk. M. A. Waagen, sculptor. 

Music Hall, Casino and Colonnade— "Quadriga," Bull and Horse. French 

& Potter, sculptors. Figures: "Orator," "Indian," "Navigation," "Fisherboy," 

"Music." Theo. Baur, sculptor. Four groups on water gates- Bela Pratt, sculptor. 

Transportation Building— Sixteen figures of Inventiors. Eight groups five 

bas reliefs, representing progress in transportation methods. John J. Boyle, sculptor. 

29 



452 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Horticultural Building — Two groups Battle of Flowers, Sleep of Flowers, 
" Flora." Six single figures. Lorado Taft sculptor. Cupid frieze, extending all 
around the building. 

Galleries of Fine Arts — Eight caryatides, and twelve figures of Angels. Philip 
Martiny, sculptor. One "Renommee" (Victory.) Eight figures of Arts and 
Sciences. Olin L. Warner, sculptor. Five busts of celebrated artists, by Warner, 
Angelo, Titian, Raphael, Rembrandt, Velasquez. 

Animals for the Bridges. — Six native animals of America, modeled by Ed- 
ward Kemeys. A. P. Proctor, sculptor. 

Woman's Building — Pediment. " Glorification o' Woman's Work." Twelve 
groups, six casts each, of " Hope" and "Charity." Miss Alice Rideout, sculptor. 

Statute of " Neptune" duplicated six times, on rostral columns. Johannes 
Gelert, sculptor. 

Statute of the Republic. By Daniel C. French. 

Statute of Benjamin Franklin in the south hemicycle (entrance) of Elec- 
tricity building. Carl Rohl-Smith, sculptor. 

The grand electric fountain in front of Administration Building. Frederick 
MacMonnies, sculptor. 

Wisconsin Building — " Genius of Wisconsin," in marble. Miss Mears, sculp- 
tor. " Forward," a ship. Miss Miner, sculptor. 

Kentucky Building — Statute of " Daniel Boone." Miss Yandell, sculptor. 

Volcano Building — Statute of " Goddess of Fire." Mrs. Copp, sculptor. 

Never before did distance lend so much enchantment to the view. The 
above seem like marble, but are only plaster and scantling. Indeed, so exquisite 
and matchless has been the handiwork, that were the groups marble instead of 
imitation they would far surpass in originalitv, conception of symmetry and grace, 
Dclsartean principles, strength, beauty and character, many of the recognized mas- 
terpieces of the chiseler's skill found in European collections. Now that the Venus 
de Medici has been pulled from the pinnacle of perfection by the modern artists, 
literally been told to " come off her pedestal," all the others are open to criticism 
and many also suffer a downfall. 

The four symbolic groups of Asia, Africa, Europe and America at the 
extreme corners of the Albert Memorial, in Kensington Garden, London, are looked 
upon as splendid typifications of each subject, but upon almost every building here 
can be found groups just as emblematic of the arts, electricity, sciences, agriculture, 
transportation, etc., as those of the London monument. But these do not come 
within the line of exhibits at the Fair, and their beauty is merely used as an embel- 
lishment to the buildings upon and with which they are classified. 

But here it might be well to say something of the material of which they are 
constructed, the new and wonderful " staff." This, I believe, was first used in facing 
the buildings of the last Paris Exposition, and was considered at that time particu- 
larly beautiful. It has the properties of both common plaster and cement, and can 
be worked into any required design; in hardening it shows an ivory-like surface, 
which, however, can be colored in any desired tint. Thus the most ornate archi- 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 453 

tectural effects are produced, and all the buildings, being covered with this deco- 
rative substance, present the appearance of veritable marble palaces. For the de- 
signs, etc., it is modeled into plates the required size and joined invisibly, and it is 
estimated that about 500,000 of these pieces have been used on the large buildings 
alone. 

The Administration building, with its proud golden dome, being the "show 
house" of the Fair, is the most enriched with statuary, bas-reliefs, embossments, 
panels, pediments, etc. There are nearly 30 groups alone, each group consisting of 
a seated male or female form and a child. The smallest child of all stands nearly 
12 feet, so that the relative size may be imagined. They are none too large though. 
as half are placed on the second stage and must be seen from a great distance. Of 
the thirty odd, Patriotism, Tradition, Liberty, Joy, Commerce, Art, Industry, Re- 
flection and Abundance are particularly striking in pose and commanding in atti- 
tude. The facial expression is simply wonderful in many of the groups, and nearly 
all are so modeled as to readily express their titles. There are also numerous 
single figures here and there about this building. 

The statuary at Machinery hall is all in single figures. Over the north portal 
six sixteen-foot female figures are seen holding shields cameoed with heads of men 
famous as inventors or machinists, while just above are five similar forms repre- 
senting the various arts and sciences required in machinery. On the center pinna- 
cle, the spires, and along the uppermost truss are statutes of Winged Victory hold- 
ing a wreath in each outstretched hand. In fact, wreaths seem to be the chief theme 
in the decoration of the whole building. The arcade is richly embellished with 
stucco and bas relief. 

Near by on the dome of Agricultural hall, St.Gauden's gilded Diana perches, 
twirls and pirouettes as much at home as of yore on the clock tower of Madison 
Square Gardens, New York. The sixty female statutes known as the zodiac figures, 
are placed about the exterior. Of heroic size, each holds aloft a square on which 
is displayed one of the 12 constellations of the almanac. Above the cornice are 
stationed groups of bronze oxen and noble steeds, while bold husbandmen, in com- 
manding and masterful attitudes, follow the plow, sow and plant. The bucranium, 
pediments, capitals and caryatides are most appropriate to this building, as is also 
the mural painting. 

Many of the State buildings are of "staff" and ornamented with sculpture of 
the highest order. Horticultural building, Mines and Mining, Transportation, 
Woman's building and Fisheries are all much enlivened with splendid "staff" stat- 
uary, and also the MacMonnies fountain, the statue of the republic, the Neptune 
columns, the Peristyle, the statue of Franklin, and the bears, lions, etc., that guard 
the 16 bridges spanning the lagoons. 



PART IX. 



AMONG THE STATE BUILDINGS. 

ILLINOIS BUILDING FIRST AND FOREMOST. 

It Cost $230,000 and is the Largest State Structure on the Grounds— Its Admirable and Commanding 
Site— Its Exhibits Tell the Story of the History of Illinois in a Pictorial Way— All the Depart- 
ments of the State Repres„ited— Reception and Office Rooms for the Governor— Work Rooms of 
the Agricultural and Horticultural Departments— Functions of State Government Admirably 
Shown— Kindergarten Interests Liberally Provided For— Bureau of Information— Two Laige 
Exhibition Rooms— Archasol gy and Geographical Survey— Grain Commission, Forestry and 
Fish Commission— Laboratory of Natural History— One-Tenth of the Building Occupied by the 
Illinois Woman's Exposition Board. 



ROUPED at the northern end of the grounds are the State 
Buildings, a number of which are pretentious and all in- 
viting. First and foremost among the State Buildings is that 
of Illinois; which is very proper in more ways than one — Illi- 
nois being in a sense, the host of our own nation and of all 
other countries. It was largely on this account that the Illi- 
nois Legislature, out of its appropriation of $800,000, directed 
that $230,000 should be expended on its State Building. The 
site chosen could not possibly have been improved upon as 
the view is unquestionably the finest in the Park, not excepting 
that from the eastern windows of the Administration Build- 
ing. It stands up majestically on the northern side of the 
north pond, and is seen from more distinguishable points than any other structure. 
It is built of wood and staff, in the style of the Italian renaissance and cost $230,000. 
It has the form of a Greek cross, the main axis being 4^0 by 160 feet in size, and 
running east and west. The transverse axis is 175 feet wide, the southern end of it 
forming the main entrance. At the juncture of the two axes is a dome 72 feet in 
diameter and 235 feet in height. The walls are from 47 to 72 feet in height. The 
building is embellished with carving and statuary, and in front of its various en- 
trances are terraces, balustrades, fountains, and flowers. The architects were W. 
W. Boyington & Co. The south projection is on the inside, three stories high, and 
is for the administration. Here are the offices and meeting rooms of the Illinois 
Commission and of the Illinois Woman's Exposition Board, and the offices and re- 
ception-rooms of the Governor and other State officials. The corresponding pro- 
jection on the north side is thrown into one story, with galleries, and is occupied as 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



457 



a memorial hall of the soldiers and sailors of Illinois. This exhibit consists largely 
of relics of the War of the Rebellion, such as arms, accoutrements, flags, and like- 
nesses pertaining to the Illinois troops. The center of the building, between these 
projections, is inclosed by walls and arches, and forms a rotunda and promenade, 
with a magnificient fountain built right under the central dome. It is a massive 
construction of grotesque rock-work, and it is forty feet high. This fountain glows 
with electric lights, and moreover its water is good to drink. 

The last thirty feet at the east and west ends of the main building, bein^, 
somewhat higher and broader than the rest of it and separated from it by walls and 
arches, may be called pavilions, and are, in the interior, three stories high. In the 
west pavilion the third floor is devoted to dormitories, the second floor to omces ; 
including that of a bureau of information, and the first to the offices and work- 
rooms of the Horticultural Department, the offices and work-rooms of the Agri- 
cultural Department, and the headquarters of the soldiers and sailors of Illinois. 

In the east pavilion is installed a number of 
interesting exhibits. The third floor is de- 
voted to dormitories, like the west pavilion. 
On the second floor are the exhibits of the 
deaf and dumb institutions, the institutions 
for the feeble-minded, and the institutions 
for the blind. On the first floor at the south 
end is a model kindergarten, and at the north 
end a model common school. These two 
rooms are probably the most beautiful in 
the building. Between the rotunda in the 
center and the pavilions at each end there 
are two large exhibition halls, each of which 
is about 1 60 feet square and magnificently 
lighted, both from the roof and the sides. They are one-storied, but are traversed 
by two gallery aisles sixteen feet wide running east and west at a distance from the 
walls and connecting with the second story of the pavilions. They are devoted to 
maps, charts, drawings and pictures. The main floors of the great halls are bisected 
by a broad aisle connecting the east and west entrances. The contents of both of 
them are of the most interesting description. 

The north half of the west hall is equally divided between State Grain In- 
spection, Forestry and the Fish Commission; and the south half between Horti- 
culture and Floriculture, Archseology, and the Geographical Survey. The aisle is 
enlarged about midway to receive the great relic map of the State, on which four- 
teen engineers have been engaged for the last year. It is made on a scale of two 
miles to the horizontal inch and 500 feet to the vertical inch, which gives it a 
length of seventeen feet and a breadth of nine feet. In preparing it no less than 
1,382 important errors in the current maps of Illinois were discovered. In one case 
it was discovered that a man had been paying the State taxes for twenty years on 
land that was over the Wisconsin border. 




STATUARY IN FRONT OF ILLINOIS BUILDING. 



458 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

The north half of the east hall is devoted to the common school exhibit, the 
University of Illinois, and the State Laboratory of Natural History. The south half 
is divided by an aisle running east and west, and the southern half of it, on the 
front of the building, is given up to the Illinois Woman's Exposition Board, which, 
therefore, enjoys one-tenth of the space, the commission having allowed them 
one-tenth of the appropriation. 

Their ladies' reception room is in itself an exhibit of a remarkable nature. 
The crowds that pass through it as soon as its existence and location is known 
almost preclude the possibility of using it for its proper functions. A moulded and 
decorated ceiling, a frieze instinct with life and color, hangings of silk, a richly 
carpeted floor, carved wood transoms, and chairs and lounges upholstered in gold, 
are included in the furnishings of the room. 

Then hanging on the south wall are one hundred and twenty-five canvases 
representing the women artists of the Chicago Palette Club. Rare laces, embroider- 
ies, photographic work, women's inventions, carvings, inlaid articles and an inter- 
esting collection or relics of the Bonapartes, and scores of little treasures which all 
women love to see. 

On the other side of the aisle are the exhibits of the State Experiment 
Station in Rural Husbandry, the Agricultural Department of the University of Illi- 
nois, and the two Normal Universities. 

Secretary Reynolds of the State Commission is very proud of the character 
of the Illinois exhibit and the principles on which it is made up. The object which 
the commission kept constantly in view, he says, was to furnish a "collective de- 
partmental exhibit for the State, which should illustrate its natural resources, to- 
gether with the methods employed and results accomplished by the State, through 
its several departments, boards, commissions, and other agencies in the work of 
promoting the moral, educational, and material welfare of its inhabitants, so far as 
such methods and results are susceptible of exhibition.". 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



450 



CHAPTER II. 
AWAY DOWN EAST. 



The Good Old State of Maine— Its Latchstring Always Out— The Granite State Modestly On Top— Old 
John Hutchinson Still Sings— The Commonwealth that Gave Us the Hero of Ticonderoga— 
Massachusetts and Its Colonial Structure— Many Historic Treasures— Relics Innumerable— Little 
Rhody to the Front— Clams, Spindles, Prints and Corliss Engines Represented— The Connecticut 
State Building — Dutch Mantels, Colonial Architecture and Dormer Windows— An Abundance of 
Pretty Girls But No Wooden Nutmegs. 

AINE spent $20,000 on its building, and there was no 

time during the Fair that the latchstring of the sturdy 

Kg'- old woodchoppers and shipbuilders did not hang out. 

The Maine State Building is octagonal in form, with a 
ground area of 65 feet square. It is two stories in 
height, the roof surmounted by a lantern in the center 
and four corner towers. The first story is of granite. The 
exterior finish of the rest of the building is in wood and 
staff. The roof is of slate. The central tower or lan- 
tern is 86 feet to its highest point. While the first 
story is octagonal in form, the second story presents but 
four sides, each with a loggia opening to the rooms with- 
in. The second-story floor overhangs the first story one 
foot. The main entrance of these arched doorways 
faces the southeast. Over it projects a boat's bow, in staff. Within the entrance 
is an octagonal rotunda open to the roof line, its ceiling being an ornamental 
colored skylight. On the first floor entrance is had to the fine parlors and recep- 
tion rooms, designed for men and women, toilet rooms and two commissioners' 
rooms. A railed gallery extends entirely around the rotunda, which gives a com- 
plete view of the building to the visitors. The interior finishing is very handsome, 
being done in hardwood. The granite and roof slate used in construction, the sky- 
light in the rotunda, and the mantels over the fireplaces are all the products of the 
State of Maine, and are donated by manufacturers. 

New Hampshire, the birthplace of Webster, Cass, Pierce and a host of other 
great men, has an imitation Swiss cottage, which only cost $9,000. Its dimensions 
were 53x84 feet and was two-stories in height. The pitched, shingle roof is broken 
by five gables. The exterior is weatherboarded in stained Georgia pine above a 
line seven feet from the ground. This first seven-foot course is in New Hamp- 
shire granite. Each of the two stories is surrounded on all sides by a wide piazza. 
The rooms on the second floor open to the piazza through hinged windows open- 




46o 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




MAINE BUILDING. 



ing to the floor. The entrance is on the east, facing the drive on Lake Michigan. 
On the first floor is a reception hall, 22x36 feet. It has two unique fireplaces inpressed 
granite brick. To the rear of the hall is a wing of the main building, two stories 
high, the second story being a wide balcony or gallery to the main floor. The roof 

is a glass skylight. A State ex- 
5=s£-«^| hibit, a picture collection, and a 
large State map are shown here. 
Beside the reception hall on the 
first floor there are parlors for men 
and women. These rooms are 
ceiled, while the reception hall 
opens to the roof and is covered 
with a skylight. The second floor 
has a reception room and six board 
and committee rooms. At the ded- 
ication of its building on June 26 
Governor Smith, by virtue of the 
transfer of a key all tied up with 
white and yellow ribbons, was given 
control of the building, and by giv- 
ing the key back again to the State 
Commissioners he put them in charge until the Fair is over. The dedication cere- 
monies began at 2 o'clock. The chief retainers were the Amoskeag veterans, 100 
strong. They were gay in continental uniforms of blue and white with gold epau- 
lets, white-topped boots and swords. 
They were under command of Major 
Henry E. Burnham. These, along 
with the other invited guests, crowded 
into the assembly room of the build- 
ing. The inevitable Iowa State Band, 
on the green outside, made music and 
entertained the thousand or more 
people who could not get in. The 
Rev. Franklin M. Fiske opened the 
dedicatory exercises with prayer, after 
which Captain E. M. Shaw, Execu- 
tive Commissioner, introduced G. F. 
Page, the Commission's Vice-Presi- 
dent, who read the address of wel- 
come of President Amsden, that official having been unable to be present. Then 
Commissioner Rollins presented the building to the Governor. Old John Hutch- 
inson then sang "The Old Granite State," and Chief Justice Wallace responded 
to the address of welcome. Other speeches were made by John McLane, President 
of the State Senate; Robert Chamberlain, Speaker of the House - Congressman H- 




NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 



461 




VERMONT BUILDING. 



W. Blair, Col. Frank Noyes, of the New Hampshire Columbian League; John W. 
Ela, Frederick Douglas and Isabella Beecher Hooker. 

The picturesque State that gave us the hero of Ticonderoga, and that pro- 
duces the best maple syrup and sugar in the world, spent $8,000 on one of the most 

unique and original buildings on 
the grounds. On the right and left 
of the steps on the facade rise two 
shafts, on which are allegorical fig- 
ures representing the industries of 
agriculture and quarrying — the two 
principal industrial activities of the 
State. One enters through a col- 
umned portico into a courtyard, 
on the right and left of which are 
covered porches with broad seats. 
Just off of these are the reception 
rooms in front and committee 
rooms, postoffice, etc., in the rear. 
In the center of the court is a hand- 
some marble fountain. Marble 
from the quarries of the State is used all through the interior of the building. 
Facing the end of the court is a porch, supported by four carytids, over which is 
a semi-circular Greek window with bas-relief around it representing "Freedom 
and Unity." The coat-of-arms is in the center. The reception hall, which is located 
in the rear, is circular in form, with 
a colonnade around, and a wooden 
dome surmounts the structure. All 
is colored according to a Pompeiian 
scheme. The building is Pom- 
peiian in style and of classic detail, 
and furnishes a most unique con- 
trast to the other buildings. The 
commonwealth of Massachusetts, 
at an expense of $50,000, has copied 
for its State building the old John 
Ha.ncock residence of Boston. 
This historical structure is really 
the only one on the grounds which 
can be called strictly Colonial in all 
its aspects. The building is three 

stories high, with gable roof, surmounted in the center by a cupola. The exterior 
is of staff, in imitation of cut granite, and it follows the lines of the old house suffi- 
ciently faithfully to recall the original to the minds of those who have seen it. 
Like the original, it is surrounded by a terrace, raised above the street, and 




MASSACHUSETTS BUILDING. 



462 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




CONNECTICUT BUILDING. 



has in front and on one side a fore-court, filled with old-fashioned flowers and 
foliage, in keeping with the character of the building. It is approached by two 
flights of steps — one leading from the street to the terrace, the other from the court 
to the house The main entrance opens to a spacious, well-studded hallway with a 

tiled floor. Facing the entrance is 
a broad Colonial staircase, leading 
to the second floor. An old-fash- 
ioned, bull's-eye window gives light 
to the stairway, which is guarded 
by a grandfather's clock. On the 
right of the hall is a large room, 
constituting a registration room, 
postofnce and general reception 
room. The fittings and furnishings 
of this room are unique. Its mar- 
ble floor, its tiled walls, its uncov- 
ered beams, its encircling wooden 
seats and its high mantel recall the 
old Dutch rooms found in western 
Massachusetts, as well as in New 
York and Pennsylvania. On the 
left of the front door or main entrance are two large parlors, which, when thrown 
together, form a room 80x25 feet in size. The front parlor is furnished by the 
Essex Institute of Salem, an old 
historical society. The back par- 
lor is. more especially a reading 
room for men. The second floor 
is given over almost entirely to the 
use of women. There is a large 
and a smaller parlor, and two bed- 
rooms for the use of the Woman's 
Board. The entire floor is fur- 
nished in old-fashioned furniture, 
and in the bedrooms are four-post 
bedsteads. On the third floor are 
rooms for servants. A liberty pole 
85 feet high stands in the fore- 
court and a gilded cod fish serves 
as a vane on the top of the cupola. 
Many relics are to be found in the 

Massasschusetts building which possess great historical interest. Among the most 
valuable of these relics is a fragment of the original "Liberty" tree flag, looped in 
the center by General Brooks' revolutionary hat, with crossed guns below, quaint 




RHODE ISLAND BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 463 

long-stocked old weapons, one the gun that shot May Pitcairn, and beneath, a 
pontoon that was used in the battle of Bunker Hill. 

Among the historic treasures is the Governor YVolcott tankard loaned by- 
Lieutenant Governor Wolcott; also portraits of ancestors of the Wolcotts; a paint- 
ing by Copley of members of Governor Gore's family, loaned by the Misses Robins, 
of Boston; an old mirror with beautifufly carved frame; a quaint little book pub- 
lished and sold in 1740 in Philadelphia by "B. Franklin;" a sword wDrn by Judge 
Hatton, of Salem; a bed-quilt made of pieces of Lady Washington's dresses, and 
many quaint articles of dress, big bonnets, high-heeled shoes, shawls and broidered 
gowns. 

Then there is a cradle in which has been rocked five generations of the 
Adams family, which furnished the second and sixth Presidents of the United 
States; an old piano and rare china; a mirror in which Governor Hutchinson sur- 
veyed himself more than 150 years ago; a desk used by George Washington when 
he made his headquarters at Cambridge, and the portraits of sixty men and women 
who aided in making Massachusetts famous in its earliest days. Everything goes 
to tell the history of the old bay State. 

Noted for its spindles and prints, and for its clams and fish dinners, and for its 
educational facilities and two capitals (on account of its size) little Rhode Island 
came early to the front with a $7,000 building. The State that gave us Roger 
Williams, Tristam Burgess, Senator Anthony, the Corliss engine, the Arcade, and 
the Queen of American Watering Places, saw to it that it should be embosomed 
among other pretentious commonwealths. It may be possible to walk around the 
State before breakfast, but it is always to the front in peace or war. There is 
Greek manner, Ionic columns and entablature, and American breeziness in the 
Rhode Island building. It has ground area of 32x59 feet; it is two stories high, 
in wood and staff, in imitation of granite. Entrance is had to the building from 
all sides through French windows opening to the floor. The main hall is 18x25 
feet, and is open in the roof. The parlor for women and the secretary's office 
are on the first floor. On the second floor are two committee rooms and a gal- 
lery around the main hall. The Governor's room occupies what may be called 
the second story of the porch on the west front. All the floors are hard wood, 
and the interior is furnished in cypress. 

The Connecticut State building, which cost $12,500, is in the Colonial style, 
being a type of the Connecticut residence, with the addition of circular windows 
on the north and south, and a circular piazza on the rear. It has a ground area of 
72x73 feet, including the piazza, and is two stories high. The exterior is weather- 
boarded and painted white. The roof contains five dormer windows and is decked 
on top. The deck is surrounded by a balustrade, and from its center rises a flag- 
staff. The main entrance is off a square porch, covered by the projecting pedi- 
ment, which is supported by heavy columns. The interior is finished in Colonial 
style,' with tiled floors, paneled walls and Dutch mantels. The plumbing and car- 
penter's hardware in the building are in special designs, and are donated as ex- 
hibits by Connecticut manufacturers. On the first floor is a reception hall, 21x48 



464 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



feet, with a light-well in the center. In the rear of the hall is a stairway with a 
landing half-way up. Flanking the hall are parlors for men and women. The 
second floor is divided up into living rooms, and is occupied by the Executive World's 
Fair officer of Connecticut, and his family during the Fair. There are many fine 
paintings and revolutionary relics on exhibit, and pretty girls were abundant during 
the whole Fair. There seemed to be everything but wooden nutmegs. 




THE OLD FARM HOUSE. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



465 



CHAPTER III. 
A GALAXY OF STATES. 

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware— Stateliness of the Building of the Empire State- 
Money Liberally Expended on Wall, Ceiling, Floor, Vestibule, Arch, Column and Balustrade— 
The Pennsylvania Building— Many Prefer It To Any in the Group— A Very Beautiful Structure 
Throughout— New Jersey Reproduces the Washington Headquarters at Morristown— A Revo- 
lutionary Flavor and No Mistake— Delaware, Which Raised the First Money for the Exposition, 
Has a Picturesque Building. 

^ 1 EW York is fully justified in the pride she takes in her 
«Jla. building. Not only is it the third in size — ranking 
next to California — but the Knickerbockers claim it 
occupies the finest location in the group, being on two 
main boulevards and just north of the Art Palace. The 
architectural idea in this building is that of a huge sum- 
mer house, or villa in character, rectangular in form and 
in the style of the Italian renaissance. It is three stories 
high, being fifty-seven feet from the ground to the cor- 
uce. The general dimensions are 160 feet front by 105 deep. 
The exterior is in staff, in imitation of marble, and in keeping 
with the style of the main exposition buildings. Its decked roof 
is surmounted and confined by a heavy balustrade. Each pedestal of the balus- 
trade supports a large Italian vase, in which grows a bay tree, giving the building, 
together with its blue and white awnings and other characteristics, the air of a 
Pompeiian house. 

The flat-decked roof furnishes a promenade and summer garden. From its 

center rises a clerestory over the banquet hall, and above the clerestory are two 

belvideres from which a magnificient view of the lake and surroundings is obtained. 

On the east and west are semi-circular porticos having a diameter of fifty 

feet; here twin fountains add their music to the band within. 

A broad flight of steps, on the south, guarded by Barbarini, which were cast 
in Rome, leads to the main entrance. About this entrance is concentrated all the 
exterior ornamentation of the building. In the circular niches, on either side of 
the arch of the entrance, are busts of Hudson and Columbus. Above the keystone 
of the arch is the American eagle, and dependent from a staff, projecting above the 
bird, is a flag bearing the State's arms. 

The barreled arched vestibule, forming the entrance to the building, opens to 
a columned hall, 56x80 feet in size, with adorned ceiling 45 feet from the floor. 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



467 




NEW JERSEY BUILDING. 



From this reception room entrance is had to all the rooms on the floor. In the 
rear a grand ten-foot staircase leads to the second floor. Along the walls are 
pictures in Pompeiian colorings and stately mimic jonquils rise from each step. 
Here is the banquet hall 46x80 feet, highly ornamented in staff, its groined ceiling 

45 feet from the floor. It is most 
sumptuous in style, far surpassing 
many of the famous banqueting 
rooms famous in history. Depending 
from the ceiling are two crystal elec- 
troliers, 18 feet long, forming great 
clusters of incandescent lights. The 
electric lighting throughout the build- 
ing is such as to cause much com- 
ment; the seal of the State is even 
shown in electric splendor. Three 
balconied boxes extend along the 
southern length of the hall, for the 
use of the governor or any other 
distinguished guest who might prefer 
to look on rather than participate. 
It is upholstered, draped and furnished in a rich red tone, harmonizing exquisitely 
with the soft cream and gold of the splendid salon. On the first floor are parlors and 
toilet rooms for men and women, post-office, information and baggage rooms. On 
either end of the banquet hall, on the 
second floor, are the committee, re- 
ception and tea rooms. The third 
floor is devoted to bedrooms, kitchens, 
and servants' rooms. In this temple, 
builded by the Empire State, which 
cost $150,000, her loyal citizens re- 
ceive and entertain distinguished 
foreign guests in lavish style and dis- 
pense hospitality after the principles 
maintained as being " royally correct." 
A plain little house painted white, 
with vines trailing down the front of 
it and a patch of ground broken here 
and there by picturesque flower beds 
in front of it, may be seen at the 

southern part of the grounds. The house, which was erected under the auspices 
of the New York State Board of Commissioners, is intended to illustrate a model 
abode for the average workingman. It was first projected by Professor Lucy 
Salmon, of Vassar College, whose ideas have been carried out by Miss Kathenne 
B. Davis, of Rochester. Miss Davis is a graduate of Vassar, and has taken a 
so 




DELAWARE BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



469 



fflft 



m 



great deal of interest in the welfare of the workingman. The model house is 
a frame building on piles, with an elevation of a story and a half and covering 
a lot 26 by 28 feet. On the first floor is a kitchen, a living-room and a 
bath room. The second floor has two large rooms and one small one. The in- 
terior walls are all painted and the ceilings can be washed with cold water. Wall 
papers are eschewed as possibly dangerous to health. The house cost $1,000, and 
the furnishings $300. Pennsylvania has erected a building which takes the mind 

back to the times when Phil- 
adelphia was the center of 
American struggle for liberty. 
Barring the two balconies 
which run completely around 
the building, it is an exact re- 
production of old Indepen- 
dence hall, having its entrances, 
bell tower and spire. The 
building is rectangular in form, 
two stories high, with a ground 
area of no by 166 feet. The 
corners of the front are 
quarter-circled in. Piazzas 
twenty feet wide surround the 
building, and over them are 
verandas with protecting bal- 
ustrade. Outside stair-cases 
right and left to the rear, lead 
to the garden on the roof. 
This roof is covered with 
American made tin produced 
in Philadelphia. The outer 
walls to the roof-line are of 
Philadelphia pressed brick. 
Above the main entrance is 
the coat-of-arms of the State, 
in bas-relief, the horses on 
either side of it being life-size; and to right and left heroic statues of Penn and 
Franklin. The front is further ornamented with two allegorical groups of statuary, 
one emblematic of the arts and sciences, the other of mines and manufacture. 

The rotunda is finished in tile and slate, like the old hall, and runs through 
the building and far up into the clock tower, where it ends in a dome, richly fres- 
coed and brilliantly lighted by electric lamps sunk in the ceiling. Under this dome 
the famous Liberty bell may be seen, on a platform on wheels, so that in case of 
fire the valuable relic can be run out of harm's way at once. 




STATUARY ON DOME OF PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING. 



47Q 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



About the rotunda on the first floor are post office, package rooms, bureau 
of information, exhibit rooms and reception rooms for both men and women; the 
men's sanctuary is finished in maple, while the woman's is in oak, the others being 
of native marble and hardwoods from the Keystone State with wainscoted walls, 
heavy cornices and handsome frescoes. The woman's parlor is covered with a cloth 
of gold carpet made in Paris especially for this triangular-shaped room. The 
frescoes are of pale Nile green and the walls are covered with large paintings 
of a character in keeping 
with the purpose of the 
room. Some of the paintings 
have taken honors in com- 
petition, and all save one 
have been painted by Penn- 
sylvania women. The ex- 
ception is a rare curio. It 
is a portrait in oil of William 
Penn, painted by Joshua 
Richardson some time dur- 
ing the period from 1684 to 
1699, while the famous 
Quaker was on a visit to 
England. On the second 
floor are rooms for the 
governor, the press corres- 
pondents, the treasurer of 
the commission and the 
board of commissioners. 
The apartment designed for 
Governor Pattison's use is 
very plainly but richly fur- 
nished, the prevailing color 
being a deep maroon. It is 
triangular in shape and the 
walls are unadorned except 
for the bright red frieze 

which gives it color. There are also three bedrooms in the tower. In a glass 
case in the rotunda are shown some very interesting relics. Besides many 
revolutionary relics, there is the original charter granted to Penn and his treaty 
with the Indians, which is signed by the aborigines in their peculiar sign manuals. 
The signatures are made by dipping the thumb in some highly colored fluid 
and spreading the impression on the treaty. The building is supplied with 800 
electric lights; the staircases are of quartered oak, all the ceilings of stamped 
metal, and the whole structure cost the Pennsylvania Legislature $90,000. 




STATUARY ON DOME OF PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING, 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 471 

The general style of the New Jersey building is colonial, and it cost $19,000. 
The building is principally of frame construction, covered with clapboards and with 
some of the ornamental portions in staff. The roof is shingled. The dimensions 
of the main building are 51 feet long, 31 feet deep and 2>7 f eet high to the ridge. 
Each wing is 16 feet front, 21 feet deep and 30 feet high. The piazzas, in front and 
rear, are each 68 feet Jong by 16 feet wide (at the widest part). The area covered, 
including piazzas, is 3,949 square feet. The site of the building is centrally located 
among those of the States of New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Con- 
necticut. It is not intended for exhibition purposes, but is more in the nature of a 
club-house for the use and convenience of all Jersey people. There are large and 
inviting piazzas on the front and rear. The main entrance opens into a large 
general assembly hall, two stories high with a circular balcony looking down from 
the second story. This hall contains the postofnce and the hat and cloak counters 
a large open fire-place, nearly ten feet across, and the main staircase, this latter 
being made a feature of the design. On the right hand side of the building are 
located the rooms set apart especially for the ladies; these consist of the general 
meeting room of the Ladies' Board of Managers, two parlors on the second floor, 
with lavatories and bath-rooms. On the left hand side of the building are the 
rooms set apart for gentlemen, the secretary's office, board room, president's room, 
committee rooms and lavatories. In the third story are the care-takers' apartment, 
and store-rooms for documents, etc. 

Those familiar with the appearance of the Washington headquarters in 
Morristown, N. J., will recognize in New Jersey's building the nucleus of the general 
lines and details of that historic structure. The interest of the Morristown build- 
ing is no doubt somewhat shared in by the New Jersey building, and it seems that 
the State has done well in selecting the old headquarters as a starting point for the 
design, when it is remembered that under the roof of the old Morristown house 
more of the noted characters of the Revolution have gathered than under any roof 
in America. General Washington made the building his headquarters during the 
winter of 1779 and '80, and Alexander Hamilton lived there during the same long 
winter, and there " he met and courted the lady he afterward married, the daughter 
of General Schuyler." Celebrated men, including Green, Knox, Lafayette. 
Steuben, Kosciusko, Schuyler, " Light Horse" Harry Lee, old Israel Putnam, "Mad 
Anthony" Wayne, and "that brave soldier but rank traitor, Benedict Arnold," 
have all been beneath its roof. This building is used as the headquarters of New 
Jersey commissioners, and is a place where every New Jerseyman and his family is 
made to feel at home, where he can meet his friends, can register his address and 
receive his letters. It is, in fact, a part of his own State transported to the Expos- 
ition grounds. 

It may not be generally known that the little Southern State of Deleware, 
beyond being the producer of many distinguished statesmen and the best preacher 
and the best war vessels in the world, sent more Union soldiers to the field than 
any other state according to its population. It was the first state to raise money 
for the Exposition, and it spent $7,500 on its building, which is constructed wholly 



472 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



of native woods and materials from the State, is 58x60 feet, extremely picturesque 
and elaborately furnished. One room in the building is finished in Colonial style, 
with hangings and furnitute representing the Coloniai days. It is very interesting, 
there being figures in clay of the old Swedes' Church at Wilmington, Barratt's 
Chapel, and Christ Church. Christ Church was built more than 100 years ago of 
heart pine. It is without a particle of paint and has the high backed pews, the 
chancel at one end, the servants' gallery at the opposite end, midway on the east 
side the lofty pulpit, and immediately below the reading desk ard the clerk's desk. 







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ON THE JERSEY SHORE. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



473 



CHAPTER IV. 




VIRGINIA, THE MOTHER OF PRESIDENTS. 

Mount Vernon Reproduced— One of the Most Interesting Collections of Choice Relics on the Grounds — 
West Virginia and Maryland Near By — Much That Is Colonial Seen in These Buildings — Old 
Portraits, Flint Guns, Cockades and Continentals — West Virginia. 

HE State of Virginia is the mother of Presidents — so every 
school-child is taught. To be sure, Massachusetts has given 
the country two, the Adamses; Tennessee three, the hero of 
New Orleans being among them; New York four, Van 
Buren, Fillmore, Arthur and Cleveland; Ohio has given us 
two good soldiers and statesmen, Garfield and Hayes; Indi- 
ana two, the hero of Tippecanoe and his grandson, a noble 
soldier of the civil war, and one of the most eloquent orators 
that has ever lived; Illinois two — mention their names pro- 
foundly — Lincoln and Grant — great in peace and great in 
war; Louisiana and New Hampshire one each. But Virginia 
has given us five — Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe 
and Tyler. This State is not only the mother of Presidents — Randolph, Scott, 
Preston, the Lees, Custis, Thomas. Stonewall Jackson and a hundred other 
illustrious Americans were Virginians. At a cost of about $19,000 this grand old 
State reproduced Mount Vernon as its building. It covers an area of 175x185 feet, 
and lies near the lake and opposite the Maryland building. The structure is an 
exact representation of the Mount Vernon mansion in Fairfax county, Virginia, 
near Washington city, the building in which George Washington lived and died. 
It got into his hands from his brother, Lawrence Washington, and was built in the 
early part of the last century by his father. The main building is 94x32 feet, two 
stories and an attic and a two-story portico, with large columns extending along 
the whole front, being 94 feet long, 13 feet high and 14 feet wide. The portico ex- 
tends up to the cornice of the roof, has an ornamental railing around the top and is 
furnished with settees along the whole length next the wall. There are two 
colonnades running back from each wing of the building to the rear about 20 feet 
long. gy 2 feet wide and 11 feet high, connected each with a one-and-a-half story 
structure, 40x20 feet. These are called the dependencies. Altogether there are 
twenty-five rooms in the structure. On the first and second floors of the main 
building there are eleven rooms, in the attic six, and in each of the dependencies 
four rooms. The largest rooms in the house are the banquet hall, 31x23 feet, 
and the library 16x19 feet, the main entrance hall, Washington's chamber, in which 
he died, upon the second floor, and Mrs. Washington's chamber in the attic, to 



474 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




VIRGINIA BUILDING. 



which she removed after her husband's death, and which she occupied during the 
remainder of her life on account of its being the only room in the house which 
looked out upon his tomb. The apartments average upon the first floor 17x17 
feet, upon the second 17x13 feet. The height of the first story is 10 feet 9 inches; 

of the second, 7 feet 11 inches; 
of the attic, 6 feet 9 inches. The 
distance from the ground to the 
top of the cupola is 50 feet. In 
the main hall is a large stair- 
way four feet wide, ascending by 
platforms to the floors above. 
On the first platform of the 
stairway there is an old Wash- 
ington family clock, a very in- 
teresting historical relic. This 
hall is furnished with antique 
sofas and pictures of the last 
century. The rooms upon the 
first floor are ornamented by 
heavy carved and molded wood 
trimmings and handsome man- 
tels, very antique. This Virginia building is not only an exact representation in 
every particular of the old Mount Vernon structure, but everything within it is 
also of the same character. Nothing modern is seen in the building, except the 
people and the library of books by exclusively Virginia authors. As far as could 
be done the building was furnished 
with articles which were collected 
from all over the State, the heir- 
looms of old Virginia families, and 
with portraits of the same character. 
Whatever may be lacking in furnish- 
ing the building with articles of this 
character is supplied with furniture 
made after the same old fashion. 
The building is presided over by the 
Lady Assistant of the Virginia Board, 
Mrs. Lucy Preston Beale, a daughter 
of Hon. Ballard Preston and a grand- 
daughter to General Preston, a form- 
er Governor of Virginia. She has for 
the attendants in the building old 

Virginia negroes, and undertakes to represent in every particular an old Virginia 
home of the Colonial period. There is a very rare collection of relics of Colonial 
times and of the Revolutionary War, and everything which is antique, among which 




WEST VIRGINIA BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



475 



is exhibited a copy of the original will of George Washington. The library is fur- 
nished entirely with books written by Virginians or relating to Virginia, quite a 
large collection of which has been made, and ornamented with old Virginia por- 
traits, views and other relics of the Colonial period and the last century. Alto- 
gether the building with its furnishings is unequaled in its character and appoint- 
ments, and nothing like it will be found elsewhere except at Mount Vernon itself. 
West Virginia, which many old Virginians still claim as part of the old State, 




RELICS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. 



and which slid away from the more southern element in 1862, has an attractive 
building in a strictly Colonial style, which cost $20,000. It is two stories high, with 
a pitched roof, the outer walls being weatherboarded and painted. The roof is 
shingled. The interior is finished in hard wood, the walls are plastered, and the 
ceilings are of ornamental iron work from Wheeling. All of the exposed material 
in- the building is the product of the State. The main entrance is on the west, on a 
platform porch. Above the entrance is the coat-of-arms of the State in bas-relief. 
Within the entrance is a vestibule, with rooms for the boards of commissioners 
on either side. Beyond the vestibule is a large reception hall flanked by parlors 



476 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

for women and men. Back of these parlors are toilet and retiring rooms. On the 
second floor front are two committee rooms, and the balance of the floor consti- 
tutes an assembly room and reception hall 34x76 feet in size. There are four large 
fireplaces in the building, two on each floor, with very handsome carved wood 
mantels. The building has a ground area of 58x123 feet. 

West Virginia to the schoolboy is a pale blue triangle lying on the eastern 
portion of the map of the United States, and often causing him extraordinary and 
acute anguish to define its boundaries. To the average man, "grown and bearded," 
it is a place that coal comes from, or a winter health resort, or sometimes a bit of 
rough country which the cars whirl him through. But to the West Virgianian it is 
the noblest work of nature. 

Some hundreds of West Virginians got together at their beautiful State 
building on the 20th of June and explained this to each other at some length. In- 
cidentally they dedicated the building, but the bulk of the time was spent in the 
enjoyment of wood pictures descriptive of their Virginian elisium, and an occasional 
friendly lament that Chicago, with all its other glories, could not have had the 
added advantage of being located in West Virginia. 

The felicitations — exercises seems too cold a word — were held in the large 
assembly room on the second floor, a spacious, cool apartment with big windows 
opening to the floor, with splendid hardwood wainscoting running about its walls 
and a magnificent carved mantel at one end. It was handsomely decorated with 
bannerettes and palms, and presented a most attractive appearance. 

As one of the speakers said, the West Virginia building is typical of the State, 
and all the wood and metal work used so profusely in decorating the interior are 
its own products, and nowhere outside the Forestry building is there such a superb 
and comprehensive display of American hard woods. State Commissioner Chan- 
cellor made the opening address welcoming the guests and presenting the regrets 
of the Governor of West Virginia that he was unable to be present. Commissioner 
Chancellor read a telegram from the Governor requesting him to call upon some 
typical West Virginian to act as substitute for him. In obedience to which request 
Mr. Chancellor summoned United States Commissioner St. Clair to take the place 
of the absent Governor. 

General St. Clair arose and in his easy, self-possessed manner announced 
that it was with deep embarrassment that he responded to such a call. His re- 
marks were crisp and pointed, and often almost startling — as for instance, when he 
said that the people of West Virginia and the people of the United States were in- 
debted largely to West Virginia for the success of the Fair, which he explained by 
stating that it was the second coal-producing State and the seventh hardwood 
State in the Union. 

He dwelt long on the various natural resources of his native State, and gave 
numerous figures showing the remarkable progress it had made since the war. In 
conclusion he pointed to the fact that the State building was not intended as a 
place for exhibits, but as a resting place and home not only for West Virginians 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



477 



but for everybody who cared to accept its hospitality. And to the use and benefit 
of everybody he, therefore, dedicated it. 

The Maryland building, which cost about $12,000, is near the lake and very 
properly opposite the Virginia building. It is a handsome structure and is divided 
into reception hall, ladies' toilet, ladies' parlor, exhibition hall, woman's depart- 
ment, bureau of information and main exhibition hall, beside spacious porches on 
the first floor. Gentlemen's toilet, office, smoking room, reading room and three 
parlors which communicate, constitute the second floor, and a gallery overlook- 
ing the main exhibition hall, is entered from this floor. The flat deck roofs of 
porches and buildings offer fine points of vantage for overlooking the grounds of 
the World's Fair. 




MARYLAND BUILDING. 




1. La Fayette Funk, 

Illinois. 
i. 3. B. Smith, 

Delaware. 
7. H. B. Andrews, 

10. W. W. Peabody, 

Ohio. 
13. E. B. Smalley, 

Vermont. 



GROUP OF PRESIDENTS OF STATE BOARDS. 

3. J. O. Crosby, 
6. A. J. Seay, 



2. S. P. Behan, 

Arizona. 
5. D. O. Monfort, 

Minnesota. 
8. Prof. Andrews, 

Rhode Island. 
11. C. H. Amsden, 

New Hampshire. 
14. Jno. S. Harper, 

Wyoming. 



loiva. 



Oklahoma 
9. M. W. Cobun, 

Kansas. 
12. Chauncey M. Depew, 
New York. 
15. I. M. Scott, 

California. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



479 



CHAPTER V. 




'WAY DOWN SOUF 'MONG DE FIELDS OF COTTON. 

The Governors of North and South Carolina Are Not In It— Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Tennes- 
see Also Have No State Buildings— Florida Reproduces Fort Marion— Louisiana has a Beautiful 
Building— All its Governors for One Hundred Years Present— The Woman's World's Fair 
Exhibit Association of Texas Erect a Handsome Building for the Lone Star State. 

ORTH Carolina has no building, but the State makes 
collective exhibits in the Agricultural, Horticultural, 
Mines, Fisheries and Forestry departments. The South 
Carolina Legislature voted adversely on the question 
of making an appropriation, therefore that State has no 
building nor State Board of Commissioners. The same 
may be said of Georgia. Alabama has no State Board 
of Commissioners nor a building, the Legislature hav- 
ing failed to make an appropriation. Some funds were 
raised in the State, however, pending the action of the Legisla- 
ture on the World's Fair Bill, but it was not a sufficient amount 
with which to erect a creditable building and the movement 
was abandoned. The Mississippi Legislature refused to pass an appropriation bill, 
hence that State has no building nor State Board of Commissioners. 

The Tennessee Legislature failed to make an appropriation, hence there is 
no State Board of Commissioners nor State building. The mining town of Harri- 
man makes an exhibit in the Mines building, but otherwise there is no collective 

exhibit shown. 

At a cost of $20,000, Florida reproduces Fort Marion, St. Augustine, which has 
been a oreat attraction. The original fort covers an area of one acre, and is, per 
haps.'the oldest structure in North America, the most interesting specimen of Spanish 
supremacy in this country, and the only example of mediaeval fortification on the 
continent. Its erection was begun in 1620, and continued for 100 years. To equip 
it as a garrison, required 100 guns and 1,000 men. It was never taken by a besieg 
ing force. The State building occupies one-fifth of the space of Fort Marion 
is in the form of-a four-bastioned fortress. Including the moat, the site is 155 feet 
square. The building proper is 137 feet square. The frame is of pine, covered 
with plasture and coquina shells, in imitation of the original. The interior 
vided into parlors for men and women, committee and exhibit rooms, and is 
ished in Florida's native woods. The interior court is planted in bamboo, orange, 
lemon and other tropical trees. The ramparts furnish space for promenades and 



It 



is di- 
furn- 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



48 c 



— 





LOUISIANA BUILDING. 



hanging gardens. In the moat is a sunken garden, where are produced minature 
fields of cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, etc.; showing the natural resources of the state. 
In visiting this building one feels that he is in St. Augustine, or Palatka, or Magno- 
lia, among oranges and cocoanuts and alligators and pelicans, and among trees and 

mosses many hundreds of years 
old. The Louisiana structure is 
an exact counterpart of the well- 
to-do Creole buildings that may 
be seen anywhere from Baton 
Rouge down. It is built with an 
eye to crevasses and high tem- 
peratures, is two stories high, 
with piazzas, and has a decidedly 
Southern air. It is truly Southern, 
and there are latchstrings on 
every door. Pictures of all the 
governors for a hundred years 
are on all the walls, and there 
are plants without and within 
that suggest the prodigality of 
the soil. An hour in the Louisiana building gives one a lasting idea of Andrew 
Jackson and Louis Phillipe, and he learns much of one of the most celebrated 
chess players, one of the most eminent pianists, and one of the most enjoyable 
novelists of modern times. The 



building cost less than $18,000 and 
shows off well for the amount ex- 
pended. It has a frontage of 66 
feet and a depth of 56 feet. The 
first story is 14 feet in the clear, 
second story 13 feet. The building 
is finished in natural woods — princi- 
pally cypress and white pine. The 
interior contains on the ground 
floor a large hall, off which is ranged 
reception rooms, dining room and 
smoking room. The second story 
contains a large exhibition room 
which communicates with smaller. 
exhibition rooms and ladies' parlor. 

Retiring rooms and lavatories have been provided on both floors. In connection 
with the State building is a Creole kitchen where the famous palatable cookery pre- 
pared in Creole fashion is served. The 10th of August was a famous day for 
Louisianians— the Director-General was present of course, as he married one of 
the belle? of New Orleans. 




TEXAS BUILDING. 



482 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

At a cost of raising $30,000 Texas has erected a handsome building on the 
right of the north entrance to the Exposition grounds, and this notwithstanding the 
failure of the State Legislature to make an appropriation on account of constitu- 
tional prohibition. The money for the structure was raised by the Women's Fair 
Exhibit Association of Texas, with headquarters at Austin, the State capital. In 
the treatment of the design of the Texas building the architect has not deflected 
from the history of the Lone Star State, which, from its foundation, has been 
marked by a Spanish tinge, whose architectural inclination and handsome botanical 
effects lay down a chain of thought far too beautiful to be forsaken for that of the 
present day; therefore, the building was designed for colonnades, grounds, fountains 
foliage, etc. It contains an assembly room 56 feet square, 28 feet high, provided 
with art glass skylight in the ceiling, with a mosaic Texas star in the center. The 
rostrum, ante-room, etc., are furnished in the natural woods of Texas. One wing 
contains rooms £or bureau of information, register, messenger, telephone, telegraph, 
directors, Texas Press Association headquarters, commissioners, historical museum 
and library, toilet rooms, county collective exhibits, etc. The main entrances are 
through vestibules, flanked on either side by niches and colonnades. The main 
vestibules terminate in a large auditorium, connecting with the rooms mentioned. 
Great credit is due to Mrs. Benedette B. Tobin, the leading spirit in all that per- 
tains to the Texas building. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



4^3 



CHAPTER VI. 
THE NOTED BLUE GRASS STATE. 

A Glance at Its Pretty Women — Fleet Horses and Fine Grasses of Kentucky— Kentuckians are Boastful, 
but They Never " Talk Through Their Hats "—Arkansas and Its Building— A Fountain of Hot 
Springs Crystals Illuminated by Incandescents — The Forty-five Thousand Dollar Building of 
Missouri — A Territorial Trio. 

NOTED Virginian once stated that the greatest boasters in 
the world were Virginians, always excepting Kentuckians, 
Well, Kentucky has a good deal to boast of — great men. 
pretty women, fine grass, and some other thing that are 
thought to be the best of their kind. It is generally admitted 
that Kentuckians are boastful, but they never "talk through 
their hats." There are hens that make a great deal of noise, 
but they never cackle until after they have led their eggs. 
The Kentucky State building is typical of the southern Colonial 
style, as distinguished from the New England, and suggests the 
better class of old Kentucky homesteads. The size of the building, ex- 
clusive of porches, is 75x90 feet and cost $20,000, and in the center of 
the principal facade, under the covered porch, is the main entrance. To 
the left-hand side of the entrance, communicating with the lobby, is the parcel and 
check room and postoffice, while directly opposite is the office of the secretary, in 
connection with which is a smaller room used as an information bereau. The lobby 
opens on the great hall 35x40 feet in size, at the end of which is a wide stairway 
leading up to the second-story gallery. Under the wide platform in the center of 
the hall in the entrance to the dining-room. This platform is located midway be- 
tween the two stories, and the greater part of this hall extends to the roof, with 
galleries around the second-story overlooking the first. On the left-hand side of 
the hall in a recess is placed the great hall fireplace. The mantel is 14 feet wide 
and the fireplace opening itself 8 feet, where great yule logs may be burnt. The 
ladies' parlors are on the left hand side of the building opening into the reception 
hall. The principal parlor is 20x36 feet, and communicates with the check-room 
and postoffice. On the right-hand side of the hall opposite the ladies' quarters are 
the gentlemen's parlors, the same size as the ladies' parlors, with a smoking-room 
attached. Adjoining the main hall and smoking-room is a side entrance hall, upon 
which the men's toilet room opens. The dining hall is 20x40 feet, abundantly 
lighted and with a deeply recessed alcove for the fireplace, immediately opposite 
the entrance to the hall. This dining-room communicates with the necessary serv- 

31 




4 s 4 



HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 




KENTUCKY BUILDING. 



ing-rooms, store-room, kitchen and servants' bed-rooms. The second floor si a 
gallery 8 feet wide, around three sides of the open light-well, which extends from 
the first floor to the top of the building, where it is roofed over with an obscured 
glass ceiling or sky-light. Extending across the entire front of the building, and 

opening on the wide gallery, are 
arranged three exhibition rooms, two 
of which are 20x27 feet, and the third 
20x23 feet. On the right hand side, 
on this floor, is the commissioners' 
room communicating with the main 
gallery, and also a private hall and 
stairway leading to the first floor. 
With this hall are connected two 
sleeping rooms and bath-rooms for the 
use of the commissioners. On the 
opposite side of the building is the 
lady commissioners' committee room, 
and also a store-room, where pack- 
ing cases, chairs, etc., can be stored. 
The three exhibition rooms are ar- 
ranged so that they can be thrown together and form an assembly room. The 
interior is furnished in white or old ivory. 

The State of Arkansas makes a very good showing; its building was designed 
by a woman, Mrs. Jean Douglas of 
Little Rock, and cost $15,000. It 
follows classic models, being in the 
French "rococo" style of architec- 
ture, as Arkansas was first settled 
by the French. The exterior is in 
plaster and ornamental staff work, 
tinted in light color. It covers a 
ground area 66x92 feet and has 
an elliptical entrance from a large 
circular veranda on the first floor. 
Besides the entrance lobby 16x29 
feet, the first floor contains a ro- 
tunda 30x30 lighted by a central 
dome, eight rooms 15x15 on each 
side of the rotunda, five of which 
are used as exhibit rooms, and the 

registry room on the right of the entrance lobby. Opening from the rotunda by 
triple arches is the hallway, 11x55, with stairs at each end. The interior is tinted 
and the ornamental work is brought out in gold. There is an Assembly Hall 25x66 
feet, with ten-foot mantel of Arkansas white onyz. On the second floor are the 




MISSOURI BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



485 




ARKANSAS BUILDING. 



parlors, library and clubrooms. The chief attraction is the fountain of Hot 

Springs crystals illuminated by electricity. 

The ground plan of the Missouri building is square, with a quarter circle 

taken out of the southeast corner, to correspond with the form of the juncture of the 

two avenues on which it faces. To 
*»» the south is the Art building, and 
to the east, across the avenue, is 
Pennsylvania's building. The 
building is 86x86 feet, two stories 
high, and cost $45,000. In the 
front, and over the main entrance, 
is an elliptical dome, 70 feet high, 
flanked by smaller octagonal 
domes, 48 feet high. The main 
entrance, which is in the southeast 
corner of the building, facing both 
avenues, is of cut brown stone from 
the quarries of Warrensburg, Mo. 
The balance of the structure is 
frame, covered with staff, and the 

columns and pilasters are of the same material. Within the same entrance is a 

rotunda, with a mosaic tile floor. On either side of the main entrance are minor 

■entrances, the one on the left leading to the headquarters of Western Missouri 

and Kansas City, and the one on the right leading to the headquarters of Eastern 

Missouri and St. Louis. Within the 

rotunda are the telegraph office and 

the postoffice, occupying the space 

under the octagonal dome. On either 

side of the rotunda is a fountain. 

On the left of the rotunda are two 

exhibit rooms 30x20 feet and 28x17 

feet. On the right is a journalists' 

room, a reading-room, a library, and 

.a bureau of information. Entrance 

is had to the rotunda from all of these 

rooms by tilted halls. Two flights of 

stairs, very handsome, in red and 

white oak, lead to the second floor. 

A promenade balcony with a marble 

floor overhangs the main entrance. A 

large auditorium room, irregular in shape, occupies the center and large portion 

of the second floor. The southeast bay is occupied by a parlor and reading room 

for women, the southwest bay by a similar room for men. There are toilet rooms, 

.and a committee room, and a special room for the Governor of Missouri. On the 




JOINT TERRITORIAL BUILDING. 



486 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

balcony floor are six bed-rooms, three in each bay, and a kitchen. The building 
contains thirty-two rooms. It is very handsome, and richly ornamented. The glass 
is all plate and was donated by Missouri manuafcturers. 

The joint buildings of the territories of Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma 
occupies an advantageous location among the other States and Territorial build- 
ings in the north end of the grounds. It is two stories in height, 28 feet over all, 
and has a frontage of 90 feet. It is ornamental in design and of a composite 
character, the lower story being supported by Doric columns. The main building is 
divided into three departments, one floor for each territory, each department hav- 
ing a grand reception room in the center, flanked on each side by parlors. The 
offices of the commissioners are grouped around the main reception rooms, dividing 
them from the parlors on each side. It is a frame building, finished in acme cement 
plaster, and is used for various exhibits as well as for the general headquarters. 
There is no more interesting place to spend half an hour than in this building, which 
may be considered the home of the Territories (Utah excepted), as neither Alaska 
or the Indian Territory has a building, and we haven't annexed Hawaii yet. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



487 



CHAPTER VII. 




THE STATES BY THE LAKES. 

The Beautiful Building- of Ohio— A Great R:sort Afternoons— Indiana's Superb Sixty-Five Thousand 
Dollar Edifice— Michigan's Attractive Building -Nothing to Excel It in All Round Beauties— The 
Wolverines in Their Glory— The Badger State Spends $30,000 to Make Its Denizens Com- 
fortable. 

HIO, one of the greatest states in the Union, and 80 years 
ago the " far west," is represented by a $30,000 building 
on the North Pond, between the Art Palace and Illinois 
building. It is a type of the Italian renaissance — called 
in America, colonial — and is 100x80 feet, two stories high, 
of wood and staff with tile roof. The main entrance on 
the east is within a semi-circular colonial portico, thirty- 
three feet high, the roof supported by eight great col- 
umns. The tile roof, mantels, finishing woods, and 
much of the visible material are the gift of Ohio producers. 
The main entrance opens on a lobby, on the left of which 
is the women's parlor, and on the right a committee-room. Occupying the central 
portion of the building is the reception hall, 23 by 36 feet, and 28 feet high, extend- 
ing through to the roof. The coved ceiling of the hall is ornamented. A broad 
terrace extends the entire length of the main facade, and back of the reception 
hall is an open court, 36 feet square, inclosed on three sides, the north and south 
sides being formed by the wings of the building. All of the north wing is occupied 
by the information bureau. The room is 30 by 59 feet, and is divided into offices by 
wire railings. In the south wing is the parlor for men, a writing-room, a smoking- 
room, and toilet rooms. On the second floor of the north wing is the assembly- 
room, 30 by 42 feet. The second floor of the south wing has a press correspond- 
ents' room, servants' rooms, bed and bath rooms. 

Buckeyes molded in stucco form the motif of decoration in the main hall, and 
the coat of arms of the State appears in an ornamental stained window. The glass 
is an amber hue and the room bathed in a mellow radiance enhanced by soft brown 
axminster and cream tinted columns. The names of prominent Ohio men appear 
in other golden panes. The ladies' parlor is furnished in azure, ivory and gold, and in all 
its appointments denotes elegance and comfort. The grounds are in keeping with 
the building, and the eastern lawns are a great resort afternoons. 

Indiana looms up appropriately, its building costing $65,000. It is situated 
north of the Woman's building and next to the building of Wisconsin. From the 



488 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




OHIO BUILDING. 



western veranda the hoosier visitors may enjoy a beautiful view of the wooded 
islands, the lagoon, the Illinois building and nearly all the main structures. It is 
French Gothic in design with cathedral windows, turrets and towers. Two large 
towers with spires, one at either side, rising above the roof of the extreme point, 

are about 150 feet from the ground. 



The dimensions, including a ve- 
randa "20 feet wide with two floors 
extending entirely around the build- 
ing, are 53x152 feet; height three 
stories and general appearance 
very massive. The towers are 
constructed of Colitic limestone 
brought from the Indiana quarries. 
The building is covered with staff. 
The entrance steps, balustrade and 
doorways are of handsome carved 
patterns of stone and make a fine 
display. The lower story floor is 
encaustic tile of handsome pattern 
Broad carved oak stairways lead 
from the lower floor into the towers of the building. The entire finish and the 
doors are of native quartered oak, carved and highly polished. On the first and 
second floors a wide hall extends through from one tower to the other, separating 
the office, parlors, reception and toilet rooms from the assembly room on the first 
floor, and the reading and writing 
room on the second floor, from the 
ladies' parlor, reception and toilet 
rooms in the north part of the build- 
ing. On the ground floor is a par- 
lor for women, with check and 
toilet rooms; a parlor for men, 
with check and toilet rooms. The 
assembly room on the lower floor 
is in the form of a half circle, or 
an immense bay wind w, and is 
used for the general reception 
room. On the second floor is a 
reading and writing room for the 
use of the general public, the 
women's private office and recep- 
tion room, the office of 'the president, the State board and the executive com- 
missioner. On the third story, over the main assembly room, is a large room suit- 
able for a lunch room. 

Michigan spends about $50,000 on its splendid building, which is one of the 




INDIANA BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THh WORLD'S FAIR. 



489 




MICHIGAN BUILDING. 



most showy home-like and convenient on the grounds. It occupies a beautiful site 
near the west end of the Art gallery, fronting on two boulevards and near the Ohio, 
Colorado and Wisconsin buildings. It is 100x140 feet and is constructed after the 
style of the renaissance and is three stories in height. It is surrounded on three 

sides by an elevated piazza twelve 
feet wide, with high red shingled 
roofs sloping overdormerwindows, 
and rising majestically above the 
front entrance, a balconied tower 
131 feet high. In this are two large 
illuminated clocks with six foot 
dials which maybe seen a long dis- 
tance. The rotunda has balconies, 
and is painted a light granite gray 
with the soft red shingles, the 
whole having a harmonious and 
homelike effect. The main en- 
trance is by way of the west front, 
and one steps into a great tiled 
reception hall that extends the full 
depth of the structure and is sixty- 
two feet wide. Opening from this hall and near the entrance are the secretary's 
offices, check rooms, post office, and barbershop. The reception, reading and toilet 
rooms for men and for women are on either side of the hall way, and each apart- 
ment is spacious and handsomely 
finished. There are wood fire places W^ 
in all of these rooms, with high oak 
mantels over which are heads of 
Michigan deer. On the second 
floor is an assembly room, 32x60, 
in which a fine pipe organ, built 
in Detroit, is placed, and an ex- 
hibit room room, 31x100 feet. In 
this exhibit hall is a collection of 
Michigan birds, beasts, and reptiles, 
woods, grains, Indian relics and 
minerals — everything that lives or 
has a being in Michigan. On the 
second floor is also the newspaper 
exhibit. Here are cabinets in which 

are shown the first page of every newspaper printed in Michigan. The directors 
and commission's rooms are also on this floor. On the third floor twelve chambers, 
with bath and toilet rooms, for members of the commission and employes of the 




WISCONSIN BUILDING. 



4QO 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



building. Five hundred incandescent lamps are used in and about the building. 
Many of these shine in clusters along the balcony rails. 

The most of the important rooms in the building were furnished by the 
women of the various cities of the state. The men's reading and reception rooms 
were furnished at a cost of $4,500 by the citizens of Muskegon. The women's rooms 
were fitted up by the women of Grand Rapids. The walls of these rooms are done 
in ivory and gold, with plastic dado, and the curtains hanging in harmonious tints, 

are of the heaviest and 
finest materials. The wo- 
men's toilet rooms are fin- 
ished entirely in bamboo. 
Probably the finest apart- 
ment in the building is the 
Saginaw room. The con- 
tractor left this room un- 
floored, unceiled, and with 
bare studding, and the lum- 
bermen of Saginaw stepped 
in and finished it up, floor, 
walls, and ceiling, with the 
best pick of all the different 
kinds of hard wood that 
come into the Saginaw mar- 
ket. A life like bust of Gen. 
Cass is placed upon the 
half-way landing of the main 
staircase, while throughout 
the building are pictures of 
noted Michigan men, " Badg- 
er State " scenery, etc. On 
the west front is a handsome 
stone parapet from the quar- 
ries at Bay Port, and sur- 
rounding the tower is a bal- 
cony capable of holding 200 
Wolverines, should they care to afford themselves of the splendid view of the Ex- 
position, to be obtained from this point. 

Wisconsin's building, which cost $30,000, starts out with brown stone from 
the shores of Lake Superior, follows that up with pressed brick from Menomenee, 
and finishes with shingles that grew in the states northern forests. It is a repro- 
duction of a Wisconsin home and designed in no special style, yet unlike many 
other structures, not being built of evanescent stuff, it looks like it was constructed 
for a family residence to be passed from father to son. It is enclosed on all sides 




SOLDIERS' MONUMENT IN FRONT OF OHIO BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 491 

"by spacious varandas, while the upper stories are all provided with cosy porches of 
their own, giving the building a particularly home-like appearance. 

The structure is 118x92 feet in area, with high hipped roof, stained to an 
olive tint. The walls of the first story are of red brick; above are stained shingles. 
The main entrance faces the lake and is 19 feet wide, the columns and walls of the 
broad veranda which covers the portal are of brownstone and polished granite. 
Within the lobby — which runs the full depth of the building— opens the adjacent 
rooms by arches finished in red oak panel work, and carved with the Wisconsin 
coat-of-arms. The lobby itself is in white oak. There is a broad oaken stairway 
leading to the second floor, and midway up, set in front of the building, the good 
people of Superior have put a big stained-glass window. This window shows two 
views of Superior, one when it was a solitary Indian wigwam, the other the Superior 
of to-day. Pine boughs, skillfully wrought in glass, encircle these pictures. There 
is a view, too, of a whaleback steamer under full headway. The legend underneath 
informs him who looks that Superior is "the home of the whaleback." 

The first floor of the Wisconsin building is divided in about the same fashion 
as has been followed in all of the state buildings. The southwest corner of the 
main floor is reserved for women's headquarters. This part of the building is done 
in curly maple, birch, butternut, and oak, all the woods coming from Chippewa 
county. There is a parquetry floor which was made in Racine. The men's rooms 
are across the hallway and are similar in size and appointments to those reserved 
for women. The rest of the main floor is taken up by the information bureau, 
package rooms and post office, which occupy the northwest corner. On the second 
floor are rooms and exhibit hall for the state historical society, a large assembly 
room, the office of the board, and the board's secretary, and reading and smoking 
rooms. The rooms of this floor are finished in birch and ash. They all open upon 
broad balconies in the east and west fronts of the building. On the third floor are 
chambers and bath rooms for commissioners and employes. 




GROUP OF PRESIDENTS OF STATE BOARDS, 
world's fair managers. 



T. 


Gen. John \V. Corcoran, 


2. 


Hall C. Burleigh, 

Maine. 


3. 


Clem. Studebaker, 




Massa ckusetts. 






Indiana. 


4- 


Gov. R. E. Fattison, 


5- 


Gov. Frank Brown, 


6. 


August L, Smith, 




Pennsy Ivania, 




Maryland. 
Capt. A. A. Woods, 




Wisconsin. 


7- 


Stephen J. Meeker, 


S. 


9. 


A. S. Baford, 




New Jersey, 




Louisiana, 




Virginia. 


;o. 


W. H. Dulaney, 


ii. 


N. G. Blalock, M. D., 


12. 


James Si. Wells, 




Kentucky, 




Washington. 




Idaho. 


H. 


W. N. Chancellor. 


4- 


James Mitchell, 


:c. 


W. T . Thornton, 




West Virginia*. 




Arkansas. 




A vw Mexico- 



HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 



493 



f \ 



CHAPTER VIII. 
WHEAT AND CORN PRODUCING STATES. 

Four Great States— How They Were Represented in Congress Thirty Years Ago— Unsurpassed Display 
of Iowa— Grandeur of Minnesota— Minnehaha and Hiawatha— What the Women of Minnesota 
Have Done for Their State— Bleeding Kansas and Its Inviting Display— The Twenty Thousand 
Dollar Building of Nebraska. 

<^^, x^%%- '/jf HEN the Civil War broke out more than thirty years 

X^B^mSj^' jj^\ ago Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas ami Nebraska each had 

yM ^«V, on ^ y one re P res entative in Congress. Iowa now has 

twelve and the others are catching up. All are great 
States of the Union, and each is particularly repre- 
sented at the Exposition. In the extreme north-east 
corner of the park, rising almost abruptly from the 
lake, stands the Iowa building. At first sight it seems 
to be mostly high roof and rounding towers, very 
pleasing to the eye. The total frontage is about 250 
feet while the depth is 92 feet. The main entrance, 
which is from the south, is between two round towers, 
the space being spanned by a triple arch. Iowa is 
written all over this front. One of the towers, the western one, is 
belted with the names of all the chief cities of the state. The 
other bears medallions illustrating the state's history and growth. On the dormer 
windows of the towers are bas reliefs illustrative of agriculture and mining. 
Perched beside the finial of the highest peak on the roof is the figure of a farmer 
who looks as prosperous as if he really lived in Iowa. There is a broad reception 
hall with a hard wood stairway leading to the second floor. Opposite the landing 
of this stairway is a huge fireplace. On the mantel of this fireplace are these words: 

Iowa. 

The affections of her people, like the rivers 
op her borders, flow to an inseparable tmion. 

From the main hall to the left the women's parlors open. There are two of 
them — one is circular and gives fine views west, south, and east. Well-appointed 
retiring and check rooms are connected with these parlors. At the rear of the 
main hall are big lounging and smoking rooms for the men. All of these apart- 
ments have big open fireplaces. There are rooms, too, on the first floor — the post 
office, check stands, information bureau, headquarters of the state board, and super- 




494 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




IOWA BUILDING. 



intendent's office. The whole of the eastern wing of the building is occupied by 
the exhibit hall. The stairway from the main hall leads to the assembly room 
which occupies most of the second floor. This room is about 40x60 feet in area, but 
it is hard to tell about that, for it is about as irregular in outline as the rest of the 
building. It is an altogether pleasant place though, to assemble. Here is the 

state's art exhibit and the exhibit 
of women's work. Connecting with 
the assembly room is the large 
apartment of the state historical 
society, and in the north-east corner 
of the second floor are the rooms 
for newspaper men, and, by the 
way, these Iowa newspaper men 
are pretty well treated, for they 
have two fine rooms overlooking 
the lake, one for loitering, the 
other for working purposes. The 
lounging room has a newspaper 
man's mantlepiece in it. The cen- 
tral figures on either side are news- 
boys in full chase. Then there are 
bas reliefs of pastepots, and shears, "shooting-sticks" and composing sticks, and 
whatever spaces are left the designer has filled up with pleasant representations of 
that important personage, the printer's devil. This room is further bedecked 
with a frieze of newspaper headings. Perhaps the most interesting part of the 
building is the exhibit hall, and people who think corn is nothing but horse feed 
have here a fine chance to study its effects as a decorative material. Corn ears, 
some of them split lengthwise and some of them sawed up into circles, are 
worked into all sorts of fancy designs. There are festoons of corn and corn pictures. 
The capitals of the columns are trimmed with small grains, and there are festoons 
of grasses here and there, but mostly it is just corn. About the walls are series of 
big pictures, done in corn, illustrating Iowa's resources, her mines, her clay beds, 
dairying, stock-raising and grain-growing industries and the work of her schools. 

There have been used in decorating this room 1,200 bushels of corn and three 
and one-half car-loads of cereals. The work is a new phase of the polychrome house 
decorative art, except that the raised colors are given by different cereals and corns. 
The capitals of the columns are worked out in corn shucks and millet heads. From 
the roof-tree to the walls the ceiling is divided into three sections, the top one being 
general in design and made of all the field products of the state. The next section 
has fourteen panels, those on the side ceiling containing figures illustrating the 
different industries of the state. These panels, in an interesting way, demonstrate 
the worth of grains as a decorative auxiliary. At each end of the ceilings are pan- 
els containing the American eagle and shields worked out in grains, and in the four 
corners of the ceiling are shields with the device, " Iowa, 1S46-1893," worked out on 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



495 




MINNESOTA BUILDING. 



a blue field in white corn and shucks. Where the pillars join the roof is a frieze, an 
elaborate scroll-work made of festoons of corn and wheat and millet seeds. The 
spandrels between the windows are done in tessallated panels of many colored 
corns. In one corner is a round band stand reached by a short stairway and decor- 
ated in much the same manner as 
the main hall except that the frieze 
represents a grape vine, the leaves 
being made of corn shucks and the 
fruit of purple-colored popcorn. 
There is not a piece of wood shown 
in the entire hall, which cost 
$12,000 to decorate. Throughout it 
is one blaze of color and nothing 
but the natural products of Iowa 
were used and not a kernel was 
dipped in paint or dyed. In the 
center of the hall is a model of 
the state capital made entirely of 
glass and filled with grain. It is 21 
feet high, 23 feet long and 13 feet 

wide. Facing the eastern entrance is a heroic group, the center figure being a 
woman. It represents Iowa fostering her industries. Grouped around by the pil- 
lars are small pavilions and pagodas, on which are displayed the different prod- 
ucts of the farm and mine. The State spent $35,000 on this building. The peo- 
ple of Iowa have won conquests 
before- Their corn palaces have 
attracted the country's attention, 
and their coal palaces have been a 
revelation. In the Iowa building 
these ideas have produced some 
marvelous effects. To the farmer 
visitor nothing has been more in- 
teresting and striking. To every- 
one the Iowa building is worth an 
extended visit. Minnesota is the 
greatest flour producing State in 
the Union, and when the civil war 
commenced it had only one rep- 
resentative in the lower hall of 
Congress. Its building, which cost 
$30,000, is designed in the Italian renaissance style, two stories high, with a mez- 
zanin story in the rear. The frame is of wood, covered with staff. The roof is 
of Spanish tile. The ground dimensions are 78x91 feet. The main entrance is on 
the south. In the recess within the entrance is a sculptural group, symbolizing the 




I 

■1 



9tt~ 



^7 



KANSAS BUILDING. 



496 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR 



legend of Minnehaha and Hiawatha. On the first floor is the exhibition hall, 52x78 
feet, apostoffice, baggage and ticket rooms, and superintendent's room. The main 
stairway is in the rear, opposite the entrance, and on the landing, half-way up, is a 
semi-circular bay alcove, lighted with large glass windows. On the second floor is 
a reception hall, 30x33 feet, parlors and retiring rooms for men and women, and a 
committee room. In the mezzanin story are four bed rooms and two bath rooms. 
The interior walls are plastered, decorated in fresco, in plain tints, and finished in 
pine. The woman's rooms have color decorations done by women of the State. 

Bleeding Kansas spent $25,000 on its building. Its ground plan is irregular. 
It approaches a square, one side being straight, and the other three forming irreg- 
ular angles. It has a ground area 
of 135x138 feet. It is two stories 
high, built of frame and staff, and 
is surmounted by an elliptical 
glass dome. The main exhibi- 
tion hall occupies nearly all of the 
first floor, and extends through to 
the glass dome. A balcony, from 
the second story, overhangs the 
main entrance on the south, and a 
second balcony extends around the 
base of the dome. The north end 
of the main floor is occupied by a 
natural history collection. There 
are also offices for the boards of 
commissioners on the first floor. 

Four flights of stairs lead to the second floor, where are rooms for the women's 
exhibits, a school exhibit, and parlors for men and women. 

Nebraska spent $20,000. Its style of architecture is classical and of the Cor- 
inthian order. The building has a ground area of 60x100 feet, and is two stories 
high. The exterior is of staff. On the east and west fronts are wide porticos, 
approached by flights of steps. Over the porticos are projecting gables, supported 
by six columns, twenty-five feet high, the full distance from the cornice to the floor. 
In each pediment is the State seal, in bas-relief, five feet in diameter. From each 
portico three large double doors of oak give entrance to the exhibit hall. The 
room is 60x70 feet and in it an agricultural display is made. On the first floor, also, 
are a reception room, commissioners' office, baggage room and postoffice. A double 
stairway, nine feet wide, leads from the center of the exhibit hall to the second 
floor. Here is an exhibit room, 60x70 feet, used for an art exhibit. On this floor 
are a women's parlor, reading room, smoking room and toilet rooms. 




NEBRASKA BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



W 



CHAPTER IX. 



BUILDINGS OF THE STATES OF THE GREAT INTERIOR. 




Horace Greeley's Advice Abundantly Taken— Many Millions Go West— The Noble Structure of the 
Centennial State— The Wyoming and Montana Buildings— Headquarters of the Young State of 
Idaho— The Two Qakotas Pretentiously Represented— Utah Takes a Place Among Its Full-Grown 
Sisters. 

ORACE GREELEY got rid of many a young man by advising 
him to "Go west." But neither that philosopher, nor Fre- 
mont, nor Marcy, nor Kit Carson, nor Brigham Young, 
dreamed the hundredth part. Why, there are geographies 
now that have the words "The Great American Desert" 
inscribed across the delineation that contain the bound- 
aries of the great States of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado 
and others. Colorado is the oldest of the interior States, 
and was admitted into the Union just one hundred years 
after the Independence Bell sounded its notes of freedom 
to a listening world. Its building is in the Spanish renais- 
sance, and cost $35,000. The exterior of the building is in 
staff of an ivory color, and in the salient features of the 
design profusely ornamented, the ornamentation comparing to fine advantage 
with the broad, plain surfaces of the building. The striking feature of the design 
is two slender Spanish. towers, 98 feet high, rising from either side of the main en- 
trance, on the east. The tower roofs and the broad, overhanging roof of the build- 
ing are covered with red Spanish tiles. The building is 125 feet long, including 
the end porticos, with a depth of 45 feet, and 26 feet to the cornice line. The 
front vestibule opens to the main hall of the building. On either side of the en- 
trance are stairways to the floor above. At the rear of the hall is a large onyx 
mantel, flanked by glass doors, leading to offices. At the ends of the hall are a 
men's smoking room and a women's reception room, each opening into an un- 
covered terrace, surrounded by a balustrade. On the second floor is the assembly 
room, extending the entire length of the building in the center. This room has a 
high vaulted ceiling, rising above an ornamented cornice. Over this cornice are 
rows .of electric lights, giving a diffused light, by reflection from the vault above. 
On the ends of this assembly room are a reading and a writing room, which open 
to the hanging balconies on the ends of the building, forming one of the most at- 
tractive exterior features. Broad, low casement windows open from the assembly 
rooms to the front and rear balconies, the front one extending between the towers, 



498 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




COLORADO BUILDING. 



24 feet, ana over the main entrance. The rear balcony extends along the entire 
length of the building. Staircases lead to the lanterns in the tower, where a fine 
view of the grounds is had. 

The Wyoming building, which cost $20,000, is in style a modern club house. 

The dimensions are 70 feet in 
length, by 60 feet in width. It 
is located in the extreme north 
end of the grounds, command- 
ing an interesting view across 
the parklike portions of the 
grounds reserved for State 
buildings. It is also convenient 
to the steamboat landing. The 
interior arrangement consists of 
a main hall 24x40 feet, with two 
offices on the first floor, which are 
used for the reception and enter- 
tainment of visitors, while the 
collective exhibit is placed in the 
main hall. From here a circular 
stairway ascends to the second 
story, where the toilet rooms are located. The gallery around the hall and 
doors leads out upon the balconies on each of the four sides. The building is in 
the French chateau style, and the panels of the main frieze exterior contain 
elaborately wrought hunting and 
pastoral scenes. The people of 
Wyoming realize that the Ex- 
position offers an unusual oppor- 
tunity to make known to the 
world the varied material re- 
sources of their State; her coal 
lands, wells of oil, soda deposits 
and rich mines of iron and 
precious metals. The exhibit is 
arranged with the object of show- 
ing forth the advantages of the 
State, both to home-seekers of 
limited means and capitalists 
seeking fields of investment. To 
this end the classification in- 
cludes Wyoming's best specimens of wheat, corn, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, 
native and cultivated grasses and forage plants. Irrigation methods are illus- 
trated with maps and diagrams. The live stock exhibit includes the best speci- 
mens of blooded horses and cattle, and illustrations of methods of handling 




WYOMING BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



499 




MONTANA BUILDING. 



range horses, cattle and sheep. The committee on horticulture and floriculture 
have made their departments as complete as possible, representing all perishable 
articles by fac-similes in wax or plaster. Specimens of the present and extinct 
animal life of the State petrefactions, Indian implements, dress and ornaments 

have been carefully collected by 
the committee on scenic exhibits, 
and form a most interesting feature 
of the State's contribution. The 
committee also endeavors by 
means of paintings, photographs 
and models, to illustrate other 
striking features" of Wyoming and 
its leading industries. 

The Montana building is in the 
Romanesque style of architecture, 
one story in height, and cost 
$16,000. It has a ground area of 
62 feet front by 113 deep. The 
structure is frame, covered with 
staff, the interior being ornamented 
with heavy, projecting pilasters, with Roman caps and bases and Roman arches. 
The roof is of tin and canvas, and the building is surmounted by a glass olome 22 feet 
in diameter and 38 feet high. The front of the building, facing the south, pre- 
sents two side wings, with a large 
arched entrance in the center. 
The fronts of the wings are 
ornamented with heavy, scrolled 
pediments. The entrance arch 
is 12x12 feet, supported by heavy 
columns. Within is the vesti- 
bule, with marble floor and 
ceiling paneled in staff. It pre- 
sents a series of three arched 
doorways, the center one opening 
into the rotunda under the dome, 
the side doors leading to the 
men's and women's parlors. On 
either side of the entrance arch 
are balustrades, enclosing the 
vestibule. Flanking the arch are 

two panels, 4x5 feet in size, one bearing the State motto, "Oro y Plata —gold and 
silver— and the other, "1893," in Roman figures. These panels are in pure sheet 
gold. Above the entrance arch, and practically on the roof of the building, is the 
figure of an elk, of heroic size, cast in staff. The interior is finished in Georgia 

32 




IDAHO BUILDING. 



500 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




NORTH DAKOTA BUILDING. 



pine. The walls are tinted in oil. All the main rooms open on to the rotunda, 
under the central dome. In the rear is a banquet hall, 40x50 feet, covered by a 
large skylight. In the center of this floor stands a group of three mounted elks. 
A wide gallery extends around the hall, and in the gallery the State exhibit is made. 

The territory embraced within the 
limits of the young State of Idaho, 
though traversed by many beauti- 
ful and fertile valleys, is in the 
main a mountainous region, its 
mean elevation being about 4,700 
feet. In fact, from the beauty and 
grandeur of its mountain scenery 
it was named, quite appropriately, 
Idaho, "The Gem of the Mount- 
ains." Its numerous streams are 
bordered by dense forests of valu- 
able timber, and the developments 
of recent years have discovered 
that its mountains are rich in 
precious metals. Though the State 
has made rapid strides in recent years in the matter of general improvement, the 
log cabin of the pioneer is still a familiar scene, and the forests and hills still 
abound in wild game. In designing and decorating Idaho's building for the Colum- 
bian Exposition, an effort was made 
to give some expression to the 
characteristics above referred to, to 
exemplify in a measure some of the 
chief products of the State, and to 
suggest some of its interesting 
features. All of the materials used 
in the construction of the building 
are products of Idaho, and nearly all 
of the decorations were there ob- 
tained. The general style of archi- 
tecture is Swiss, modified in so far as 
was necessary to adapt it to the 
materials to be used in the construc- 
tion and to illustrate local conditions 
and cost $40,000. 

The headquarters for North Dakota visitors is a pretty, hospitable-looking 
building adjacent to that of Kansas and cost $18,000. The building is 70x50 feet. 
A space 46x21 feet in front of the main assembly hall, between the two committee 
rooms, is used as a court-yard. From this court-yard the main assembly room is en- 
tered through a large stone arch, above which on the exterior is an elaborately carved 








SOUTH DAKOTA BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



501 



panel containing the coat-of-arms of North Dakota. The main feature of the in- 
terior is the assembly hall, which includes a space 24x56 feet. The room is spanned 
by four broad arched beams between each of which is a wide window reaching from 
near the floor to the roof. At either end of the room is a broad fire-place. Com- 
mittee and toilet rooms are provided throughout the building. The structure is two 
stories high, and on the exterior the walls of the main gable ends are built of brick. 
The remainder of the walls are of timber, filled in between with plaster panels. 
North Dakota pays great attention to the exhibit of her principal product, wheat, 
but also making a good showing in several other departments. The educational 
advantages of the State are fully presented, and her exhibit is among the best. 

The South Dakota State building has a ground area of 70x126 feet, and is 
two stories high and cost $15,000. The structure is frame, the exterior being 

covered with Yankton cement, in 
imitation of stone work. The 
roof is corrugated iron and the cor- 
nice and brackets are pressed zinc. 
The main entrance is on the east, 
along which front extends a wide 
porch with heavy columns support- 
ing a balcony from the second 
story. On the left of the main 
entrance is a women's parlor, on 
the right a men's reception room. 
In the main body of the building is 
the exhibition hall, 44x58 feet. Six 
feet above the main floor is an 
entresol, having committee rooms 
for the boards of commissioners. 
In the northwest corner of the main floor is a room for press correspondents. The 
rotunda in the center of the building extends through to the roof and is covered 
with a skylight. The second floor is devoted to rooms for the women's exhibit 
and special State exhibits. 

Among the great interior states is the Territory of Utah, which has a building 
that cost S 10,000 to erect. It is two stories high, and has an area of 46x82 feet. In 
style the facade is modern renaissance. The foundation, columns, pilasters, cornice 
and other ornamental parts are made in imitation of the different kinds of stone in 
Utah. The walls are lined off in imitation of adobes. On the first floor is an ex- 
hibit hall, 41x45 feet, open to the roof and covered with a skylight. In the rear of 
this hall is a circular bay, and in this is the main stairway. This building has chaste 
and simple outlines, and is an ornament to the grounds, standing as it does among 
the other state edifices, and lending its handsome exterior to the group. It is a 
worthy illustration of the taste of the people of that territory, and will attract the 
visitor by its novelty. Its interior is planned with a special view to the comfort of 
those who make it their headquarters. The two stories are laid out in nearly the 




UTAH BUILDING. 



502 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



same fashion, comprising on the first floor several rooms for the use of the commis- 
sioners. A reception room is placed here, as also the secretary's office, and women's 
parlor. The second floor is similar in arrangement to the first, there being an ex- 
hibition room, 41x45 feet, and various office rooms. 




SERVING COFFEE IN THE KIOSK OF THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT BUILDING 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



503 



CHAPTER X. 



A PEEP AT THE PACIFIC SLOPE. 



California's Reproduction of Some of its Old Mission Churches — A Unique Blending of San Antonio of 
Padua, San Juan, Capistrano, San Diego and Santa Barbara — 100,000 Square Feet of Space 
Occupied by 266 Exhibitors from the Golden State — Great Columns and Pyramids of Fruits — 
Pavilion of Redwood and Laurel — Samples of Gold, Silver, Copper, Tin, Quicksilver, Iron, Coal 
Borax and Many Other Minerals — Orange, Lemon, Pomegranate, Fig, Lime and Apricot Trees 
In Bearing — Towers of Walnuts and Almonds— Masses of Dried, Preserved and Crystalized 
Fruits — A Live Palm Tree From San Diego County 127 Years Old, 50 Feet in Height, and 
Weighing 47,000 Pounds — Beautiful Display of Spanish Silk and Silver Work — The State of 
Washington— A Wonderful Exhibit — Woods, Metals, Cereals, and Fruits in Amazing Abund- 
ance — A Great Display of Taxidermy — The Biggest Flagstaff in the World. 

ALIFORNIA, glorious state of the Golden Gate, Yosemite, and 
semi-tropical climate, has given to Jackson Park the second 
largest state building in its combination of old Spanish mission 
architecture. It is situated on the west side of the grounds, 
north of the Woman's building, and just at the entrance, and 
is, perhaps, more picturesque than any, save the Fisheries. 
'JLi* ^BF^^JL It is 144x500 feet; the main cornice line is fifty feet from the 

wik %Kp(jP# ground, while the top of the central dome is some eighty feet. 
The exterior is of plain plaster, artificially seamed and cracked, 
giving it the appearance of the old mission buildings, while 
recessed entrances give the walls that appearance of depth 
and solidity characteristic of those old structures. The south 
front of the building is formed of an Ionic colonnade with three 
arched openings, which with the south towers, is reproduced from Mission Santa 
Barbara. The northwest belfry is taken from Mission San Luis Rey, and the east 
towers and the towers around the dome from Carmel Mission. The entire east 
front of the building is a reproduction of Mission San Antonio of Padua and the 
north front, of Mission San Juan Capistrano. Some of these have old Spanish 
bells brought over by the Franciscan friars, .more than a hundred years ago. The 
roof is finished with red earthenware tiles, while surrounding the central dome is a 
roof garden of tropical vines, plants and palms. Two elevators run up to the garden ; 
these elevators are placed as exhibits, being a California product; the power being 
a combination of steam and water. 

This building is not of the clubhouse character of most of the other state 
buildino-s. The entire first floor is open, and is devoted to California state displays, 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 5 o 5 

principally of fruits and canned goods. There are three fountains on the ground 
floor, one in the center, and one on either end. The central hall is surrounded by 
a wide gallery, and on the gallery floor in the north end of the building is the ban- 
quet hall, a kitchen and an assembly room. In the south end are four servant's rooms, 
and there is a cafe on the roof. In the north end of the gallery there is also a 
council chamber. On the east side are the offices of the commissioners and their 
secretaries. The whole of the interior is devoted to California products, most of 
them exhibited by individuals. The' 100,000 square feet of space is occupied by 266 
individual exhibitors. Southern California takes the south half of the building and 
the northern section the north half. A great many exhibits are made by counties. 
San Mateo county has erected a pavilion built of redwood. It is circular in form with 
large Corinthian pillars, the roof of which is covered with brilliant-colored pebbles. 
In it are shown the wines and grapes and other products of this particular county. 
In the center of the building is a huge relief map of San Francisco. It is twenty- 
five feet in diameter and four feet high, showing the topography of the site and the 
architecture of the city from the seal rocks at the Cliff house, and from the Golden 
Gate to the hills of Alameda. So complete is the model that each visitor from San 
Francisco can pick out his home. Of all the states, California is the only one 
where the celebrated pampas grass thrives, and as this is something of a curiosity, 
there has been erected a pampas palace by Mrs. Harriet Strong, of Los Angeles 
county at an expense of $4,500. It is Moorish or Arabic in design, and is made 
entirely of the plumes and stalks. 

Another remarkable exhibit is the obelisk of sweet oil made by Mr. Lloyd, of 
Santa Barbara county. 

Visitors from Boston have a chance to gaze on and admire a bean pagoda 
forty feet high. California raises more beans than any other state in the Union. 

In the rotunda of the building is a palace of plenty. It is erected by the six 
southern counties of the state. They are all semi-tropical in nature and contribute 
rare plants and ferns for the palace. It is covered with flowers and made entirely 
of products from the southern sections. In it are shown the various fruits grown in 
the South, and just beside it, stands a tower made of walnuts. Fresno county is 
represented by a pyramid of raisin and wine exhibits. A model of the great irri- 
gation system that has reclaimed the desert is shown in the center. Obelisk ex- 
hibits of olive oil, pyramids of marmalade, towers of dried fruit and many other 
things are shown in abundance. 

Just under the big dome stands a palm tree, 127 years old. The tree is fifty 
feet high, and has been one of the attractions for tourists as they drove up the bay 
of San Diego to the ruins of the old mission, which is up San Diego river, several 
miles from the bay. The removal of the huge plant was something of a problem. 
A box was sunk around its roots in an excavation made for the purpose, and the 
tree thus inclosed was lifted by a derrick with the heart about the roots bound to 
the tree by the protecting box. 

California women occupy three large rooms decorated by their women 
artists. The scheme of interior decoration for the rooms is an illustration of the 



506 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

wonderful wild flowers that cover the mesas and valleys of the golden state. 
Travelers in the region about San Diego, Los Angeles and Santa Barbara are im- 
pressed by the unusual beauty of the state flower — the garden poppy, or, as it is 
called there, the eschscholtzia. In every valley and on the mesas where there is 
suitable soil and moisture it grows in bewildering profusion, sometimes so abundant 
as to predominate the landscape with its rich hues of gold and orange. This is 
used altogether in the decoration of the main room in the gallery. The 
center of the ceiling contains an allegorical panel, the picture of a youiig girl 
scattering poppies. Below the central panel, encircling the sloping sides of the 
ceiling, are wreaths of wild flowers, the poppy conspicuous among them. In the 
center of each wreath is the name of a county of the state. Great credit is due 
Frank Wiggins for what he has done for Southern California, and also to the great 
lemon producer, Mr. Garcelon, of Riverside. 

On opposite sides of the room are two white woven grilles carrying out the 
general design in conventional form. Between the poppy-room and the one next 
to it, which contains the wild-flower collection of the state, are portieres of sixteenth 
century cloth, bordered with poppies and gold fringe. Women throughout the 
state have joined in the effort to make their apartments at the Exposition a striking 
feature of the state's display. Monterey has sent portieres of yellow silk, emblaz- 
oned with eschscholtzias in Spanish drawn work, valued at $500. The jewelers and 
other firms of San Francisco have had special silverware, furniture, lamps and wood 
carvings made with the same flower as the principal designs. A white and gold 
carpet to complete the furnishing, and the effect of the assembled decorations is 
extraordinarily rich. 

The visitor will be struck by the splendid exhibits of Los Angeles, Orange, 
San Diego, Ventura and San Bernardino counties, which have been particularly 
mentioned, and the exhibit made by Frank Kimball. 

Oregon and Nevada have no state buildings, although the latter spent $10,000 
in the Mines and Mining building, and the former makes one of the finest of all 
the pomological displays to be seen in the Horticultural building, although the 
state made no appropriation. 

The newly made State of Washington decided to erect a building entirely 
unlike anything else at Jackson Park. With its quaint towers it reminds one some- 
what of a Holland residence and wind-mill. The first floor, to a height of eight 
feet, is of rough hewn Puget Sound logs, and from this height, for twenty-two feet 
more, upright timbers form the superstructure. It is further distinguished by a 
tall flag-pole, which raises its lofty crown, sentinel like, 208 feet from the mound. 
In architectural design it is sui generis, but it is likewise picturesque. Briefly de- 
scribed the building is composed of a main structure, flanked on either side by two 
wings, and for sole exterior adornments has just four towers, each 96 feet high, at 
the east and west fronts of the main building. The building, with the two wings, 
covers a space 204 feet frontage by 126 feet deep. The wings are connected by 
passages. The main entrance is an important decorative feature, of grinite mar- 
ble and ore from the State, forming a broad vestibule built of native stone, 23 feet 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



507 



high and 18x21 feet in area. All of this stone was donated to the commissioners, 
and came from the Chuckanutt, Tanino and Pittsburg quarries. 

The interior arrangement is as roomy as it is elaborately finished. The 
entire space of the main building is a grand hall, 70x126 feet. At each end, east 

and west, is a balcony. The east 
space is fitted up for the commission- 
ers' rooms, and elaborately decorated 
and frescoed. The interior roof ar- 
rangement is suggestive of church 
ceilings. Immense Swiss trusses ex- 
tend clear through the seventy feet 
of space. Roman arches span the 
aisles and passage-ways leading to the 
wings on either side. The ceiling 
here shows also the beams in the 
rough, and the space between has 
been arranged as panels, with fres- 
coes painted by Washington artists; 
each panel reproduces a landscape of 
Washington. The interior arrange- 
Throughout the entire building Wash- 
For this purpose lofty shelves and cases 
are erected against the walls and in the center of thehalls. In the very center of the 
main hall a minature Washington farm is exhibited. The west end is devoted to 
fisheries and taxidermy. In this latter branch every wild beast found in the Wash- 
ington forests and on its mountains is shown true to life. These include elk, moose, 
bears, mountain lions, cayotes, foxes, deer, mountain sheep, and others of the 
smaller animals. In the passageways the horticultural and agricultural products 
of the State are carefully displayed as well as at the east end. The right wing is 
given up wholly to the woman's exhibit, and the left wing to forestry, botany, min- 
erals, coal, stone and iron. The building and exhibit is estimated to have cost 
about $100,000. 




WASHINGTON BUILDING. 



ments of the wings are exactly the same, 
ington's natural products are displayed. 




COMMISSIONERS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 



1. Sir Henry Wood, 

Great Britain. 
1. H. E. Imperial Chamberlain 

P. DE GlOUKHOVSKOY, 

Russia. 
1. H. E. Senor don Enrique Dupuy 
de Lome, 

Spain. 
10. Chb. Ratn, 

Xoriaay. 
13. Hon. J. J. Geinlbjton, 

Cevlan. 



2. Hon. Adolph Wermuth, 

Germany. 
5. Ibrahim Haeky Bey, 

Turkey. 
8. Hon. S. Tegima, 

Japan. 
11, Arthur Leffler, 

Sweden. 
14. J. J. Quelch, 

Vritish Guiana. 



3. Astere Vercruysse, 

Belgium. 
6. H. E. Marshal Jose Sisieao de 
Oliveria, 

Brazil. 
9. Hon. Anton von Palitschek- 
Palmforst, 

Austria. 
12. Hon. Dr. Arthur Renwick, 

New South Wales. 
15. Hon. Fredeeioe Douglas, 

Hanti. 



PART X. 



AMONG THE FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 



CHAPTER I. 



The German Building — A Combination of Numerous Styles of Architecture — Nearly a Quarter of a 
Million Expended — A Home of Many Gables, Balconies and Towers — Reproduction of a Rural 
Chapel — Collection of Bismarck Souvenirs — Historical Documents and Copies of Treaties — 
Tapestry, Furniture, Bronze, Statuary and Paintings from German Factories and Studios — Some 
Beautiful Work in Carved Oak — Handsome Carpets and Rugs — The Pavilion of the Norwegians — 
A Type of Architecture which Originated Eight Hundred Years Ago — Timbers from Christiana — 
The Swedish Building — Modern Brick and Terra Cotta from Prominent Manufacturers of 
Sweden — The " Venice of the North " — Many of the Products of Sweden Represented— Exquisite 
Embroideries and Needle Work — Panorama of Swedish Landscape. 

ESIDES being the largest of all foreign buildings, the German 
Government building is the most substantial and much the 
handsomest on the lake shore. Next to the Spanish build- 
ing and near the British, its variegated roof, airy bell tower, 
minarets, pinnacles and solid brick walls contrasting strangely 
with its neighbors, it is yet the richest, largest and most pre- 
tentious building in the group. Occupying a frontage of 150 
feet and a depth of 175 its main height is 78 feet, while the 
overtopping tower is 150 feet from the ground. The building 
is a combination of several styles of architecture, being a 
transition from the renaissance to the Columbian period, 
embodying in the whole a composite of the Gothic, Nurem- 
berg and German school of to-day. The outer walls are deco- 
rated after the manner of the old German houses with the imperial eagles and 
allegorical figures. At three different corners of the structure are three lesser 
towers, in which are hung three bells which were presented to the commission by 
the ten-year-old Crown Prince of Germany. After the Exposition these bells are 
to be sent back to Europe, and placed in a church which is to be erected as a 
memorial to the old Emperor William, and called the Church of Peace. The 
rather steep roof is covered with shining glazed tiles. The roof corners, water 
spouts, etc., down to the large lantern in front of the tower, are of shining brass or 
mellow-hued bronze. The center is in the form of a chapel, rich in decorations. 
Bay windows, projecting balconies, turrets, etc., lend the structure a most pict- 
uresque appearance, one closely resembling that of an old German "Rathhaus" or 

60a 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



5" 



city hall, such as may be seen even at this day in Nuremberg or some other ancient 
town. The massive walls are decorated and frescoed in South German style. 

Over the main entrance, in Gothic lettering, the following characteristic Ger- 
man moLto in ancient rhyme appears: 

Nahrhaft und wehrhaft, 

Voll Korn and voll Wein, 

Voll Kraft und Eisen. 

Klangreich, gedankenreich. 
. Ich will dich preisen, Vaterland mein. 
Which in English would be: 

Fruitful and powerful, 

And full of grain and wine, 

Full of strength and iron, 

Tuneful and thoughtful, 

I will praise thee, Fatherland mine. 

But the interior is even more impressive and finer than the exterior. After 
passing through the magnificently decorated rotunda, a second hall is reached. 
This, in fact, is a separate wing, some forty feet high and divided by an arched 
passage of considerable width and height. This inner wing, with the exceptions 
noted, extends over the entire space in the building, covering an area of about 2,000 
square feet. The pillars everywhere are heavy, short and solid throughout, and 
the arches are semicircular, the style being early German renaissance. Balconies 
rise in tiers on all four sides of this vast interior space, and heavy timber and cast- 
ings used in their construction being richly painted and decorated. Subdued color 
effects, such as dull reds and blues and yellows, are every where visible, and the 
niches and corners show poetic paintings made by Max Seliger, a talented artist 
sent by the German government. 

The chapel is a reproduction of a private chapel in one of the German castles- 
It is on the west side of the building, the nave being a large bow-window of stained 
glass. It is eighteen feet wide by thirty feet long and around the sides are placed 
images carved in wood and stone illustrative of church decorations. The walls are 
painted a subdued tint and many texts are illuminated and placed around. Here 
a large collective exhibit is placed, some fifty firms in Munich, Berlin, Heidelberg, 
Crefeld, Carlsruhe, Aix-la-Chapelle, Cologne, Wuerzburg, etc., being represented 
in it. Appropriately enough this exhibit is one of modern church art — or rather art 
applied to churches. Some very fine stained and painted windows and oriels; 
magnificent church vestments of silks, velvets, linens, brocades, etc., embroidered 
or embossed; costly and artistic vessels for sacred use, fashioned of gold or silver; 
handsomely illuminated missals and prayer books and Bibles; and, lastly, plastic 
church art, such as statues and statuettes of saints, etc., crucifixes, etc., all form 
part of this highly interesting exhibit. On the altar is placed the silver communion 
service. It is very massive and hand carved. This service is destined for the same 
church as the bells donated by the young crown prince. 



512 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



The German publishers have arranged a comprehensive general exhibit of 
their wares — the art of printing being above all well illustrated by a large assort" 
ment of magnificently bound volumes of every kind — rare scientific works especially" 
But in cartography, lithography, photography, chromography, engraving, etc., and 
all their cognate branches, the art is thoroughly represented in thousands of beauti" 
ful specimens. And this fine collection— which ultimately is destined to enrich some 
American institution, perhaps a public library or a university — is placed on the 
upper galleries or balconies of the building, arranged so as to easily afford instruc- 
tion and an intelligent ap- 
j preciation of its treasures. 

A reading room for the 
public is also provided, in 
which students may in- 
dulge the privilege of 
feasting their minds on 
some particular tome that 
has engrossed their fancy. 
Adjoining the library is a 
large room decorated in 
imitation of an old castle 
hall. It is used as ar. ex- 
hibit room for the pres- 
ents which have been 
given to the different 
members of the royal 
house. The collection of 
Bismarck souvenirs is 
very large. It consists of 
addresses paid him by dif- 
ferent localities, many ar- 
tistic silver and gold cases 
holding the freedom of 
various cities, a drinking 
cup from the residents of 
Frankfort and the spurs he had when at the head of the German army. The 
Von Moltke heirs have also sent many relics of the stern old warrior, includ- 
ing his baton, decorations and various addresses. The exhibits made by the royal 
house are much the same in character, embracing many historical documents and 
copies of treaties which have figured prominently in changing the geography of 
Europe. 

The front part of the building is devoted to offices and Commissioner 
Wermuth's reception room, which is quite as artistic as any in the palaces of his 
king. It is twenty feet square, with three broad plate glass windows looking out on 
Lake Michigan and the broad shore promenade. The ceiling is covered with 




NORWEGIAN BUILDING. 




.,.;■.., M I. 



5 i4 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

carved oak made in two-feet squares, and from each corner of each square depends 
an ornament which is gilded to relieve the dark color of the wood. 

In the center is a painting representing a sunrise which was done in Germany 
for thisspecialroombya member of the Royal Academy, who denoted it on the con- 
dition that the painter's name should be kept a secret. Around the walls runs a 
wainscoting of carved oak, seven feet high. It is surmounted by a hand-carved 
panel, with figures representing the history of the empire. From the wainscoting 
to the ceiling the walls are frescoed in floral designs in bright colors, which offset 
the dark color of the oak. On the north side of the room is a porcelain fireplace 
which runs to the ceiling. The color is dark blue, and over the grate is a single tile 
four feet long by one broad, representing a wedding party in winter in the olden 
times. 

The furnishing of the room is old style. The carpet is made in keeping with 
the woodwork by one of the famous German factories, and the upholstered furni- 
ture is of the style now long out of vogue. Scattered about are several desks made 
to correspond with the same period as the furniture. 

Between the windows is a gilt hall clock, ten feet high. It is one of the most 
artistic bits of furnishing in the room. Four feet above the base rams' heads are 
set in each corner, and from that point to the top, the design is after one of the 
spires of the Strasburg cathedral. The dial is unique, in that each of the 
numerals is painted on an oval piece of ivory cut in a triangular shape, the point at 
the center. 

Right here it may be mentioned that a portion of the material used in the 
construction and in the inner decoration of the German building itself has been fur- 
nished by German firms for purposes of exhibition. Thus, the tiles on the roof — 
quite new of their kind in this country — of which there were used fifteen car loads 
alone, are an exhibit in themselves. So are the beautiful windows, the antique 
furniture and the ornate wooden ceilings in the reception-room of the commissioner 
and in the anti-chamber. So, too, are the handsome carpets and rugs that are 
spread on every floor and staircase in the huge structure — all contributed by large 
manufacturers in Wurzen, Saxony, in Schmiedeberg and Dueren, Prussia. 

The top floor is cut up into a score of small rooms of all sorts of shapes by the 
many gabled roof. They are all utilized though as living rooms by members of the 
commissioner's staff, royal guards care takers and others whose constant presence 
is required about the building. 

Costly as is the building — $150,000 — it is by no means out of proportion to the 
appropriation, as the German Government has furnished the munificent sum of 
$750,000 for her display at the Columbian Exposition. 

The land of the fiord and the Norsemen erected a curious structure, dis- 
tinctly Norwegian in its idiosyncrasies. The pavilion is what is known as the Stav- 
kirke style and is copied after the church houses they have been building in that 
country ever since the twelfth century. 

There is a high lower story and a low upper story ana, over all, a high 
gabled roof picturesquely irregular in design. A fine flagstaff tops the whole. But 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 515 

what most gives a Norse aspect to this little building, which is but 26x40 feet in 
size', are the decorative figures projecting over the gables, heavy beams that curve 
upward and which are graven in grotesque shapes like the heads of dragons or 
serpents. These resemble more than anything else, the ancient prows of battle 
ships. 

That is exactly what they are intended to be like. When the "Stav-kirke" 
type of architecture was originated, the Norse were the boldest navigators in the 
world. Their high penned galleys, with hideous figure-heads, ventured where 
none others dared to go. Those were the days of the vikings. So the Norsemen, 
being more at home in ships than in houses, patterned their houses after their ships. 
In effect the edifice portrays a quaint old church, a maze of gables, on which decora- 
tive figures represent the defiant ornamentations of the bows of viking ships. The 
whole composition is most romantic in its conception. The material used in the 
Norwegian pine wood, and the cost in the neighborhood of $10,000. 

The timbers were all prepared at Christiana and brought to Chicago in framed 
cases. The building is chiefly used for the offices of the commissioners and as a 
rendezvous for Norwegian folks. All of the exhibits are in the main buildings and 
if it had not been that they were stirred up by all this Columbus hubbub to the re- 
membrance that America was discovered by their own Leif Ericksen more than 800 
years ago, they would probably have had no headquarters at the Fair at all. 

The Swedish Government building is located to the northeast of the 
Fisheries not far from the Brizilian structure and between the lake and the lagoon. 
The space alloted to Sweden was triangular in shape and the building was made to 
conform to the space in order to utilize it to the utmost. A hexagon was inscribed 
at the center of the space and there the main hall was located. 

The design of the building is partly the product of the architect's personal 
taste and fancy, but in working out the drawings he has to a great extent allowed 
himself to be guided by the style of Swedish churches and gentlemen's houses of the 
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. As far as possible the characteristics of old 
Swedish architecture have been retained. 

The building was constructed in Sweden, where it was temporarily put to- 
gether. Afterwards it was taken apart and brought to Chicago, making twenty-one 
carloads of material. It cost $40,000 of the $100,000 appropriated by the Govern- 
ment. In the three corners are rooms of considerable size. Galleries run around 
the building. The main hall is sixty-five feet across, and the pitch of the cupola, 
which rises above it, is seventy feet, and above the cupola is the spire. The Swedish 
flag flies from the flagstaff above the spire, 150 feet from the ground. The entire 
area of the floor is 11,000 square feet. The lower part of the front wall of the 
building forms an exhibit of its own, consisting of modern brick, terra-cotta, and 
cement work from the most prominent manufacturers of Sweden. Exhibits of steel, 
iron, clay ; cement, wood pulp, porcelain and wick are shown in the building also. 
The remainder of the building is entirely of wood, all the work being done by the 
Eskelstuna Iraforadlingsaktiebolag in Sweden. Following the old Swedish fashion, 

33 



516 , HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

the whole of the roof and the walls are covered with shingles. The outside of the 
woodwork is impregnated with a preserving liquid to prevent decay. 

The inside of the pavilion is painted in light colors and richly decorated 
with bunting, coat-of-arms and crests. A fine exhibit of the world-famed Swedish 
iron ore is made. A display of the manufactured products of iron, china goods, 
and glass products are well represented in the pavilion. There is also a liberal 
space for gold and silverware and wood pulp products. A further attraction is the 
excellent representation of a genuine Swedish home with beautiful suites of fur- 
niture and highly artistic drapery. 

Exactly opposite the main entrance of the building is a large picture of the 
capital of Sweden, "The Venice of the North," with its famous royal castle. Wax 
figures stand in front of this picture dressed in the picturesque garb of the Swedes, 
and to one side is a panorama of Swedish landscapes, while the other side is oc- 
cupied by a Swedish peasant's cottage. 

The outdoor sports-exhibits are skates, snowshoes, sleighs, canoes and yachts. 
A carefully executed bust of Gustavus Adolphus II. has also been placed in this room. 
In the galleries are gathered exhibits illustrative of the school system, which are 
admittedly of the first rank. Embroideries and needle work displays attract lady 
visitors, who also have seen the Swedish women's work in the Woman's building 
under the patronage of Her Majesty the Queen of Sweden and Norway. 

The Swedish cafe people have brought with them a pleasant old-world cus- 
tom of setting tables for their guests around under the trees on the green turf, 
where the cool winds of heaven may fan their fevered brows and frappe their soup 
before the waiter gets around with a spoon to eat it with — for of all leisurely 
creatures under the sun the Swedish waiter takes the lead. A couple sat down at 
one of these out-of-door tables one day, and after due deliberation a waiter ap- 
peared and took their order; then he disappeared. Just as the two were giving up 
all hope he came back with part of the order and set it down. After an inter- 
minable wait his nature prompted him to bring bread. The knives and forks ap- 
peared next, the order of procession impressing his charges with the idea that eat- 
ing a Swedish meal was like reading Hebrew, and it was necessary to begin at the 
end and work forward. When everything was on the table, and in response to re- 
peated tearful entreaties he had even brought beer, he made another disappear- 
ance that threatened to be final. The couple finished their meal, chatted pleasantly 
for awhile, had a quarrel and made it up, talked in a desultory fashion about the 
Fair and the weather, and looked for the waiter high and low. Finally the man 
caught another waiter and tried to send him after the first. After the man had 
minutely explained what he wanted the waiter said he didn't speak English. Then 
the woman came to the rescue. "Let's just get up and walk off, then they'll chase us, 
and you can pay," she suggested. "All right," said tne man, who was becoming 
desperate. They walked off a few hundred feet and not a soul moved. Then the 
man came back, and as he was returning caught sight of his waiter around a corner 
of the cafe. "Ah," said the waiter with a beaming smile, after the man had in- 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



5'7 



formed him in a vindictive manner that he wished to pay his bill. "Ah, I thought 
you had gone; I thought you would come back to-morrow, eh?" "Well you've 
got a heap of confidence in human nature," said the man as he fished around his 
pockets for an extra dime. "I want to give you that," he said, "and I want to im- 
press it on your mind what it's for; it's for your inattention." 




LEARNING— BY IDA J. BURGESS. 
Decoration of Reception Room of Illinois Building 




VICTORIA HOUSE. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



5*9 



CHAPTER II. 



GREAT BRITAIN'S VICTORIA HOUSE. 

The More You See It the More You Like It— A Majestic but Not Gaudy Interior— Double Sweeps ot 
Staircase— A Fine but Subdued Collection of Furniture— Carved Oak that Reminds One of the 
Times of Good Queen Bess— Associations that are Halos— The East Indian Building— Tantalizing 
Shawls and Carpets— Brocades from Madras and Benares— A Great Collection of Tapestries and 
Embroideries. 

REAT BRITAIN has put $125,000 into an insignificant-look- 
ing structure, which is located on a little peninsula quite 
isolated from the other "courts." The big guns of Uncle 
Sam's war ship point directly towards John Bull's bandbox- 
yet the Englishmen seem content with their headquarters, 
The building is called Victoria House, and at a distance looks 
inferior to the other foreign buildings. But as soon as one 
enters and inspects it he finds that it is quite English in its 
quiet but splendid elegance and comfort. From the outside 
one would wonder where all those golden guineas were put; 
and so he might from the inside, if he were a superficial 
observer. But a careful inspection will easily account for the 
expenditure of that liberal sum. Victoria House is said to be 
a good sample of an ordinary half-timber country house in England of the 
Elizabethan period. The entire interior, including woodwork, ceilings, wall-paper, 
and carpets, was brought from England, and its different parts are copied after a 
number of famous English country seats. The hall and staircase are from Haddon 
Hall, the residence of Lord Hardwicke, in Cheshire; the ceilings are from Queen 
Elizabeth's palace at Plas Mawe, in Wales; the reception-room is from Crewe Hall, 
in Staffordshire; the library is from Eton Hail, near Chester; and the dining-room 
is from Campden House, Kensington, the residence of the Duke of Argyll. It 
would be useless to describe its grand fireplace and its $2,500 sideboard, for these 
and all of its superb appointments must be seen to be appreciated. 

Probably never was so perfect a collection of furniture inclosed within 
four walls as forms the embellishment of Victoria House. Histories and associa- 
tions float around the carvings like a halo. In almost every case the furniture is a 
a reproduction of the contents of a mansion with a tale to tell. The gargoylelike 
heads that peer from the corners of tables, the friezes of carved oak leaf, the quaint, 
fantastic figures with their wooden smiles and frowns recall each and all a bygone 
time before men were too busy to find comfort in the art of their everyday life. 




520 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



The grand hall, with its double sweep of staircase, has almost reached its 
maturity. Three centuries ago good Queen Bess, with her courtiers choked in their 
ruffs and her dames in the stern discomfort of the Elizabethan corset, swept up just 
such a staircase as that at Plas Mawe in north Wales. All around are chairs and 
tables with a pedigree. In the center of the hall is a table to be venerated, for 
Queen Victoria possesses just such an article of furniture in her castle of Windsor. 
Her majesty, like one of her predecessors on the throne, has a penchant for round 
tables. By a novel device the table is as expansive as a piece of chewing-gum. 
Her majesty can entertain a few relatives at her traditional mutton and rice 
pudding, or she can preside over a court banquet at the same table. And still it 
will retain its sociable rotundity. 

Everywhere through the building the monogram V. R. indicates the rever- 
ence shown the monarch. Wherever Queen Bess is not recognized in the pattern 
of the chairs, Queen Vic- 
toria's monogram is writ- 
ten large. On either side 
of the hall V. R. is set 
upon the two big fend- 
ers. The mantels are 
of dark oak elaborately 
carved. Victoria House 
is designed mainly for the 
headquarters of Sir 
Henry Trueman Wood, 
the Secretary of the Royal 
British Commission, and 
Edmund H. Lloyd, its 
Assistant Secretary and 
General Superintendent. 

But, incidentally, it dispenses hospitality to distinguished subjects of Queen Vic- 
toria who visit the Exposition, though Mr. Lloyd is authority for the statement 
that no dignitaries are expected. 

The East Indian building is situated just north of the Fisheries building, 
near Sweden's brick-front building and the Haytian exhibit. While it is called the 
Indian Court, it was really erected through the public spirit of a few wealthy tea 
merchants of Calcutta, who were unwilling to see Hindoostan unrepresented this 
way. It is a one story pavilion of staff, of generous dimensions, and in the character- 
istic East Indian style of architecture, and is easily recognized by the gold-canopied 
entrance and its quaint beauty. It will be observed that the buildings of Great 
Britain and her colonies are appropriately placed near to and in line with one an- 
other. The building is literally packed with beautiful exhibits, and every foot of 
available space holds something rare and interesting. It is also claimed that every 
exhibit there was made by hand. The exquisite wood and ivory carvings and ar- 
tistic repousse brass and copper ware show in themseves that no machine had ever 




EAST INDIA BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 521 

touched thern, but it is difficult to believe that the heavy carpets, woven in the most 
intricate designs, are from hand looms instead of Jacquards. An astonishing vari- 
ety of fabrics are shown in silk and cottons, as well as mixed silk and cotton, both 
printed and embroidered. Wax-printed cloths of Peshawur and Delsa, and tinsel 
and glass decorated stuffs of Poona and Satara, are exhibited for the first time in 
this country. The wax-printed cloths are made by applying a mixture of melted 
lac and beeswax with a wooden stick. The designing is done free-hand, and after 
the mixture has been applied, finely powdered mica is sifted over the design and 
left to dry. 

Many Cashmir shawls which are not embroidered, but made on the loom, are 
piled in cases with silk sarees from Surat and Madras, with silk and brocade edg- 
ings, worn by Hindoo women of the upper classes as dresses. Phulkaries or silk 
embroideries made in the Punjab and on the Hazara frontier, Rampore chodders 
or ring shawls, so fine and soft that one measuring two yards wide can be passed 
through an ordinary finger ring, and brocades or kinkabs are other fabrics which 
are heaped up as though they were job lots in a country store instead of the costly 
productions of artists. 

On the floor is a breech loading cannon which is 400 years old, and there is 
leaning against the wall a matchlock fifteen feet long, made a couple of centuries 
ago. Beside the general exhibits there are native state exhibits made at the per- 
sonal request of the nizamof Hyderabad, the maharajah of Mysore, the maharajah 
of Jeypore, the maharajah of Patiola, the maharajah of Kapurthala, the maharajah 
of Karauli, the rajah of Jhina, the maharajah of Travancore, the Sawantwadi chief 
and the rao of Kutch. It is not used as the headquarters of government officials, 
but rather as an exhibit of teas and a sort of tea exchange. 

The whole floor is filled with dainty little tea tables, with two or three chairs 
around each. There any one who has a tired feeling can sit down and order a 
cup of tea, with cream and loaf sugar to boot, without a cent to pay as has been 
mentioned heretofore. 

These tea men themselves are an attraction, as they are natives of India, of 
the servant or lowest caste, and are. dressed in brilliant scarlet robes, with gold em- 
broidery. Still more interesting, however, are the bazaar assistants, who occupy 
the upper floor of the building with a most wonderful exhibit of the art manufac- 
tures of India. Beginning at the bottom, socially, one of these is a Hindoostanee, 
of the servant class, who is a convert to Christianity and bears the Christian name 
of Sam. One of them is a Mohammedan from Bombay. Then there is a hand- 
some fellow, of the writing caste, from Benares, the Rome of India, whose name is 
Rameshwar Dial. 

Coming higher up there is a rajpoot of the warrior caste from Rajpootana, 
who is wrapped from head to foot in variegated silks, and nurses all the while an 
old rifle, ten feet long, that would probably burst the first time it was fired. Then 
there are two others of the warrior cast called Kahatrees, from the Punjaub or 
Five Rivers. Finally, there has been brought nothing less than a live Brahmin 



52: 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



and Pundit from Delhi, said to be the only Brahmin that ever came to America. 
His name is Gobindpurshad Shookul. 

The building was dedicated with the peculiar rites of the land of Brahma 
and Buddha, performed by the turbaned natives, who came with silks, rugs, burn- 
ing incense, carved woods and other marvelous things that are crowded in the 
building, and with the hideous Hindoo Gods and grotesque images of minor deities 
leering down upon them, the jovial crowd of Americans who participated in the 
ceremonies experienced a new sensation. 




INDUSTRY— BY PAULINE A. DOHN. 
Reception Room Illinois Building. 



1 



- i 1 

v. 





HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



523 



CHAPTER III. 




PAVILIONS OF FRANCE AND SPAIN. 

The Sword of Lafayette— A Reproduction f the Room in the Palace at Versailles in which Franklin was 
Received— A Large Number of Contributions from the Duke of Veragua— Letters Patent to 
Columbus from Isabella— Commission from the King and Queen— Many Interesting State 
Papers. 



HE pavilion of France, at the north end of Jackson Park, is 
. one of the most interesting of the many foreign buildings in 
the group. It is not so stately nor so pretentious as some of 
its neighbors, but it is never passed by by sightseers. All 
around it are floral beauties placed there in May by one of 
the young republic's most eminent florists — M . Jules Lemoine. 
Upon the opening of the French pavilion, Camille Kranz, the 
Commissioner-General of France, Consul Edmund Bruweart, 
Morris Monthiers, the Assistant Commissioner-General, and 
August Masur, attache, received the guests in the room 
which is used as the museum for souvenirs of the American 
War of Inoependence now owned in France. The room itself is one of the attrac- 
tions of the French pavilion. It is an exact reproduction of the famous salon in 
the palace of Versailles where Louis XVI. received Ben Franklin, the special 
ambassador from the American colonies, and with him signed the treaty which 
secured for the United States the active aid and cooperation of France. Director- 
General Davis, President Higinbotham, the various chiefs of departments, nearly 
all of the foreign commissioners, the W T orld's Fair Directors and National Commis- 
sioners who had remained in the city, members of the Commercial club, and many 
society people of Chicago were included in the guests present. Chief among the 
treasures in the room is the sword presented by the Colonial Congress to Lafayette 
in 1778. It has a hilt of solid gold, beautifully engraved, and a scabbard of the 
same with medallions, each one representing some scene of the Revolutionary War 
in which Lafayette had been engaged. The Damascene blade, which was in the 
sword at the time it was given Lafayette, was ruined by rust while the sword was 
buried during the reign of terror in 1793, and the blade which took its place is made 
from steel taken from the old Bastile, inlaid with gold, a present from the City of 
Paris to Lafayette in recognition of his services during that time. Another sword, 
equally handsome, a present from the City of New York to Lafayette on the occa- 
sion of his visit to the United States in 1824, occupies a place beside the other. 



524 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



Two crystal urns, the first cut glass made in the United States; a large vase, pre- 
sented to Lafayette by the midshipmen of the Kearsarge; two rings, each of which 
contains locks of hair from the heads of Gen. Washington and Martha Washing- 
ton; two pistols left to Lafayette by Washington in his will, epaulets worn by 
Lafayette during the war, and the decoration of the order of Cincinnatus given 
Lafayette by Washington, are among the other interesting objects in the center 
case. There are books, original autograph letters from Washington, Jefferson, 
Madison, John Adams and John Ouincy Adams, and many other articles of price- 
less value. 

The Spanish Building which is modeled after the Casa Lonja of Valencia, 
shows only parts of 
the original building, 
the column hall and 
the tower having 
been reduced in pro- 
portion to three- 
fourths of the origin- 
al, which was erected 
before the date of the 
discovery of America. 
The structure has a 
frontage of 84 feet 6 
inches. There are 
three floors, two of 
which are occupied 
by the Royal Com- 
mission. The space 
is distributed in three 
naves longitudinally 
and five, naves trans- 
versely, correspond- 
ing to eight pillars in 
the center, with 

quarters and halves in the lateral walls and corners, forming in all fifteen vaults. 
The ornaments represent the church, magistracy, military, and the arts; also the 
agricultural, commercial and industrial pursuits of the kingdom. The material is 
wood and staff. 

The Spanish building was formally opened by Eulalia in June. The Duke 
of Veragua contributed the following, most of which may be seen in the Spanish 
Building: 

1. The commission of Columbus. The original commission given to Col- 
umbus by Ferdinand and Isabella upon his departure for the first voyage, dated 
Granada, April 30, 1492, appointing him Grand Admiral of the ocean seas, Vice- 
King and Governor-General of all the lands that he should discover. 




FRENCH BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



525 



2. Rcyal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain granting licenses to 
the persons accompanying Columbus on his first voyage. Dated Grenada, April 
30, 1492. 

3- Royal letters patent from the sovereign of Spain commanding the inhab- 
itants of Palos to furnish Christopher Columbus with two caravels for his first voyage. 
Dated Granada, April 30, 1492. 

4- Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain commanding the inhab. 
itants of Palos to furnish Christopher Columbus everything necessary to equip the 
caravels for his first voyage. Dated Granada, April 30, 1492. 

5. Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain exempting from taxes 
supplies needed for the fleet of Columbus on his first voyage. Dated April 30, 1492- 

6. Royal letters pat- 
ent from the sovereigns 
of Spain ordering that 
Christopher Columbus 
may take without 
charge anythingneeded 
for his first voyage. 
Dated May 15, 1492. 

7. Royal letters pat- 
ent from the sovereigns 
of Spain granting 
power to Christopher 
Columbus to seal and 
deliver stores of provis- 
ions in their names. 
Dated May 15, 1492. 

8. Royal letters pat- 
ent from the sovereigns 
of Spain commanding 
that Christopher Col- 
umbus be allowed to pass freely through ports, cities, towns and villages. Dated 
Barce ona, May 20, 1492. 

9. Certificate of Roderigo Perez, notary pdblic in theCityof Isabella, Santo 
Domingo, Dec. 16, 1495, concerning the contract made by the sovereigns of Spain 
with Christopher Columbus in the Town of Santa Fe de las Vegas de Granada, 
April 17, 1492. 

10. Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain authorizing 300 persons 
to be taken by Columbus on his second voyage. Dated Burgos, April 23, 1493. 

1 1 . Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain commanding Columbus 
to prepare a fleet for his second vovage. Dated May 23, 1493. 

12. Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain commanding captains 
and masters of vessels to recognize Admiral Christopher Columbus as Captain- 
General, and to obey him in every particular. Dated Barcelona, May 28, 1493. 




to 



SPANISH BUILDING. 



5 26 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

13. Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain authorizing Chris- 
topner Columbus to appoint three persons for the offices of government in the 
lands he should discover. Dated Barcelona, May 28, 1493. 

14. Instructions for his second voyage given to Columbus by Ferdinand and 
Isabella, May 29, 1493. 

15. Original memoranda written by Christopher Columbus to the sovereigns 
of Spain concerning the money required for the compensation and subsistence for 
six months of the 300 people who were to accompany him on his second voyage. 

16. Bull of Pope Alexander VI granting to the sovereigns of Spain all lands 
discovered by Christopher Columbus. Dated at Rome, May 4, 1493. 

17. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Columbus assuring him of the 
peaceful intentions of the King of Portugal. Dated June 12, 1493. 

18. Letter from Queen- Isabella to Columbus recommending Juan Aguado 
to a good position in his fleet. Dated June 30, 1493. 

19. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus recom- 
mending the appointment of Sebastian de Olano as Collector in Indies. Dated 
August 4, 1493. 

20. Letter from the sovereigns to Christopher Columbus urging him to 
hasten his departure to the Indies, Aug 18, 1493. 

21. Letter from Queen Isabella to Columbus inclosing a copy of a book he 
nad left with her, asking him to send her a certain sailing chart, and urging him 
not to delay his departure. Dated Sept. 5, 1493. 

22. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus asking 
his opinion in regard to a certain document which had been prepared in reply to 
the King of Portugal. Dated Barcelona, Sept. 5, 1493. 

23. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus concern- 
ing certain expeditions of the King of Portugal and informing him that the book 
which he had left with them would be forwarded to him by Don Juan de Fonseca, 
June 1, 1493. 

24. Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain directing Christopher 
Columbus to return to the Indies. Dated Modina del Campo, June 22, 1493. 

25. Decree of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella granting to Columbus an 
annuity of 10,000 maradevis, to be paid from the tax upon the butcher shops of 
Cordova during his lifetime. Dated at Valladolid, Nov. 18, 1493. 

26. Books which contain certified copies of royal letters patent from the 
sovereigns of Spain granting to Christopher Columbus all the rights, titles, dignities 
and regalias enjoyed by the Admirals of Castile. Copies of royal letters patent in 
towns established in Santo Domingo. Contracts of Columbus with the sovereigns 
of Spain. 

27. Instructions from the sovereigns of Spain to Columbus concerning his 
second voyage, dated Barcelona, March 30 and September 15, 1493; Medina del 
Campo, April 19, 1494; and Sergovia, Aug. 16, 1494- 

28- Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus acknowl- 
edging with great gratification the receipt of letters by the hands of Antonio de 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 527 

Torres, and requesting him to send Bernal Diaz de Pisa, accountant of the expedi- 
tion, to Spain. Dated Medina del Campo, April 13, 1494. 

29. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus, dated 
Sergovia, August 15, 1494, asking certain information and informing him of an 
agreement with the Kingdom of Portugal. 

30. Decree of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella granting a coat of arms 
to Columbus. Dated June, 1494. 

31. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus congratu- 
lating him upon his return from his second voyage and requesting him to report to 
the court at once. Dated July 12, 1496. 

32. Commission as Adelantado Mayor granted to Christopher Columbus by 
the sovereigns of Spain. Dated at Medina del Campo, July 22, 1497. 

33. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus about 
gold, pearls and other treasure obtained in the Indies. Dated March 30, 1497. 

34. Will of Christopher Columbus conferring the right of succession upon 
his son, Diego. Dated Feb. 22, 1498. 

35. Memorandum submitted by Christopher Columbus to the Council of 
the Indies concerning his arrest and imprisonment, and declaring his innocence of 
the charges made against him. 

36. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus containing 
instructions concerninghis fourth voyage. Dated Valencia de la Torro, March 19, 1502. 

t,j. Letter from Christopher Columbus to his Holiness the Pope of Rome. 
February, 1502. 

38. Letters of Christopher Columbus to his son, Diego, dated Nov. 21, 1504; 
Nov. 28, 1504; Dec, 1504; Dec. 3, 1504; Dec. 13. 1504; Dec. 21, 1504; Dec. 29, 1504; 
Jan. 8, 1505; Feb. 25, 1505; Dec. 5, 1505. Memorial of Christopher Columbus to the 
sovereigns of Spain in behalf of his son Diego. 

39. Letters from Christopher Columbus to the Rev. Father Don Gaspar 
Gorricio de las Cuevas, dated April 4, 1502; Sept. 4, 1505; July 7, 1503; Jan. 4, 1505. 

40. Letter from King Ferdinand V. to Diego Columbus, dated Naples, 
Nov. 26, 1506. 

41. Commission as Adelantado Mayor of the Indies. Granted by the sov- 
ereigns of Spain to Diego Columbus. Dated Valladolid, June 16, 1515. 

42. Authenticated copy of the will of Diego Hernandes, who accompanied 
Christopher Columbus on several voyages. Dated 1536. This will was important evi- 
dence to sustain the claims made by the family of Columbus upon the crown of Spain. 

43. Commission as Admiral of the Indies. Granted to Don Luis, the grand- 
son of Christopher Columbus. Dated May 24, 1536. 

44. Letter from the King of Portugal to Christopher Columbus. Dated 
Avis, May 29, 1488. 

45. Ordinances issued by sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus and 
the Court of Santo Domingo for the clearance of certain materials, 1497. 

All of these documents are either written by Columbus himself or signed 1 -• 
Ferdinand and Isabella. 




COMMISSIONERS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 



1. Prof. Tulks I. Shopoff, 

Bulgaria. 
4. Dr. Francisco Bustamante, 

Venezuela. 
7. Wji, E. Rothery, 

Liberia. 
10. T. Paredes, 

Columbia. 
13. 3. S. Larke. 

Canada. 



2. L. Weixer, 

Cape Colony. 
5. E. Spencer Pratt, 

Persia. 
8. Col. M. N. Arizaga, 

Ecuador. 
ll. Sr. D. Manuel M. de Peralta, 

Costa Eica. 
14. Arnold Hollinger, 

Switzerland. 



> 



3. PnRA. SCRIYA NCVATK, 

Siam, 
0. George Birkoff. 

Netherlands. 
9. Milton O. Higgins, 

Curacao. 
12. Dr.. Emil Hassler, 

Paragv.ay- 
15. Signor V. Zeggio, 
lto'y. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



529 



. .CHAPTER IV. 
CANADA AND NEW SOUTH WALES. 

The Provinces of Ontario and Quebec Handsomely Represented— Native Canadian Shrubbery Abundant— 
Highly Polished Canadian Woods— Various Commercial, Scientific, Agricultural and Educational 
Articles Shown— The Classical Pavilion of New South Wales— A Credit to that Far-Off 
Country. 

TANDING upon a site of nearly 6,000 square feet is the 
Candian Pavilion, only a short distance from the United 
States Battleship, opposite Victoria House. The view 
from the " look-out" on the tower of the pavilion is perfect. 
It extends on one side to where the restless waters of the 
great lake seem to kiss the distant horizon; and on the 
other side takes in the magnificent pier, the architecturally 
beautiful Peristyle and Music Hall, with glimpses of the 
historic Convent of La Rabida, the great Manufactures 
Building, the United States Government Building, the 
Fisheries Building, and many of the fine and expensive 
edifices erected by foreign nations. The pavilion has three 
entrances: a main or front entrance, facing the southeast, and two 
end entrances on the east and west, respectively. The front entrance is through 
the tower, and has three doorways. Opposite this main entrance is the grand 
stairway, beneath and in the rear of which are numerous lavatories. In the entrance 
hall are located the postoffice, the telephone office and an intelligence office. In 
the latter are kept registers giving all possible information to visiting Canadians 
as to lodgings, board, the whereabouts of friends in Chicago, and other information 
that may be useful to Canadian visitors. Off the entrance hall is the reception 
room. Over five hundred Canadian newspapers are on file here. To the left of 
the main entrance are two handsome offices for the Dominion Commission, while 
the other four offices on this floor are occupied by the commissioners from the 
provinces of Ontario and Quebec. 

On the first floor are two more offices for the Dominion Commission, four 
for commissioners from different provinces of Canada, a committee room and a 
large parlor for the use of the whole staff. 

On the second floor are the tower room and the smoking room, and in the 
attic above is the dormitory for the guardian of the pavilion. 

As the sum appropriated for the erection of the pavilion was limited, a plain 
style of architecture had to be adopted. Running around all sides of the building 
is a veranda ten feet wide, with a balcony above of the same width. The balcony 





CANADIAN BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



53i 



is supported by twenty-eight Tuscan columns. The walls at the eaves of the roof 
are finished with a bold dental cornice. The pavilion is covered with a low pitched 
roof, partly hidden by a wall. The tower, as it issues through the roof is circular 
and is divided into twelve panels; beneath these are detached pilasters. The walls 
are finished with a dental cornice, over which is an open balustrade. Over this is 
the "lookout," whence rises the flagpole, from which, from sunset to sunrise, proudly 
floats the Canadian flag. 

The walls and ceilings are finished with native Canadian woods, highly pol- 
ished and showing the natural grain. Each province of Canada has furnished the 
native woods required to finish its individual rooms. Around the pavilion is a neat 
plot of ground covered 
with green turf, dotted 
here and there with 
native Canadian shrub- 
bery and conveniently 
and artistically divided 
with serpentine road- 
ways and walks. This 
building, with its fur- 
nishings and surround- 
ings cost over $30,000. 
Various commercial, 
agricultural, scientific 
and educational articles 
are shown in the several 
departments from the 
provincial governments 
of Ontario, Quebec, 
Ottawa, British Col- 
umbia, Manitoba, Hali- 
fax, New Brunswick, 
Prince Edward Island, 
Northwest Territories. 

The New South Wales Building is classical in design and ornamentation. 
It covers an area of 4,320 square feet, being 60x60 feet in exterior dimensions, with 
a portico 12 feet wide extending across the front. There is a flight of three steps 
leading to this portico and extending across the front and ends of the same. The 
roof of this portico is supported by six Doric columns, two feet and six inches in 
diameter, and twenty feet high, with a cornice, frieze and balustrade extending 
round the entire building. At each of the corners is a large Doric pilaster corres- 
ponding to the columns of the portico. The entrance is in the center of the portico 
front. All openings have molded architraves and cornices, and each window has a 
pair of molded modillions under it. The exterior of the building is staff. The cen- 
tral portion is occupied by a hall, thirty feet in width, and extending the entire 




NEW SOUTH WALES BUILDING. 



532 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



depth of the building. In the center is a polygonal dome thirty feet in diameter, 
the top being forty feet from the floor. This dome adds to the effect, light and 
ventilation of the whole, and is covered on the interior with ornamental staff. 
Arranged on three sides of the main hall are the various offices of the legation, 
eight in number. 




QUAKER CITY GRINDING MILL— A. W. STRAUB & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



533 



CHAPTER V. 
THE ATTRACTIVE CEYLON BUILDING. 

A Mixed Architecture of Many Native Woods— Designs from Ancient Buildings— Figures of Sacred 
Birds and Animals— Ornamental Facades and Pillars— Fancy Designs in Ceilings and Walls- 
Carvings that Take One Back 543 Years B. C— The Sacred Tooth of Buddha— Sun and Moon 
Symbols. 

ANY thousands visit ' the Ceylon building daily — the 
principal court of which alone contains 18,706 square feet 
for exhibits. This large court stands to the north of the 
German building, fronting the lake. It is 162 feet in 
length. The pillars and such parts of the ends of the 
beams as are in view, and the four entrance doors, as al- 
so the central octagon, are beautifully carved in imita- 
tion of the carving found on the stone pillars and objects 
of art in the ancient city of Anuradhapura and other 
places of great antiquity. This court is a fine exhibit 
in itself. The minor courts are also made of the woods 
of the island, beautifully carved, and acknowledged by all who 
have seen them to be works of art. The main building of the 
court comprises a central octagonal hall with two wings facing 
respectively north and south. The court partakes largely of the Dravidian style of 
architecture in the design of its columns and adopted by the Cinghalese in their an" 
cient temples throughout Ceylon. The details of this mixed architecture may be 
studied with advantage in the numerous temples and ruins scattered over Ceylon 
of which views are shown in photographs exhibited in the court. The court is con- 
structed entirely of the beautiful native woods of the island. Some twenty thou- 
sand cubic feet of timber was felled for the purpose. The whole court is raised on 
a projecting basement some four feet above ground level, and is reached by four 
stairways highly carved, two leading into the central octagon and one into each of 
the wings. These flights of steps (of which an illustration is given) are adapted 
designs from the well-known stairs of many fine ruined temples to be seen at Anura- 
dhapura and Polonnaruwa, the successive ancient capitals of Ceylon between 543 
B. C. and 1235 A. D. The cobra-shrouded figures carved in bas-relief on the ter- 
minal stones, guarding either side of the approach, are termed doratu-palayas, or 
janitors. These guard-stones are always found at the foot of steps to vihares (shrines), 
etc., in the older ruins, to ward off evil. The conventional lines on attached pillars 
at t-he side of the terminals are found equally with elephants and bulls on these 




534 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



guard-stones at Anuradhapura and elsewhere. The figures on the face of and sup- 
porting the steps, the front edges of which have a small conventional pattern of the 
water-leaf ornaments, or padma, carved upon them, have been supposed to repre- 
sent yakkas, a class of evil spirits, also placed here to avert ill. At the bottom of 
the steps is a large carved slab, semi-circular in form, termed a sandakadapahana, 
or moonstone, carved in bas-relief, to represent a lotus flower open in the center, 
and concentric bands of sacred geese, foliage, and figures of lions, elephants, horses 
and bulls in the outer ring. The carved balustrade on either side represents a 

makara, a fabulous 
beast, half lion, 
half crocodile. Ar- 
riving at the top of 
the stairs, the en- 
trance to the build- 
ing is through a 
handsome door- 
way having carved 
jambs of similar 
pattern to those of 
the Dalada Mali- 
gawa (the temple 
in which the sacred 
tooth of Buddha is 
deposited) at Kan- 
dy, and at the Am- 
bulugala and Dip- 
pitiya vihares in 
the Four Korales 
of the Kegalla Dis- 
trict of Ceylon. 
The continuous 
scroll ornament should be particularly noticed, also the intersecting double-foliaged 
scroll. The fancy design of leaf ornament spreading downward from the trunk of 
a woman's body, is here particularly handsome, and follows the line of the arch. 
The ceiling of the central hall is supported by twenty-four elaborately carved pil- 
lars, which are in two stages; the lower story supporting cross beams terminating in 
a carved bracket. Between the cross beams, and forming a capital to each pillar, are 
carved cross-bracket-capitals termed pushpa-bandha; they are carved to represent 
conventional drooping lotuses. The upper tier of these pillars, with their attached 
bracket-capitals, are carved in the form of a plantain flower, and the ornamentation 
on the face of the pillars is that of the padama, lotus ornament. 

On either side of the central hall are colossal, figures of a sedent Buddha and 
Vishnu. The hands of the seated Buddha, are as usual, placed in the lap, the back 




CEYLON BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 535 

of the right hand resting on the left palm, and the crossed teet showing the sacred 
marks on the soles. 

The figure of Vishnu, usually ranked as the second of the Hindu triad, is rep- 
resented four-armed, the back pair of hands holding his discus and chank, with his 
vehicle, the winged garuda behind, and standing on a pedestal. The "lotus-god" is 
as usual, painted blue. 

The whole building is enclosed with an ornamental facade, there being eight 
windows to each annex and four of double width to the central hall. The windows 
have architraves carved with the water-leaf superficial ornamentation, and under 
each window is a panel containing conventional and other designs in bas-relief. 
The upper part of the window is formed of an ornamental arch, carved with the 
same pattern as the architrave. The carved architrave terminates with a shoulder 
enriched with the creeper-knot ornament. 

The whole exterior of the building is framed with satinwood, ornamented 
with Randyan scroll-work, and the roofs, which have large projecting eaves, are 
terminated at the eaves-line with valance tiles of a pattern found in frequent use in 
Kandyan buildings. All the roofs, which are covered with imitation pan-tiles, are 
framed with a break of line a little more than half way up the slope, which is espec- 
ially characteristic of Kandyan architecture. The roofs over the central hall and 
tea room rise in three tiers, and the whole is surmounted by a kota, or spire, termi- 
nating in a hammered brass finial exactly similar to the one surmounting the Temple 
of the Sacred Tooth of Buddha at Kandy. All the ends of projecting beams, or 
goncs, are highly carved, and the terminations of the rafters are cut in the manner 
and form peculiar to the architecture of the building. 

Of the panels under the windows, that under the third window from the south- 
east corner is a representation of the Ira-handa, the sun-and-moon symbol of the 
Four Korales, with the lion holding two daggers. 

The exhibits are ranged round the hall and annexes in handsome cases made 
of satinwood and ebony, the lower panels having the form of the torana, or Cing- 
halese arch. Other exhibits are disposed round the walls and pillars of the building. 

Close to the court and immediately to the northwest is a building in the form 
of a dagaba, set apart for the use of the Ceylon court staff. It is an exact repre- 
sentation of the Ruwanveli dagaba at Anuradhapura, as taken from a model 
carved in stone which stands within the pradakshina, or "procession path." Ruwan- 
veli dagaba was commenced by King Dutugamunu in the year 161 B. C, and com- 
pleted 137 B. C. It is constructed of solid brickwork, rising to a height of 150 feet, 
with a diameter at the base of 379 feet. The original outline of the dagaba was 
destroyed by the Malabars in 12 14 A. D. 

A writer for the London Times has truly said: "A pretty and attractive thing 
is the Ceylon building and especially its grand court. The main room of the grand 
court is 160 feet in length and above it, reached by a spiral stairway of handsomely 
carved woodwork, is the tea-room, where nearly a hundred varieties of tea are 
shown, together with the processes of culture and classifying. The exhibits con- 
sist of work of arts, manufactures, the products of the island, jewelry and curios. 



53& 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



with an interesting exhibit presented by the sultan of the Maldives. The interior 
of the court is in the Dravidian style of architecture adopted by the Cinghalese in 
their ancient temples. Twenty-five varieties of brilliantly colored wood are used in 
the decorations. The carvings are after designs in the ruined temples of Anurad- 
hapura and Polonnaruwa, which were capitals of Ceylon between 543 B. C. and 235 
A. D. Scenes from the life of Buddha are portrayed on panels and frescoes. A 
carving of exceptional interest shows Buddha overshadowed and seated on the 
coils of the seven-hooded cobra. On either side of the north wing are colossal 
figures of Buddha and Vishnu. The hands of the figure of Buddha are crossed in 
the lap and the feet show the sacred marks. The figure of Vishnu, second in rank 
in the Hindoo triad, is represented four-armed, the back pair of hands holding his 
discus and chank with the winged garuda behind. The 'lotus god' is painted blue. 
The whole building suggests the Hindoo religion." 




THE GREAT BUDDHIST GOD. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



537 




CHAPTER VI. 
THE OTTOMAN PAVILION. 

The Resources of Turkey Shown in Twelve Sections— Textile Fabrics— Gold and Silver and Other 
Minerals— Munitions of War, Electrical Appliances and Many Antiquities— Agricultural Products- 
Silks and Dye Stuffs— An Imitation of the Hunkhar Casque— Damascian Carved Woods— The 
Ottoman Coat of Arms— Damascus Rugs and Other Oriental Manufactures. 

N the Turkish building, which adjoins that of Brazil on the 
east and lies between the Fine Arts and Fisheries buildings, 
is the principal exhibit of the Turkish Empire. In this 
structure a miniature exhibit is made of the resources of the 
Ottoman Empire, consisting of twelve sections, in which are 
shown textile fabrics, gold, silver and other minerals, muni- 
tions of war, electrical applicances, antiquites, all the natural 
agricultural products, silks, dye-stuffs, and, in brief, small 
samples of nearly every industry of the country. Exhibits 
are also made in the department of. manufactures, consisting 
principally of Oriental rugs and filigree jewelry; in the de- 
partment of transportation exhibits, in which caiques, sedan chairs, bullock carts, 
etc., are shown, and in the Woman's department, where embroideries made by the 
women of Turkey are an interesting feature 

The Turkish building is in the Moresque style and is in imitation of the 
Hunkhar Casque (or fountain) of Sultan Ahmed III. which is opposite the Babi 
Humayon in Constantinople, and which corresponds with the capital at Washing- 
ton, the seat of government. The structure is eighty by one hundred feet in 
dimensions and is surrounded in the center by a dome. There are also smaller 
domes at each of the four corners. The exterior is covered in Damascian carved 
wood, made especially in Damascus and brought here for the purpose. The in- 
terior is a large exhibition hall, decorated with tapestries. There are small ex- 
hibition rooms in each of the four corners, and the office of the commissioners is 
in a separate building to the rear of the main building. 

On June 26th his eminence, Ibrahim Hakky Bey, a handsome Armenian 
noble, and the Imperial Ottoman Commissioner-General to the Columbian Ex- 
position, and Ahmed Fahri Bey, Imperial Ottoman Commissioner, gave a recep- 
tion from 3 to 5 in the office building, and during the same hours the exhibits in 
the pavilion were thrown open for private view. A full uniformed orchestra dis- 
coursed popular music, with interspersed classical numbers, and attracted a large 
crowd to the pavilion. Visitors were bowed to the door of the pavilion by a double 



53S 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



line of soldiers from the desert in the. flowing and glaring garb of the Arab, while 
at the door stood two American giants in the uniform of the Sultan's Guard, a 
bright red, bedecked with gold and silver filigree ornaments. 

Refreshments were served in the area between the pavilion and office 
building, and in the latter Hakky Bey made a characteristic and patriotic speech. 
The Turkish exhibits are a revelation in the line of scientific instruments and naval 
structure. The implements of navigation and electrical appliances are crude com- 
pared with those of American make, but they show that the Ottoman is trying to 




TURKEY BUILDING. 

keep abreast of the times. In gold and silver filigree work and in jewels some 
very handsome exhibits are made by the Sultan's jeweler, Tchaiboukdjian. One 
especially handsome piece shows the Ottoman royal coat-of-arms, and another the 
monogram of the Sultan, Hamidie. The famous tower of Galata is shown in 
miniature, and several series of magnificent photographs of scenes in Constan- 
tinople, and on the Bosphorus and of royal palaces are exhibited. Antiques, fine 
Oriental silks, and examples of fine needlework and embroideries on the finest of 
fabrics, palm-oil soaps, Yemen coffee, wools from Caucasus, silks in all grades from 
the cocoon to the finished product, Damascus cloth rugs, and other samples of 
Oriental manufacture make up the interesting exhibit. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



539 



CHAPTER VII. 




THE TWO CENTRAL AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 

The Pavilion of Costa Rica— A Modest but Pretty Building— Diminutive Monkey with Lots of Hair— 
Silks and Fibres That Fairly Dazzle the Eye— Coffee and Waffles Servec Free— A Glance at 
Guatemala— Gardens that Represent Coffee Plantations. 

OSTA Rica's building is situated at the east end of the north 
pond facing west, and the location is one of the best in the 
confines of the grounds. Across the north pond, and within a 
distance to be fully appreciated, are the Illinois, Washington, 
Indiana, Ohio and Wisconsin buildings. To the right are the 
Galleries of Fine Arts, and on the left stand Guatemala and 
Spain, while as a background and not far distant, Lake 
Michigan murmurs praise to the efforts of mortal man. The 
building is Doric in style; is 103 feet long by 60 feet wide, two 
stories and clearstory, making the full height 50 feet. On 
each side is a Doric portico 22 feet wide, supported by four 
large pilasters. Three easy steps lead up to the main floor, and 
opposite this front entrance broad double stairways lead to the 
second, or gallery floor, supported by eighteen columns rising to the full eighth of 
the clearstory. The cornices, frieze moulding, caps and bases, window casements, 
etc, are made of iron. The main walls are cemented, and all is painted in effective 
colors. The inside walls are plastered, and the walls and timber work are frescoed 
in a modest and becoming manner. The building is lighted by twenty large double 
casement windows in the first story, and ten large skylights in the roof of the clear- 
story, while on all sides of the latter the windows are pivoted so that when opened 
they will afford perfect ventilation. Ample toilet rooms have been provided on 
each floor. Over each main entrance to the building is placed the National shield 
of the central American republic in bold relief, making a striking addition to the 
decorative part of the work. The building cost $20,000. 

An airy, pleasant place it is, with its wide windows opening out over the 
waters of the lagoon, upon the very brink of which it stands, and its broad porch 
across the water front, where visitors loiter and watch the nimble craft darting like 
agitated water spiders over the still waters. The trees comes down close about the 
little building, and on the landward side each open door and window is masked 
with a brilliant curtain of vivid living green. The interior is not divided by any 
partitions, but forms a single wide room with an airy gallery running about its walls. 
Everywhere about the big room are disposed the products to which Costa Rica 



54o 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



wishes to call the attention of the world. There are cases of rich silks, where rain- 
bow hues fairly dazzle the eye with their shimmering brilliancy and miniature moun- 
tains displaying the mineral wealth of the little republic, and there are textile 
fibers and raw silk and all the natural products of the soil in the way of roots and 
gums and rezins, and the sea has been levied on to furnish bottled specimens of the 
coast fish and huge turtles, whose shells have been polished to render them more 
attractive to the casual visitor. Then there are samples of manufactured goods, 
hardware and jewelry and curious and intricate designs in tortoise and sea shells 
and whole cases full of bottled native wines and even ale and beer. 

Most of the contents of the numerous cases suggest a country rich in the raw 
materials, which 
older countries are 
better able to util- 
ize, but not all. 
Many of the manu- 
factured articles 
are very nearly 
perfect in their 
way. At one end 
of the floor is a 
coffee stand and in 
front of the wide 
windows are little 
tables at which 
tired people may 
sit and for a trifling 
sum regale them- 
selves with a pot of 
coffee of whose 
genuineness there 
can be no possible 
doubt. A sort of 
thin, flaky waffle is 

served with the coffee. It is a most delicate refection, calculated to tempt even a 
jaded appetite. People sit about the tables and enjoy the cool breeze which always 
seems to blow in through the big windows, and chatter about the view outside or the 
curious things within, and order more coffee and get other waffles and seem 
positively wedded to the spot. The gallery is given up largely to an exhibit of 
pictures showing features of the scenery, portraits of people connected with the 
history of the republic, and views of noted places. These are interspersed with 
cases of stuffed animals and birds which are distinctly local in character. There is 
one cage of diminutive monkeys with enormous tufts of hair crowning their queer, 
wrinkled little heads, and their postures and antics keep an interested, laughing 
group in front of the cage all day long. There is much that is interesting from its 




COSTA RICA BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR 



54i 



very strangeness and unfamiliarity in the little Costa Rica building, and even if 
there were less it would amply repay a visit simply from the standpoint of a cool, 
little rest house set in the midst of a charming scene. 

The Guatemala building is square, with in feet at each side, and occupies a 
total area of 12,500 feet. The architecture is original, but in no way classical. It 
is kept in Spanish style and corresponds well with the country it represents. The 
height of the first floor is 24 feet. In the center of the building a large court is 
arranged, 33x33 feet, with a gallery built upon colonnades of two floors. This court 
resembles the old patios in a Spanish house, and gives freshness and ventilation in 
the entire structure. In the center of the court there is a fountain from which the 

waterplays as from 
a big rock. On 
each of the four 
corners of the 
building there is a 
big tower 23x23 
feet, surmounted 
by a beautifully 
decorated dome. 
The entire height 
of each tower is 65 
feet. In two of the 
towers there are 
two large stair- 
cases, giving access 
to the gallery 
above, which ex- 
tends as a terrace 
around the entire 
building. The con- 
struction is in 
wood, iron and 
staff, and the orna- 
ments represent fruits and flowers, all in an original and light character. There 
are four large rooms on the first floor, and on the second floor a large reception 
room, with two offices and toilet rooms. All the exhibits from Guatemala will be 
found in this building, the most interesting of which is coffee, and how it is culti- 
vated and marketed. 

At a distance of about thirty-five feet from the main building is a rustic hut, 
70x25 feet, and at the end of the same is a small kiosk, adapted for testing the 
coffee. The entire space around the building is converted into a large garden 
representing a coffee plantation, banana trees and other plants. Indian 
tents are placed in a corner of the grounds, and a landing place has been con- 
structed opposite the principal entrance on the lagoon. The building cost $40,000. 




GUATEMALA BUILDING. 




FAC-SIMILE OF BIBLE BELONGING TO QUEEN ELIZABETH. 
Royal Society of Art Needlework, England. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



543 



CHAPTER VIII. 




BRAZIL AND VENEZUELA. 

The Beautiful Buildings of the Two South American Republics— Brazil Has One of the Most Attractive 
Pavilions on the Grounds— Coffee Served Free to Thousands Daily— Venezuelans Do Their Level 
Best with Coffee and Beans— They Show Many Swords and Other Trophies of General Simon 
Bolivar. 

&JLa "E of the most pretentious and one of the most beautful 
of all the foreign structures is Brazil's handsome building, 
which stands across the lagoon east of that of the State of 
Illinois. It is built after the French renaissance style of 
architecture. It is covered with delicate detail work. The 
large dome is surrounded by four smaller ones and the 
walls of the building are covered with sculptured work in 
staff. On the outer walls of the building are twenty me- 
dallions, each of which bears the name of one of the 
twenty states which comprise the Brazilian republic. The 
" v s upper panes of the large windows are of stained glass and 

the interior woodwork is most artistic. The entire first floor is devoted to coffee. 
Every kind of coffee from the cheapest to the highest in price is on exhibition. 
There are half a dozen large stands covered with the glass jars holding the berries. 
In the rear portion of the room a large plantation in St. Paulo serve cups of its best 
coffee free to all visitors to the South American building who indulge in the bever- 
age. Rio Janeiro and Minas Zereas also have large displays in this department. 
The entire second floor, which is reached by a broad stairway, is given up to recep- 
tion-rooms and parlors. In the large reception-room is an extensive collection of 
paintings by the famous artists of Brazil. The entire floor is carpeted and furnished 
with luxurious chairs and lounges, while in the eastern portion of the floor private 
apartments are furnished for men and women. The officers of the commission are 
also located on this floor. Four spiral stairways run from the main reception-room 
to the roof, which is the feature of the Brazilian building. On the roof are settees 
and benches. Palms are placed about the eaves, and visitors are always welcome 
to climb the steep stairway of iron and enjoy the view from the Brazilian summer 
garden. 

The Venezuela building is an extremely pretty bit of architecture, a delicate 
gray in color, relieved with green and gilt. The main portion of the structure, the 
front of which is ornamented with rows of square fluted columns, is flanked by a 
wing on either side, the dome-shaped roofs of which are surmounted by two bronze 



544 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



statues, one of Columbus, the other of General Bolivar, the liberator of the South 
American Latin republics. They are both from the studio of Sig. Turini, an Italian 
sculptor, who at present resides on Staten Island. And the sculptor has every rea- 
son to felicitate himself upon the merit of his work. Both figures are admirable 
pieces of work, instinct with dignity and vitality. Sig. Turini's Columbus particu- 
larly merits attention, as it has been pronounced by many good judges to be one of 
the most satisfactory statues of the great admiral which has been exhibited in con- 
nection with the Columbian exposition. Certainly it seems to almost defy criticism. 
The pose is spirited, the face strong and characteristic, and from whichever side it 
is viewed, it gives the impression of a powerful, well-balanced figure. 




s.(.bw*«y4«u 



BRAZIL BUILDING. 

The main part of the interior of the building is given up to the uses cf a 
reception room. It is handsomely decorated, and the walls are hung with some 
really superb paintings. Venezuela was unable on account of its revolution to secure 
space in the Art building, consequently it was necessary to hang such paintings as 
the republic wished to exhibit in its own building. Arturo Michelena and Christo- 
bal Rojas have each some beautiful specimens of work. The " Fight of the Ama- 
zons" of the former, and the " Purgatory" of the latter are each wonderful paint- 
ings, and it is a pity that they as well as some of the others could not have been 
hung in the gallery where they would have appeared to better advantage. The 
principal part of the exhibit is made up of natural products, coffee and cocoa being 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



545 



the staples. There are also rich displays of minerals, some beautiful woods, and a 
variety of textile fibers in the raw state. 

When it comes to beans, Venezuela appears to lead the world. There are 
shelf after shelf of beans of all shapes, sizes and colors; enough in quantity to feed 
an army, and diverse enough in kind to suit the most whimsical or exacting taste. 
Venezuela isn't far behind in the matter of snakes, either. The dignified 
commissioners do not waste their time swapping snake stories, but on the wall of 
one of the side rooms are hung a snake skin or two that measure something like 
twenty-five feet in length and are big enough to completely envelop a man. The 
visitor may just go in and look at them and then go out and sit on the doorstep 

and tell himself or his 
friend any kind of a 
story he wants to fit the 
skins. But the trophies 
in which the Venezue- 
lans take the most pride 
are those which have a 
historical interest, and 
hanging on the wall are 
the gorgeous standard 
of Pizarro and the bul- 
lion-crusted saddle- 
cloth of Gen. Bolivar. 
These are regarded as 
almost sacred, as is also 
the sword of the gen- 
eral, which is kept in 
the safe. This weapon 
is set with 1,380 dia- 
monds and is generally 
acknowledged to be one 
of the most magnificent 
specimens of jeweler's 
work in the way of weapons extant. There is another object which the gentle- 
men from Venezuela cherish with particular pride and care. It is a medalion 
painting of Washington, the gift of the revolutionary hero to the liberator of Ven- 
ezuela, Gen. Bolivar. 

Many of the articles on exhibition show not only the love of liberty, which 
is the birthright of the Latin American republics, but also a strong and friendly tie 
which binds the great republic of North America to its southern sisters. It is not 
generally known, but in Central Park, New York, there stands a statue of Gen. 
Bolivar, while in the Venezuelan capitol is a corresponding one of George Wash- 
ington. 




VENEZUELA BUILDING. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



547 



CHAPTER XI. 



THE WEST INDIES REPRESENTED. 

Hayti Has a Roomy Building— An Interesting Place Throughout— A Comprehensive Exhibit of Hayti's 
Natural Resources and Arts— Many Historical Relics— Metals, Minerals, Agricultural Products 
Woven Textiles and Fibres— Saddlery and Other Horse Equipments— How Men, Women and 
Children Were Driven Into the Mines— The Introduction of African Slavery— How Hayti Moves 
With the Rest of the World— Great Credit Due to Fred Douglass. 

V 



^?fc> 




AYTI has no typical architecture, so its commissioners selected 
a design having the suggestion of colonial style. It is very 
roomy, and represents the first separate building ever erect- 
ed by the republic in an exposition. Besides being the 
home of the Haytien commissioners it is a comprehensive 
exhibit of Hayti's natural resources and industrial arts. 
One of the most interesting of the historical relics shown is 
the anchor of the Santa Maria, which was wrecked off the 
north coast of the island Dec. 14, 1493, on Columbus' second 
voyage. Its mate is in the convent La Rabida. A pre-Col- 
umbian relic is an odd piece of sculpture which was used by 
the French for a baptismal font. It was made by an extinct race, 
the people found by Columbus. They numbered 3,000,000 when 
he landed, but fifteen years of Spanish rule reduced the race to 
16,000. Men, women and children were driven like dogs to the gold mines. This 
introduced African sla'very into Hayti, a fact which adds great interest to the first 
sword drawn for the freedom of the slaves, which occupies a prominent place in 
the Hayti building. It is the rapier of Toussainte l'Ouverture, held in fond 
memory by his countrymen. 

In the center of the main room is a marble statue called " Reverie," by La 
Forrestry, a native of the island. It secured a gold medal in the Paris salon of 
1873. O ne section of this room looks as if part of the forestry department had been 
moved into the building. All the native woods, well mounted and handsomely dis- 
played, are grouped together. On the other side of the room is a fine block of ma- 
hogany which weighs three tons, rough on one side and highly polished on the 
other. 

Hayti show thirty-four different kinds of coffee, various qualities of cotton, 
cocoa, and all the cereals. In the industrial section is a fine display of saddlery 
and horse equipments, and raw and tanned leathers, from the roughest shoe leather 
to the finest Russian. Several large showcases are filled with the women's exhibit 



548 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



of fine embroideries and dresses. The metals, minerals, woven textiles and fibres 
displayed show that Hayti is rich in natural resources, and the finished product 
demonstrates a decided advance in the industrial arts during the last decade. 

The Hayti building lies to the southwest of the German building and adjoin- 
ing that of New South Wales. It is in the Greco Colonial style, surmounted by a 
gilded dome which is copied after the state capitol of Massachusetts. The struc- 
ture has a frontage of 126 feet, including piazzas 12 feet wide which surround three 
sides of the building. In the center of the facade is the coat-of-arms of the Repub- 
lic of Hayti in a medallion surrounded by a scroll bearing the following inscription: 
" Republique Hatuenne" and the dates 1492 (the discovery), 1804 (date of Haytien 




^=SF=SSSfKt=<fnnii^f^ 



HAYTI BUILDING. 



national independence) and 1893 ( tne present anniversary). On entering the 
building one comes into an exhibition hall 50x50 feet, in the center of which are 
eight Doric fluted columns supporting the dome. The decorations consist princi- 
pally of red and blue bunting, the national colors, with flags and escutcheons. The 
exhibits in the pavilion consist principally of agricultural and forestry products, 
with some specimens of native industry in a general way. There is also displayed 
some pre-Columbian relics and the authentic anchor of the Carevel Santa Maria, 
the mate to which was loaned by the Haytiens to the Columbus collection in the 
Convent of La Rabida. The sword of Toussaint L'Ouverture is also shown among 
other relics of the struggle for independence. Opening from the main hall through 
a ten-foot archway is another exposition hall, at the rear of which Haytian coffee, 
prepared by native hands, is served. The entire left wing is given up for reception 
rooms and executive offices. 



PART XI. 



THE MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 

CHAPTER I. 
CAIRO STREET AND TURKISH VILLAGE. 

A General Combination of the Architectural Features of the City of Cairo— Mosques, Minarets, Dane 
ing Girls, Shopkeepers, Musicians, Camels, Donkeys ..nd Dogs — The Temple of Luxor Repro- 
duced — Tomb of the Sacred Bull — Nubians and Soudanese — Reproduction of Temples Four 
Thousand Years Old — A Room Full of Mummies — Egyptian Shops and Shopkeepers— No Such 
Sight Ever Seen Before in Europe or America— Laplanders and Their Reindeers — Wonders of the 
Turkish Village — Counterparts of Objects in Constantinople — Turkish Theaters and Bazaars — 
The Five Million Dollar Tent of the Shah of Persia Which Took One Hundred Years to Make 
—Marvels of Oriental Tapestry and Embroidery — Sword and Handkerchief Dances. 

AIN or shine, hot or cold, day or night, there is one place at 
the Fair that is always crowded. That is Midway Plaisance 
There never has been seen such a mosaic, and there may 
never be again — not for many years, surely. The Plaisance 
is just a mile in length, and about an eighth of a mile in 
width. Along this mile there are (or were) representa- 
tives of 48 nations, including South Sea Islanders, Javanese, 
Soudanese, Chinese, Laplanders, Japanese, Dahomeyans, 
Moors, Arabians, Persians, Bedouins, Turks, and nearly 
all the Europeans. According to the best authorities 
f \ there are 2,754 known languages and dialects spoken by 

the various nations and tribes of the world. After a brief visit to Midway Plaisance 
the visitor comes to the conclusion that all these and a handful of extra ones are 
spoken in this paradise of Babel. A short time ago a journalist of ordinary 
linguistic attainments could get along very well indeed. All he then needed 
during a day's ramble was half a dozen Indian and cowboy dialects, little pict- 
uresque Algerian-French, a good supply of strong English adjectives for the bom- 
bardment of the Columbian Guards, some hard-boiled German sentences inter- 
larded by Platt-Deutsch for the Hamburgers and an assortment of choice Greek 
roots for the Hellenic gentlemen. But day after day the reporter's proficiency in 
languages began to be taxed. He had been called upon to lubricate his larynx 
by blubbering in choice Eskimo, when trying to console the discontented denizens 

of Labrador. He blistered his tongue with peppery hieroglyphic sentences in 

549 




55° HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Turkish, while explaining the custom-house red tape to an irate pasha of many 
woeful tales. He had his hands full of explanatory gestures and his mouth full of 
tangled and spluttering consonants while affirming in scrap-iron Russian that Count 
Taffyoff was right in his assertions that all American girls were charming. 

But there is a limit to almost everything. It becomes tiresome to have to 
sharpen your pencil in thirty odd different languages, and eat your lunch in as 
many more. When Midway Plaisance, this fantastically picturesque mosaic of 
odd bits of tribes and nationalities from every quarter of the globe, became popu- 
lated by rakish crews who utterly ignored an Ollendrof or a Meisterschaft system 
it was time to call a halt. Thus it happened that the man who formerly was wont 
to dumbfound his friends and everybody else with his linguistic abilities suddenly 
remembered that there was one language which he might use. He then began to 
speak English, and lo! the strangers were dumb no longer, but beamed with sat- 
isfaction and made intelligent replies in the same language. 

Most of the denizens of Midway Plaisance care little for the formalities or 
niceties of speech. They "size" you up for what amount of "dust" you may be 
good for and act accordingly. Here is a blandly smiling Chinese confidence man 
who comes out of his blue and white pagoda and asks you to walk in and have "a 
clup of velly nice tlea." Being tired you are likely to accept the invitation, think- 
ing that you simply accept a gracious offer of Chinese hospitality. You are treated 
to a nicely served cup of tea; you drink it for fear of being thought rude if you 
should refuse. Nodding a careless "thank you" to your host in leaving, you are 
suddenly taken out of your dream of being entertained by the shrill demand of 
"fliftly clents." To expostulate is of no use. You had drunk the tea, and the 
bland Ah Sin says that is the "plice for velly fline tlea." This is only a trifling in- 
cident, but serves the purpose of illustrating the all-absorbing aim of the Midway 
Plaisance people — to get all the money they can. 

They have not come thousands of miles merely to add a picturesque feature 
to this wonderful exhibit. Almost all of them are professional traveling showmen, 
who pitch their tents in whatever portion of the globe offers the greatest induce- 
ments in hard cash. All the profuse explanations that they are here by the special 
permission of Sultan this and Emperor that is bosh. As a consequence they do 
not propose to let any opportunity slip by which they may pocket a coin, be it 
small or large. The visitor is free to admire and take his pick of any of the mani- 
fold entertainments offered on all sides. You may drift into a Soudanese theater 
and witness a dance that will deprive you of a peaceful night's rest for months to 
come. The Algerian village offers equally great temptations in the way of dances 
with and without names. 

In sharp contrast to these exhibits of the voluptuousness of southern climes 
is the exhibit of the Lapland village. From the sun-scorched sands of the African 
desert to the snow-swept crags of the Arctic regions is a great step. Yet the 
visitor to the World's Fair may see some of the home life of the children of the 
desert side by side with that of the children from the home of eternal 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 551 

snow. Some enterprising Swedish American concluded that a Lapland 
settlement would be as powerful an attraction as any of the more pretentious 
rivals and certainly more unique, so brought some twenty or thirty Lapps and a 
herd of reindeer. One of the latter surprised its owners by presenting them with 
an addition in the shape of a baby reindeer. This happened in the village one 
June afternoon and caused great rejoicing. The happy mother received an extra 
share of luscious moss, of which the Lapps brought a great supply. She celebrated 
the event by shedding one of her horns, which is considered the correct thing in 
well regulated reindeer families on an occasion like this. The colony has a very 
complete outfit of tents, huts, dogs, sledges and snowshoes, as well as a large 
assortment of articles made from the various parts of the reindeer. The reindeer 
is the Lapps, all in all and it is truly wonderful to see the ingenuity which they 
% exercise in bringing it to the best possible use, both while alive and after its death. 

The Lapps with all their rugged surroundings, are very fond of finery. In the 
village at the Fair here they dress to their hearts' content. The women wear richly 
ornamented gowns of reindeer skin reaching to the knees, with pantalets and shoes 
of the same material. Their head covering is a queer little bonnet of bright colors 
made of pieces of wool and silk. They also sport belts ornamented with huge 
silver or brass buckles of quaint design and workmanship. The women have a 
special weakness for large vari-colored glass beads, which they wear around their 
necks and wrists. Oddly shaped rings are also much in vogue, which, with the 
addition of three or four very bright silk handkerchiefs about their neck, complete 
a fashionable Lapland belle's cossume. The men are not so eager for bright colors, 
but dress in other respects pretty much after the same fashion, except that they 
wear peculiar square caps and have shorter gowns. The most enthusiastic friend 
of the Lapps could never accuse them of being a handsome race. The girls, from 
their laborious and wandering life, mature early. You will search in vain for any 
starry-eyed Venuses among them. With few exceptions the Lapps have very broad 
faces with prominent cheekbones and very short chins. Their eyes are quite small 
and beadlike and their noses are flat with a retrousse terminus. With their quaint 
trappings in the way of reindeer, arms and curious tents they formed an attractive 
feature in the resplendent aggregation at Midway Plaisance. 

But one can observe for five dollars in the Plaisance what it would cost 
twenty thousand dollars to see if he traveled purposely to see it, and no one com- 
plains. The greatest attraction of all, undoubtedly, is the "Street of Cairo," with 
its 180 men, women and children, theatres, camels, donkeys and dogs. It is about 
midway between the two parks, on the north side. It is not an exact reproduc- 
tion of any particular section of Cairo, but a general combination of some of the 
chief architectural features of the old city. The plan for it was prepared by Max 
Herz, the architect of the Khedive, who was allowed to come to America to assist 
in the construction of the street. There is nothing artistic about the exterior ap- 
pearance of Cairo street. The passer-by on Midway Plaisance looks on plastered 
walls and quite modern windows. The minaret which rises skyward in fantastic 
and graceful outlines, the obelisks, and the strange decorations, however, offer a 



552 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR, 

suggestion of something of interest within, and the weird music which issues forth 
is inviting. Through the main portal of the east end of the street the visitor lands 
in a brick court, and until he emerges from an exit, a block away, he is in the Cairo 
of old Egypt. 

It takes a pretty heartless individual to get by the cafe, but if he succeeds in 
dodging all solicitations he leaves the court and gazes down the street paved with 
brick and faced on either side by buildings modeled after those said to be the most 
interesting in all Cairo. The mosque which stands on the right of the street is a 
reproduction of that of the Sultan Kait Bey, although the graceful minaret which 
is its crowning beauty is copied from the mosque of that of Abou Bake Mazhar. 
The muezzin, Sheik Ali, who has the care of the spiritual welfare of the Moham- 
medans, who are in the majority on the street, is faithful in the discharge of his 
duties, and in the mosque may generally be found a number of worshipers at their 
devotion — a picture of interest to the visitors who are allowed in the gallery. 

A notable building stands across the way from the mosque. Gamal el Din 
el Yahbi, who was a wealthy Arab, took up his residence in Cairo 300 hundred 
years ago and built for himself a palace which was the envy of the rest of the 400 
of those times. This house has been reproduced and furnished with some of the 
trappings that were used in those days, rugs, drapery, and furniture, all suggesting 
the fact that Mr. Yahbi surrounded himself with the best that money could buy. 

From the mosque to the turn in the street — for it is just as crooked as one 
has a right to expect in a Cairo thoroughfare — each side is given up to the business 
purposes as to the lower floors, while the upper floors are dwellings. Beautiful 
balconies and bow windows are seen, while here and there relief is given by a 
carved balcony. All the windows are protected by graceful woodwork and many 
of them are made of stained glass. The shades in the window are attractive. No 
paint covers the closely-woven Meshrebieh screens which protect them. Long 
service in the Egyptian climate, however, has given to many of these ornaments a 
polish and color that only age could bring. 

At the turn in the street is a pavilion, such as is used for a kuttab or mosque 
school in Cairo, which is devoted here to the use of visitors as a place of rest. 
Behind it is the door to the theatre devoted to the sword dances, candle dances, 
and the other gymnastics indulged in by Cairo dancers, which are weird and in- 
describable. The auditorium has a lofty ceiling, is decorated with rich draperies, 
glassware, and curious pendent chandeliers. The stage, which is semi-circular, 
is lined with rich divans, on which the dancing girls repose in ease when not 
dancing, and which also furnish accommodations for the orchestra. On either side 
of the stage are richly curtained dressing-rooms, one for the use of the musicians, 
who are not quite in keeping with the appearance of general picturesqueness of 
affairs. To the other rooms the dancing girls adjourn to smoke cigarettes or to 
take a leisurely pull at nargileh, of which form of smoking the Egyptian dancing 
girl is a devotee. 

Passing from the theatre and on to the street again the portals of the open 
court, which constitutes a sort of side thoroughfare, are enticing to visitors who 



HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 



553 



wander in to be besiged by shopmen who solicit trade under the shadow of some 
of the most attractive balconies and overhanging windows in the street. 
^ JV 116 Soudanese Siwan a cou Ple of generations of a family do a dance. 
The Nubians in the next hut have a dance which is rather more of a contortion 
act. Zenab, a young woman with her lower lip dyed a purple color, is the chief 
artist, but the leading attraction is a Nubian boy sixteen years old, black as ebony 
but with beautiful features. The Nubians wear their hair in a peculiar style, such 

as has obtained in their country for the 
last 4000 years, and keep it copiously greased 
with perfumed oil. 

The donkeys and the camels also have 
their quarters in this courtyard, and Toby, 
who enjoys the distinction of being the 
shrewdest donkey-driver in Cairo, there se- 
cures a voluntary collection of backsheesh 
by putting his donkey through its antics. 
The donkey the aforesaid Toby was wise 
enough in his generation to decorate with 
the name " Yankee Doodle." The con- 
jurer, a grizzled old Egyptian, has a magni- 
ficent tent in the courtyard. He does his 
own sideshow talking while balancing an 
egg on his nose or hanging a lemon under 
his ear, and when he gets his tent full goes 
inside and performs marvelous feats in 
sleight-of-hand. 

But after all, the shops and booths in the 
street proper hold the most attractions, filled 
as they are with everything produced in 
the valley and the country of the Nile, every 
quarter of which contributes artisans and 
their works. G. Lekegian, who enjoys the 
distinction of being photographer to his 
Royal Highness, the Khedive, has a large 
aalleryin which he prepares and sells scenes 
in the street. Next door to this studio three 
Cairo barbers have a little shop from the door of which they solicit all bearded 
men. They cause their patrons to squat on narrow counters, haul down a fresh 
towel from a pole in front of the establishment, put a few daubs of soap on the 
face of the subject, and with a curious razor and a few twists of the wrist deftly 
remove the soap, the beard, and as much of the epidermis as happens to get in 
the way of the razor. 

Quaint affairs are the shops on the Egyptian streets. None of them are 
much over six feet by six in dimensions, and are merely rectangular holes cut in 




THE ALGERIAN. 



554 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

the walls of the buildings. The proprietors squat in one corner and smoke «.nd 
talk business at the same time, allowing would-be purchasers to handle their own 
goods. There are fifty booths in all, controlled by Raphael & Benyakar of Cairo, 
whose manager is Arthur H. Smythe, of Columbus, Ohio. Weavers from the val- 
ley of the Nile, slipper makers, tent makers, fez makers, carvers of ostrich eggs, 
candy pullers, jewelers, potters, brass workers, tailors, and other varieties of artis- 
ans are to be seen actively engaged in their little shops. In those in which wares 
are on sale pretty American girls have been engaged to help along business, and 
some of them have been induced to keep up the appearance of the general fitness 
of things by attiring themselves in real Egyptian garb. 

There are numerous other things to amuse and entertain visitors on the 
street itself. A street fight is an everyday occurence in Cairo, and is just about the 
same way in the street on the Midway Plaisance. The presence of visitors has not 
the least effect in deterring the strange inhabitants of the place from settling their 
personal differences by fisticuffs, and it keeps half a dozen Columbian Guards 
busy preventing corner fights. Then there are jesters who make wry faces and 
get off Egyptian jokes which are said to be as old as Rameses himself; wrestlers, 
their swarthy bodies naked except as to leathern pantaloons, who throw each other 
on the hard bricks; savage-looking chaps who try to welt each other over the head 
and often succeed in fencing matches conducted with big clubs; musicians who 
send hideous music squeaking along the thoroughfare; and acrobatic boys who 
turn limber somersets and do other gymnastics. 

Of course all these people are not going through their acts for fun, for each 
of them is to the Cairo street what the Italian organ-grinder is to the street of an 
American city. They are after the fleeting penny for which everybody in the Mid- 
way Cairo has a great respect and desire. The cafe, theater, temples and shops 
are more attractive by night than by day, for, although electric light is employed 
to some extent, dependence is placed for proper effect in illumination on nature's 
light and that from the myriad of quaint Egyptian lamps employed for the purpose 
suspended from amid gold and silver globes and silken flags and banners. 

just west of the Street of Cairo is a reproduction of the temple of Luxor, near 
Thebes, built by Amenoph III. and made the leading place of ancient worship by 
Rameses II. Over the door is the winged disk, illustrating the flight of life. At 
each corner of the front are two monolithic obelisks made in fac-simile of the origi- 
nals. They are seventy-five feet high. On one is sculptured in hieroglyphic lan- 
guage a dedication to Rameses II. and the other to Grover Cleveland. Beside the 
obelisks are two colossal statues of Rameses II. and on each side of the doorway 
are two sphinxes. The front wall of the temple is covered with sculptured battle 
scenes and scenes of worship. 

A double row of mammoth pillars lead from the entrance to the altar. The 
pillars are eight feet in diameter and all except the two next to the altar are cov- 
ered with hieroglyphics. The two exceptions are gilded and represent the worship 
of the sun. The altar itself is made in exact reproduction of the altars of Isis. At 
either side are two Egyptian women playing ancient music on harps of the olden 




CAIRO STREET MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



555 



time, and in the center is another dressed in the robes and illustrating the tunctions 
of the high priestess of 1500 B. C. The walls are covered with the illustrations pe- 
culiarly Egyptian. To the left is shown Rameses II. and his wife, Nofertari, ador- 
ing the God Amon-Ra. Next comes the Ra, or the sun, supported by two uraei 
symbolizing the protection of Isis and the stability of the creation and resurrection. 
Then follow the cartouches of the Pharaohs from Mena down to Amenoph III. 
seated on a throne and receiving gifts from Syrians and Ethiopians. 

On the north wall is shown the shrine with the Theban triad. There is also 
a judgment scene representing two justified souls led by Horus into the presence of 
Osiris, his father who is seated on the throne of justice with the sisters of Isis and 




ARAB WORKMEN AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

•^ephthis in the attitude of intercession standing behind the tnrone. Beside this 
here is a judgment scene of a soul condemned to a second probation on earth af- 
er living a lifetime in the body of some unclean animal. The ceiling is beautifully 
ecorated with stars on a sky-blue ground and in the center is the sign of Scara- 
eus, the symbol of eternity or life. 

" We have here fac-similes of the most famous of the Egyptian mummies," 
lid Demetrius Mosconas, the Egyptologist who has charge of the temple. " They 
•in from 1800 B. C. to 1400 B. C. It includes the mummies of Huhor, Pinozeme, 
Kameses II. and his father, Seti I., Thothmes III. and Ahrons. Each is placed in 
an exact reproduction of the sarcophagus in which the ancient remains were found. 
You must not imagine that this temple represents a place of public worship. These 
old temples are misnamed to a certain extent. They are little more than monu- 
ments to the kings who built them. These kings used them for worship, but no 
one ever went with them except the priests. Back of the altar are reproduced the 



556 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

tombs of Thi and of Apis, the sacred bull. Around the walls of these tombs are 
reproduced, as in the temple proper, the story of the lives of the inmates. 

" In the Apis tomb is the sarcophagus, which contained the object of 
worship after it died. It is 9 feet high, 8 feet broad and 10 feet long. This 
is all of stone and the cover is a stone 2 feet thick and 10 by 12 feet long. 
The larger stone was hollowed out to make the tomb and the capstone 
put on and sealed. The years which famous scholars have given to the 
subject of Egyptology have never shown any way in which the ancients 
moved these monstrous blocks of granite. With the latest appliances to-day 
the task is extremely difficult, and what it was in those days we can only won- 
der. Some of the monolithic monuments weigh nearly a thousand tons, and yet 
they were transported much the'same as we transport lumber. Another thing of 
which we know nothing is the smokeless light, by means of which they lighted their 
temples and the dark recesses of their rock-cut tombs. I have spared no pains to 
make these copies fac-similes. My labors have stretched over two years and in 
every detail I hope that it is all exact." 

The Turkish village stretches along the Plaisance to the south. Here one 
finds himself in a city on the Bosphorus — the renowned Constantinople. In the 
square approaching the street stands an obelisk, a counterpart of one erected in 
Constantinople by the Romans before the time of Emperor Constantine. To a 
casual observer it appears like highly polished stone, but in reality it is of wood, 
carved in Turkey and shipped in sections. Plaster casts were made of the Turkish 
characters and Roman lettering on the base and so deftly did these artisans of the 
Ottoman empire do their work that the entire obelisk and base appear as a mono- 
lith like the original. 

Within the main building is the tent of the Shah of Persia. Just which shah 
is not stated, but there is no doubt of the genuineness of the fabric, which, it is esti- 
mated, was more than a century in making. The money value placed on this ex- 
hibit is rather startling, but all callers are informed that the tent is worth $5,000,000- 
Viewed from the exterior this relic of Persian magnificence is rather gaudy and 
commonplace in appearance. The red ground-work of the fabric appears to be in- 
terwoven with other coarse material of faded colors. A casual glance in the dark- 
ened interior fails to reveal the beauties of the fabric, but lift one of the folds and 
how heavy it is, and how thick. Look more carefully and every figure, character, 
flower, and leaf stands out like a cameo cutting. Each figure and character has 
been traced in gold thread so delicately that the closest scrutiny is necessary to re- 
veal its true beauties. One is inclined to doubt that such work could have been 
accomplished by hand. Hundreds of patient needle workers gave their lives 
to the production of this royal resting place, and hundreds of thousands of dollars 
were expended for the precious threads that are so daintily and perfectly traced 
on the groundwork. A similar tent could not be reproduced with less expenditure 
of labor and money. Small wonder the Persian monarch places such value upon it- 

The mosque dedicated to Allah and which no Christian can enter is, with its 
dome-like roof and graceful minarets, a striking feature in this section of the 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



557 



Plaisance. It is almost square in form and pure white as to the walls and domed 
ceiling. Under the center of the dome eight pillars support an equal number of 
mauresque arches reaching to the roof. The essential structure of the edifice is 
sternly plain and contradicts all preconceived ideas as to the wealth of color proper 
to oriental architecture. In the matter of hangings and woodwork, however, the 
mosque is ornate in a high degree. 

Around the walls runs a dado of dark-hued wood, carved in a multitude of 
intricate lines that must have tested the perseverance of the cunning artificer who 
designed them. Verses from the Koran are everywhere, carved in the straggly 
lines that represent the Turkish conception of lettering. Marvelous gilding is 
interspersed here and there in the tracery, and the effect of the whole is enhanced 




f|-';-S^p|| 



AN ORIENTAL TURNER. 

by panels composed of oark and light colored beads of wood arranged alternately 

in strings. 

The central object in the mosque is the shrine, and here the tapestry worker 
has expended the utmost of his powers. The shrine consists of a mystic collection 
of devices in blue and gold worked on a green ground, hung in a recess of the east 

wall. 

Plants in leaf, grotesque patterns, and an indescribable variety of adornments 
are encircled by lengthy quotations from the Koran worked with exquisite skill. 
The border of the recess is a collection of similar devices worked in black and gold 
on a groundwork of red. 

On either side of the shrine are two huge candlesticks, containing the largest 
tallow candles ever put upon the Chicago market, with a broad band of green 
ribbon around each. In a corner of the mosque is the pulpit, ten feet in height and 
of the same material, approached by a carpeted staircase. Turkish rugs covered the 



558 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

floor to defend the unshod feet of the faithful from splinters as they pray. Four 
curiously shaped lamps of bronze, with facets of cut glass inserted in the metal, 
afford light for the services. 

The street is lined with bazars and booths where rich oriental silks, Turkish 
ornaments, sandalwood boxes and all sorts of quaint and curious things are found 
for sale. The living room of the embroidery weaver is a marvel of Turkish in- 
genuity, the walls, floor and even the ceiling being decorated with tapestries and 
rugs. In the center of the room is a low table on which is placed a brass water 
bowl and urn of undoubted antiquity and curious outline. A coffee urn on a 
brass tray with half a dozen tiny china cups filigreed with gold stand hospitably 
near on a stand, the top of which is a mosaic of ebony and mother of pearl. The 
rugs are many in number, quaint in design, and undeniably Turkish, while the 
tapestry of wall and ceiling is of an intricate pattern and so old as to be almost 
priceless. The bay window, overhanging the street, is filled with a divan of ample 
dimensions, and here the worthy proprietor, his day's work ended, smothers 
himself in rugs and smokes his long-stemmed pipe while gazing at the scenes in the 
street below. 

The Turkish theater is the great attraction in this little community, how- 
ever. Eighteen houris of the Orient and sixty-five men have been picked from 
the companies of Constantinople, who dance, play and sing and form an orchestra, 
a stock company and a chorus. The complement is fully made up, and there are 
soubrettes in baggy trousers, heavy tragedy in a fez and low comedy in a turban. 
The dancers are culled from all quarters of the Orient, and include Damascene, Turk- 
ish, Zebecion, Bedouin, Albanian and Palestinian twirlings of the light fantastic. 
Both men and women take part in the evolutions, premieres performing the Turk- 
ish dance, which is rendered by the aid of a silk shawl, waved above the head to 
the accompaniment of rhythmical finger snappings, while premieres alone execute 
the Albanian dance. 

As for the orchestra, it is largely manjereh with a daoul obligato. The daoul 
is a colossal kettle drum, pounded by brawny Turkish arms — the manjereh being 
a long-drawn-out flageolot numerously connected with eastern dancing. The music 
is mournful, weird, plantive and funereal by turns — never lively nor rhythmical; 
yet, when floating out from a latticed casement or portiered doorway, is not en- 
tirely unenchanting. 

One of the greatest attractions of all is the Moorish Palace, filled with ex- 
cellent wax figures, mirrored labyrinths, cafes and "La Dijonnaise." In a dark 
room in the museum of the Moorish Palace several American workmen erected 
a platform of old timbers. They reprehended the wood for its general 
toughness and wondered why anybody wanted to bring such truck clear over 
from Paris. After the platform was down they set up in its center two sturdy 
uprights, with grooves on the side, which faced each other. A nimble French- 
man climbed to the top of the uprights, nailed a cross-piece containing a pul- 
ley on top of them. Through the pulley he ran an old rope with ugly stains on 
it. He climbed down again,' and from a box he carefully lifted a rusty, oblique 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



559 



bladed piece of iron, which he adjusted in the grooves of the uprights. To the top 
of the iron he tied the rope, and then hauled the blade to the top of the uprights. 
"La Dijonnaise" was set up ready for inspection of visitors. "La Dijonnaise" has 
a great history. It is the guillotine that did such bloody work in the days of the 
first French revolution. Its blade fell and ended the life of Marie Antoinette in 




TURKS AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



October, 1793. After that great quantities of less royal blood trickled down the 
sides and over the platform of "La Dijonnaise." 

After France had recovered tranquility the old guillotine was stored 
away. After King YYilhelm entered Paris at the head of his victorious troops the 
last Commune began its work of bloodshed. The same day that the column of the 
Yendome was upset and shattered by the red caps they broke into the storehouse 
where "La Dijonnaise" was kept and carried it out on the street. Afterwards the 
bits of the Column Yendome, the guillotine, and other historical articles were sold 
at auction, and M. Dubois, a wealthy merchant of Brussels, bid in the shattered 
column and the old guillotine is now in Midway Plaisance. 



560 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



At the time of the last named Commune M. Roch, the famous executioner 
of Paris, who had charge of all relics of that nature, delivered to M. Dubois, over 
his own signature, a document vouching that the guillotine purchased was the one 
on which Marie Antoinette had met her fate. Another document of a similar 
nature is signed by the auctioneer to deliver the bloody machine to M. Dubois. 
The latter vouches for the authenticity of "La Dijonnaise" in a letter accompany- 
ing that of Executioner Roch. 




SINGALESE CHIEF. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



56i 



CHAPTER II. 




THE TWO IRISH VILLAGES. 

Lady Aberdeen's Work — Blarney Castle and the Village of Irish Industries — A Piece of the Genuine 
Blarney Stone — Carter Harrison's Speech to the Girls From Belfast and Cork — Lace-Makers and 
Weavers and Butter and Cheese Makers From the Land of No Snakes — Mrs. Peter White— Mrs. 
Ernest Hart and Her Village — A Reproduction of Donegal Castle — Eighteen Celtic Lasses — Good 
Irish Buttermilk —Irish Airs on Irish Pipes. 

HERE were two sets of Hibernians with long-tailed coats at 
the Donnebrook Fair, which accounts, we will say, for two 
Irish villages on the Plaisance — Lady Aberdeen's and Mrs. 
Hart's. The former is known as the "Village or Industries," 
or "Blarney Castle," and is very typical, for there are 
weavers, lace-makers, butter and cheese makers, and a piece 
of the Blarney stone and lots of pretty Irish girls, more kiss- 
able, really, than the lucky stone in the castle, say what you 
will. Lady Aberdeen's Irish village is situated on the south 
side of the driveway, near the Jackson Park entrance. The 
buildings form a hollow square; the low slooping thatched 
roofs and the towering castle make a most interesting picture in themselves. 

Many persons a day climb the long, winding stairway to see the Blarney 
stone and not a few to kiss it. It is set in a block of black marble, and is reached 
by an iron balcony and over it is this verse: 

This is the stone that whoever kisses 
He never misses to grow eloquent; 
A clever spouter he'll turn out or 
An out-an- outer in parliament. 
Blarney Castle is an exact reproduction of the massive donjon tower near 
Cork, Ireland, built in the fifteenth century. It is said that the stone had not reached 
the full zenith of talisimanic power until 179Q, when Milliken wrote his well-known 
song of "The Groves of Blarney." The tower is 120 feet high, and is well worth 
the climb for the view alone. Then there are the cloisters of Muckross Abbey and 
Tara Hall, which Tom Moore has immortalized. The cottages are so arranged 
that one can pass from room to room throughout the whole village. In the long, 
low apartments one sees the pretty Irish girls lace-making, knitting, embroidering 
and darning, and carding and spinning with the old-fashioned wheel and looms. 
High railings keep the crowd from the workers, who all dress in the picturesque 
peasant costume of their home-life. The dairy maids in bewitching caps and 
aprons are the personification of cleanliness and neatness. The interiors are 



56: 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



typical of Ireland; low rooms, with great high benches ranged against the wall. 
odd fireplaces and curious windows. At certain hours the pipers play in the court- 
yard and the villagers dance, while a number of concerts are given daily in the 
music hall by skilled harpists and vocalists brought over by Lady Aberdeen for 
the express purpose. There are many souvenirs on sale, of course, in the shape of 
Limerick and other laces, shillalehs, black-thorn articles, wood carving, bog or- 
naments, Connemara marble, pressed shamrock and squares of real peat tied up 
with green ribbons. There is also a genuine Irish jaunting car in connection with 
the village, driven by a rollicking Hiberian with an "ilegant brogue," the whole for 
hire to whoever cares to experience the novelty of a ride in such a vehicle. In the 




BLARNEY CASTLE. 



absence of Lady Aberdeen, who only remained for a short time, Mrs. Peter White, 
a beautiful and lovely Irish woman, presided over Blarney Castle, and made many 
friends by her womanly and bewitching manners. 

The Blarney stone did not arrive until June, and was not placed in position 
until the 17th of that month. The stone in the Midway is not in the same position 
in the reproduced castle as the stone is in the real structure. Instead of being out- 
side and below the coping it is inside and on the roof where people who want to 
kiss it are not in danger of breaking their neck. 

'We want to make the kissing easy," said'one of the Irish girls about the 
village. "Over in the real castle the stone is outside and down below the coping. 
People who kiss the stone over there have to be hung out by the heels or let down 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 563 

a rope. Some of them break their necks doing it, too. We don't want any of 
that here, so we have the stone inside. We want to give people some easy reward 
for climbing up those stairs." 

This stone is a piece of the old Blarney stone. It is about a foot square and 
Mayor Carter Harrison was the first to kiss the stone in this country, and the effect 
was magical. His honor talked with volubility and pleased the Irish lasses im- 
mensely with his frequent compliments. 

Mrs. Earnest Hart's Irish Village, or Donegal Castle, is on the north side of 
the Plaisance. This village is not so elaborate or so striking as Lady Aberdeen's, 
but there are lots of Irish industries, Irish cooking and Irish girls. 

John Bright once said: "Ireland is idle, therefore she starves; Ireland starves, 
therefore she rebels." Mrs. Hart's whole aim, as she declares, is that at least her 
part of Ireland shall not be idle. Armed only with her untiring energies and a 
warm letter to all from the archbishop of Armagh, primate of all Ireland, she left 
her English home of luxury to help the poor. 

Any one who has ever climbed the steep pass of Glen Esh and crossed the 
seemingly endless bogs of Donegal into Carrick will have no difficulty in recogniz- 
ing the buildings which Mrs. Hart has erected in the Plaisance. Entrance is had 
through the far-famed gates of St. Lawrence, built in the thirteenth century. The 
interior is a large court formed by cottages on each side and an exact reproduction 
of old Donegal castle at the back. In the center all that landscape gardening can do 
has been done to produce a unique effect. Around the edge of the walls runs a moat, 
and on its edge is reared a tower 100 feet high copied after one of the famous 
towers of the Emerald isle, the history of which is only a speculation of the anti- 
quaries. Around these are planted old vines and clinging mosses which closely re- 
semble the original article. In this court-yard are placed a number of old stones 
such as the pillar stone, Ogham hole stone and others closely connected with Ire- 
land's early history. 

"The first cottage," said Mrs. Hart, in describing the place, "is occupied by a 
Gweedore girl who makes kell embroideries. This industry I found, and called it 
so because many of the designs are taken of the old Celtic folk of 'Kells' and other 
early manuscripts. This cottage, like all the others, is an exact reproduction of the 
regular Donegal cottage where these home industries are daily carried on. The 
visitor may see the villagers in their native dress, living in cottages, the pot hang- 
ing on the fireplace, the cooking and the housewife work going on. All of my girls, 
who number eighteen, are pure Celtic lassies. The next cottage is a carpenter-shop, 
where the finer trades are shown, and I have a boy there who carves in wood the 
drinking cups, or mether, as they are called. Here also are made the designs for the 
Celtic crosses, and out there in the court-yard is a stone-mason who reproduces the 
designs in stone which has been brought from Ireland for that purpose. 

'In that cottage over the way more girls are at work on the famous Donegal 
homespun. There whoever cares to may see the wool as it comes from the sheep's 
back, see it washed, carded, dyed, spun into the threads for weaving by an 
old-fashioned spinning wheel and woven into the cloth. I call it an old-fashioned 

86 



5 6 4 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



spinning wheel because they know no other in the Irish homes and I sometimes 
doubt if such fabric could be made on any other. In every one of these cottages I 
reproduce exactly the same state of affairs that exist in Donegal, and if any one 
imagines that they are too primative they have only to remember that the girls 
and the work come from a place thirty-six miles from a railway in the very heart of 
Ireland and show the work that is now going on in hundreds of cottages where a few 
years ago all was idleness and poverty. If in my endeavor to show what good 
work these struggling people can accomplish and extend the horizon of their com- 
mercial sky I shall feel entirely satisfied with my task." 

No attempt has been rnade to reproduce the interior of the castle, now a 
ruin. The large space has been divided into two rooms. One is a lecture and concert 
room, where during the summer Irish music is often given, and at stated times Mrs. 
Hart and others lecture on the subject of fostering by benevolence home in- 
dustries among the poor. In the larger room is displayed the work done by the 
people. In none of the cottages are articles offered for sale. In the center of the 
large room in the castle is the huge statue of Gladstone by Bruce Joy, the famous 
sculptor and around the walls are hung portraits of famous Irishmen by well-known 
Irish artists. 

Adjoining the castle is the village smithy. All of the tools and the fittings of the 
shop were brought over for the especial exhibit, showing just how the work is done 
at home. A very interesting feature is the Irish piper. He is a direct descendant 
of the MacSweenies of Donegal, at one time the most powerful of all the Celtic 
clans, and at regular times he plays old native airs on the pipes. 




HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



565 



CHAPTER III. 




THE JAVANESE AND SOUTH SEA ISLANDERS. 

The Quaint Buildings of the Javanese a Great Resort— Everything as Neat as a Pin— More Than One 
Hundred People— And Such Tea and Coffee— Personal Appearance of the Javanese— Their Bam- 
boo Dwellings— The Javanese Theater and Orchestra— Ten Attractive Dancing Girls From Solo 
— "Klass" and His Peculiarities— The South Sea Islanders— A Great Exhibit— Cannibal and War 
Dances. 

HE Javanese village in the Midway Plaisance with its many 
quaint buildings of bamboo and still quainter natives, is one of 
the most genuine exhibits at the World's Fair. In its entire 
conception and down to the most minute detail, it has a fidel- 
ity to nature that makes many a traveler think himself in a far- 
off tropical island. This is undoubtedly due to the fact that it 
is the exhibit of the Java planters association and was entirely 
built by Javanese workmen of Javanese material. The plant 
being Dutch, they owning the entire commercial interests of 
Java, everything was done with the thoroughness that charac- 
terizes them in all they do. Famed the world over for its cof- 
fees, little is known here of Java teas, though they have already a high reputation 
In Europe because of their purity, strength and flavor, the soil and climate of Java 
being peculiarly adapted to the tea plant. There are forty grades of Javanese tea 
exhibited, the difference being in curing. The choicest is of young leaves picked in 
the early morning while the dew is still on them, and is very expensive. The high 
medium grade consists of these choice leaves and the next lower grade, is what they 
are serving at the tea house. This tea, which the Planters' Association is introduc- 
ing here, is, like all Javanese teas, uncolored, for though they can easily make the 
green teas they will not do it because of their unhealthfulness, and it takes but two- 
thirds as much for a drawing as Chinese tea, more spoiling the fine flavor. 

The tea served is from Sinajar, the largest plantation in Java, consisting of 
5,000 acres, owned by E. J. Kerkhoven, who alone exported 1,000,000 pounds last 
year, and "Parakansolak," the plantation of G. Mundt who, with Mr. Kerkhoven. 
controls almost the entire tea product of Java. 

Few people visit the Plaisance that do not inspect the Javanese village. It 
is as neat as a pin and its tea and coffee houses and theatre are the choicest on the 
Plaisance. It needs but a stroll through the village, to realize what beauties are to be 
seen. Nothing can be more perfectly entrancing to the female mind than to see a 
v-haracteristic little family group seated upon the veranda of a bamboo house, in the 



566 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

cool of the evening, enjoying the common meal. "How perfectly cute!" they say, 
as they watch a little brown-skinned mite of a child poking its tiny ringers into the 
common bowl of rice, and "cooing" with all the pleasure of an infant as it succeeds 
in catching a morsel of the toothsome food. It is a source of infinite pleasure, too, 
to some women visitors to watch the mothers playing with their children in all the 
abandon of a free and untrammeled race. 

Bright red prevailed for the women's shoulder coverings. All wore the re- 
markable garment of the Javenese, which is made of a single piece of cloth wrapped 
around the body, and extending from the waist to their feet. Under the hot sun of 
Java this would have completed their attire, but protection against the March winds 
of the temperate zone required more covering. For the men this consisted of an 
old stock of trousers picked up somewhere at a bargain sale. They belonged to 
various pantaloon eras, ranging ftom the one when that garment was skin tight to 
the other extreme when flour sacks were the model. Coats of the same wide range 
of fashion had been found somewhere. But native instinct was superior to the garb 
of the more civilized races, for while the clothing of the latter had been put on the 
indefinable garment or sheet was wrapped around them still. 

The Javanese women resemble the Japanese to an extent, except that the 
latter have lighter complexions. The expression, however, was alike in both. 

Not so with the men. They had a far more stolid look than have the Japan- 
ese. They were darker and their lips were thicker. The keen intelligence which 
shows itself in the face of the Yankee of the East when in conversation, was absent 
from the countenances of the Javanese. 

A man taller than his companions, with a much stronger cast of features, 
came last in the curious procession from the train. His hat was broad enough to 
shed an April shower and sloped down from the crown like the roof of his bamboo 
home. He walked with a stride and never glanced at the gaping throng. Twice 
had this man been to the shrine at Mecca. He bore the proud title of Hadji among 
the heathen Christian dogs. This man thought himself a pretty big fellow — any 
one could see that. He was brought along to attend to the religious welfare of his 
people. 

When they become tired of work — which is about three times a week — he has 
a vision. Translated to the followers of the Prophet this vision is that unless they 
work and do what the officers of the Oceanic Trading company tell them to dosome 
frightful calamity will befall their friends and relatives left in Java. 

Of the 125, thirty-six are women. The dancing girls number ten. In their 
native tongue they are called serimpis, which means they are dancers who appear 
only before the Sultan at the Court of Solo. 

At the Exposition they appear in their court dress. What they do is really 
more posing than dancing. The men are divided among the various crafts of the 
Javanese, and in their village during the Fair they are engaged in many curious 
occupations. There is one native chief among them whose name is Raden Adnin. 
He is distinguished by a large white hat of about the same size as that worn by the 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 567 

priest. It is so large that when he enters the door he has to take it off for fear of 
breaking it against the casings. 

The Dutch East Indies exhibit, of which the Javanese village forms a part 
occupies five and one-half acres on the Plaisance. 

This is not the first time that the Javanese have visited world's fairs. 
A number of dancing girls from the Emperor's court at Solo were taken in the 
village which was sent to Paris in 1889. The girls became so giddy among the gay 
Parisians that the Emperor was highly displeased when they returned, and it was 
only with the utmost difficulty that he gave his consent to having any brought to 
Chicago. None of those who went to Paris were allowed to come to Chicago. 

All the houses of the village were built in Java, and left standing until the 
ship was ready to sail. There were not less than twenty-five of them built for 
the Exposition. 

The imagery of Oriental poetry has given to Java the name of "The Pearl 
of the East." The village is a little Java in itself. There is the same tropical 
vegetation, broad-leaved palms and willowy bamboos, the same curious huts, stand- 
ing above the ground on stilt-like legs; and the people themselves, with all their 
peculiarities of language and dress, strange habits and customs. 

The Javanese village is populated by a crowd of pretty dames and stalwart 
men, who amuse, instruct and edify the American, and load him with souvenirs of 
the Fair, certainly at some cost to his pocket, but also greatly to the benefit of his 
knowledge of his fellow men. 

Nominally Java's 22,000,000 people are ruled by native sovereigns, but 
practically it is a depen dency of Holland, the Dutch having held a master-hand in 
the island for two centuries. 

The personal appearance of the Javanese, as befits a peaceful, agricultural 
people, is pleasing. They are small in stature, well-shaped, gracefully slender and 
erect in figure. Fashion demands long hair, and among the upper classes a bright 
brown complexion, bordering on golden yellow, is the rule. The women are pretty 
and at all times gentle and obliging. In a country where the earth poduces freely 
almost all the necessaries of life the people are naturally an easy-going, good- 
natured race, and inclined a little to indolence. When a Java villager grows more 
than unusally lazy a tornado lifts his house off the ground, or a volcano bursts like 
a boiler, and sets him to work repairing damages. When the volcanic isle of 
Krakatoa suffered an upheaval in August, 1883, some 30,000 Javanese were placed 
beyond the possibilities either of repair or reformation. 

The majority of the huts in which the World's Fair villagers live consist of 
simple bamboo structures, containing two or three rooms and surrounded by a 
verandah. They are windowless and thatched with sago palm trees. 

Within, the furniture is simple. A springy bamboo bed and a few mats and 
pillows are sufficient for the lower classes, but the chiefs find place for a few articles 
of European make. The houses are surrounded by a fence and generally half-con- 
cealed by masses of vegetation. A man who desires to eat in a Java hut will take 
his food from a wooden tray at the expense of his fingers, squatting the while on 



50b HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

the floor. He may get dried ox, deer, goat, or buffalo meat, but rice with curry and 
cayenne pepper must be the principal dish, with white tree-grubs as a relish. 

The first object of the men who introduce Java to Jackson Park is to improve 
the commercial relations between the two countries and induce trade,which has 
hitherto taken a circuitous route through Holland and England to follow a more 
natural and direct course. The coffee plantations of Java are their most pro- 
lific source of trade with foreign countries. The land, however, yields excellent 
crops of rice, tobacco, sugar and some cotton. The manufactures of the country 
are few and simple. The natives are very skilful in weaving and dyeing cloth for 
their own use. The man who can forge and temper the blade of the deadly "kri," 
the weapon universally carried by the natives, is sure of a good living. On the 
coast, fishing and curing occupy the time of a large proportion of the population. 
The weavers, goldsmiths and silversmiths are all seen at work at the Fair. 

The Javanese theater is built entirely of bamboo, with a flat floor, and is 
thatched like the cottages. On each side is a curtain which is roofed lower than 
the main ceiling. It seats 1,000 people, and from each corner on the outside ex- 
tends long curved palm poles which look like the tentacles on 'the butterfly's head. 
The walls inside and out are covered with split bamboo matting painted in squares. 
The stage is a four-decked affair. That part which is used by the performers is 
three feet from the floor, extends entirely across the building and is nine feet deep 
Back of this are three smaller stages, each three feet higher than the other, and are 
occupied by the musicians. There are no wings to the stage. The performer s 
enter from the back, the three smaller stages being cut off at one end to make a 
narrow passageway. 

A Javenese orchestra is a thing to be wondered at. Nothing like it can 
be seen in the Midway Plaisance. It consists of twenty-four pieces and the names 
by which some of them are called would tax the powers of a loquacious American 
commercial traveler for a music instrument house. Here are some of them. 
Djenglonglentik, bonanggedch, sarongpekinlentik and kenongpaninga. 

The peculiar thing about the orchestra is that it has only one wind instru- 
ment and one string instrument. The string instrument is a two-stringed violin 
and is played by the leader, who sits in the center of the first stage. The violin 
sits upright in a frame and is played like a cello. The wind instrument is a small 
bamboo pipe, which makes a sound not unlike a flute. The other pieces are gongs 
and metal and wood exonophones. The gongs range from huge copper disks, 
four feet in diameter, down to brass affairs the size of a saucer. They are placed 
on blue and gilt frames and are struck with soft hammers. 

After running the gauntlet of barbaric discord that passes for music in most 
of the Plaisance theaters, it is a pleasure to hear the harmony of the Javanese band 
with its suggestion of soft chimes. The deeper-toned gongs, the purling notes of 
the instruments that carray the upper notes, produce a combination of 
unexpected sweetness. Even the ardent worshiper of Wagner would 
enjoy the grave-faced musicians and their productions. The author 
was present at the first performance. The first piece on the rehearsal program 



HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 5 6 9 

bore an unpronounceable title and a strange resemblance to the German master's 
"Die Walkure." It has been played in Java for nearly 400 years, and it is one of 
the best compositions by native composers. 

The advent t of the dancing girls was heralded by a long roll on the gongs, 
which increased in tone until the center of the stage was reached. Then the music 
changed to a strain as graceful as a Strauss waltz. The girls were barefooted and 
bareheaded and dressed in bright colors. Each carried a sash, which she waved 
about as the dance progressed. 

There is something poetic about the movement, which is not unlike the 
Spanish dances. One after another danced, and they entered into it with a zest 
which showed that they enjoyed the rehearsal. 

After the dancing several of the actors rehearsed one of the regular dramas 
which is played daily. It is a historical piece. None of the actors speaks a word- 
It is all spoken by one man who stands at one side while the actors pantomime his 
words. The dresses are very singular and some of them are grotesque. All wear 
leather helmets of red and gold. The lower dress is the ordinary street costume. 
Wings of leather, gaily decorated, are worn and the face is covered with a wooden 
mask. The masks are not tied on but are held in place by a bit of leather fastened 
to the inside and held in the teeth. If an actor opened his mouth to articulate the 
mask would drop off. 

Mr. Mundt said one day: "All of the native clothing of Java is made in this 
fashion. If you will but notice the cloth and see how delicately the colors and tints 
are blended you can form some idea of the care required in placing the cloth on the 
matrix, for it is all gauged by the hand and eye. It is little wonder that the women 
become rather aged before they are expert. 

"Our exhibits include all the products of the entire Malayan archipelago, as 
well as the manufactured goods. We show brass and reed musical instruments, na- 
tive weapons, palm leaves for cigarette wrappers, rice spoons, insects, all of our 
spices, silver a'nd gold filigree work and large quantities of our tea and coffee. We 
also show how we make fires without matches, and many other things." 

Perhaps the greatest attraction at the Javanese village is "Klaas." Klaas is 
an orang-outang and the only one in captivity. He is owned by Mr. Mundt of the 
Java exhibit and is the pet of the entire village. He is 2^ years old and weighs 
140 pounds. He was born in the Bataak district of Sumatra, where the natives still 
indulge in holiday feasts off white strangers, and, when that source fails, eat each 
other with an occasional flavoring of orang-outang. The impressions Klaas re- 
ceived in early life still remain with him, and, once in awhile, when some particularly 
choice little boy comes near him, he shows his teeth and smacks his lips. Klaas' 
lips take up the best part of his face. His eyes, nose, ears and forehead are very 
small and lips predominate. 

The first thing he did when he got into the cage prepared for him was to 
stand still and look around. It pleased him and he laughed heartily, stuck his arm 
through the bars and shook hands with Mr. Kirkhooven. Klaas' laugh is a study 
in noise. First he throws his head back until it touches his spine; the chin is dropped 



570 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

to the breast bone and the sound emitted is enough to make the steam siren 
on Machinery hall feel like going out of the business. There are two crossbars in 
the big cage and a branched section of a tree. Klaas started in to inpect these while 
the Javanese watched him. He climbed to the top, hung on to the bars, put a long 
arm out and got hold of a branch from a neighboring tree. He broke off a small 
limb before he could be stopped and dragged it into the cage. An unavailing at- 
tempt was made to get it away from him. Klaas knew his business and was not 
going to be interfered with. He stripped the leaves from the branch, bent it over 
the trapeze and caught the two ends in his mouth. One foot grasped the trapeze, 
the arms were folded and the orang-outang enjoyed a swing such as his father en- 
joyed on the tree tops in Sumatra before the cannibals got him. 

While the orang-outang was enjoying himself a blonde young man with a pad 
and pencil made a sketch of him. Feeling sure that his artistic excellence would 
call forth some recognition even from an orang-outang the artist handed the sketch 
through the bars. Klaas received it, put it on the floor of his cage, spread it out 
with his hands and gazed first at the picture, then at the artist. Finally he put the 
top of his head on the paper and when he lifted his face it was covered with a piti- 
ful smile. He handed the paper back to the sketch artist with a get-a-camera look. 
The condemnation of the work would have pleased a believer in the Darwinian 
theory of evolution. The artist took it to heart and went away and the Javanese 
looked sorrowful and scolded Klaas for his discourtesy and lack of artistic appreci- 
ation. 

The scolding put his orang-outang highness in a bad humor and Mr. Mundt 
gave him some apples to pacify him. He could have easily have put the whole of a 
pomological specimen in his mouth at once, but he took small bites at a time and 
after each bite wiped off his expansive lips with the back of his hairy hand. The 
apples disposed of, a basin of water was put in the cage and a piece of soap handed 
between the bars. Down he sat before the basin like an Egyptian drummer before 
his tomtom. After wetting his hands he took the soap and scrubbed them. The 
same performance was repeated on his face. He got some of the soap in his eye and 
hopped around like an Irish cottager at a cross-roads dance and emitted an Alge- 
rian yell. A towel was handed him. He tore it in twc and with a piece in each 
hand dried his face and smiled. 

Civilization has given Klaas the cigarette habit. He would rather smoke 
cigarettes than eat terrapin a la Maryland. A cigarette was handed him after his 
bath. It was not one of the ordinary wheeze-producing, death-dealing kind in 
white paper. Klaas draws the line against those. It was a Javanese affair made 
out of a great deal of palm bark and very little tobacco. He took it between his 
thumb and finger daintily and held out the other hand for a light. A lighted 
American cigarette was reached out to him, but he would have none of it. Match 
or nothing with Klaas. He got one, turned so the wind would be on his back, 
and lighted the cigarette. The end of the cigarette' is very small, and it took 
up about as much space on his lips as the whaleback steamer does in Lake Mich- 
igan, but he managed to blow smoke deliberately into the face of the artist, 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 571 

who had been induced to come back and try again. Except when he is smok- 
ing Klaas is never quiet for a moment, and as a contortionist is entitled to a gold 
medal. As a rule his hold on the bars is sure, but when he does slip and fall he has 
a way of lighting on his shoulders perfectly limp, and after his tumble he invariably 
laughs at his own awkwardness. A railing has been put around the cage to keep 
visitors from getting to near. Klaas has a mania for shaking hands, and with a 
never-let-go grip. By nature the feet can be used for the same purpose and when 
Klaas gets hold of a visitor's hands the odds are two to one in favor of the orang- 
outang. 

Across the street from the bamboo fence of the little people from Java is the 
colon}' of South Sea Islanders. No more unlike people than these near neigh- 
bors are to be seen in the Midway. The Samoans are big fellows, of stout build, 
yellow in color. The Javanese are small, angular, and of bronze color. They build 
houses, have wares of their own manufacture to sell, and are sociable. The Samo- 
ans do nothing but sing and dance about war. They dress for the stage in breech- 
clouts of cocoanut cloth with bunches of the same and of sea grass fastened about 
the loins and standing out like short and stiffly starched skirts. For lazy-looking 
people the Samoans get a great deal of life into their dances. Their plump limbs 
and bodies glisten with perspiration as they jump and stamp. Their naked feet 
come down upon the stage in perfect time with tremendous slaps. Their "ailann," 
an old Samoan war dance, is done with war clubs which look like short paddles. 
They swing these first to the right, and then to the left, and bring them down on 
the soles of the feet with a resounding thwack. The "pater" is another Samoan 
dance. A song goes with it, and the words are so old that the present singers do 
not know what they mean. Each stanza ends with a cheer. The Samoans dance 
to their singing. The rest of the music is simply drumming on logs of wood. In 
one of the dances the islanders accompany the feet movements with hand clapping. 
In another they sit cross-legged on the floor and raise themselves half-way and 
lower themselves again in time with the chant. 

Next to the Javanese, the Samoans are the best-looking people on the Mid- 
way. They introduce more variety than any of the others into their dancing. 
Their pantomime is wonderfully good. 

The Samoans boast of being the oldest inhabitants of the South Seas. The 
dances they give are so many chapters of their ancient life. A thousand years ago 
their Fijian ancestors danced in just this way. The chants recite the various 
phases of life and war. The dancing is the pantomime which naturally goes with 
it. The most notable dance tells of the departure from home of an expedition. 
The movement of the boats, the throwing of lances, the rush through the waves, 
the clash of battle, the mourning for the dead, are all told in the song and the 

dancing. , ....... , , , 

The Samoans may be seen six times daily in imitations of war dances and 

drills. The author visited the Samoans upon one of their gala days in June, and 

saw about as happy a crowd of South Sea Islanders as has ever existed. They 

had plenty of kava to drink; they were permitted the luxury of greasing themselves 



572 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

from head to foot, until they shone as bright as so many burnished copper statues; 
they shed American clothing and got down to the simple but comfortable toggery 
of Samoa, all but the women, who modestly wore waists of colored cloth made 
from bark; and then they danced and sang as they do on starry nights under the 
beautiful cross of the southern skies. 

It was plain to be seen early in the day that something of more than or- 
dinary import was stirring the inhabitants of the Samoan village. The big mus- 
cular fellows were in the buff to the waist, and they dodged from building to build- 
ing in a mysterious manner. The women were squatted on the ground in Mataafi's 
thatched palace grinding kava and making the great national drink as though for 
an important ceremonial. Everywhere there was an excited jabber in the village 
like the chattering of a lot of magpies. 

Kava is made from the root of a pepper tree. It is ground by the women 
on a rude grater into a flour, which is thrown into an iron dish filled with water. 
It is allowed to stand long enough for the root to impart its flavor to the water. 
Then the pulpy mass is put into a piece of bark, which acts as a strainer, and the 
maker twists it as though wringing a towel. All the water is thus squeezed out, 
and the solid substance remains. Kava is about as intoxicating as mild beer. The 
Samoans love it dearly, and think it quite as indispensable as the German does his 
beer. It is particularly abundant during their pagan ceremonies. 

In the afternoon the South Sea Islanders gave some of their dances. The 
men wore rude kilts made of the bark of the paper mulberry tree. The bark is 
beaten out until it looks like sheets of paper, when it is dyed in bright colors. 
From the waist hung grasses and fuzzy garnitures of cloth. From the loins up, and 
from the knees down the men were naked and greasy. The women were similarly 
attired, except that they made the one concession to American taste of wearing red 
bodices to their bark paper gowns. Many of the performers wore high paper caps, 
which may have escaped from the bonbon favors of a fashionable Chicago German. 

Their first effort was a mild war dance in which they used a la-ati. The la-au 
is a wooden affair that might be taken for a paddle or a broken spear. It is neither, 
because it is simply a dancing club. The dancers sing a wild chant, slap theblades 
of their la-aus, jump on the floor with a thud that shakes the building, look fierce, 
and send yells of defiance after an imaginary enemy. Their second effort was a 
drill and the company responded by jabbing holes into the air and whirling the 
la-aus after the manner of white men who give bayonet drills. 

In the cannibal dance, which the Samoans borrowed from the Fiji Islanders, 
the big blacks sat on their haunches with their backs to the audience. They set up 
a weird droning, and marked- the time by clapping their hands. They hopped high 
into the air and swayed backward nearly to the floor. They faced the audience 
with a nervous jump and twisted their countenances into ferocious contortions. 
They went into convulsions that threatened to unjoint their bodies, but through it 
all they kept up the droning, which was a song recounting the incidents of their 
supposed fight. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 573 

Men and women joined in a Samoan dance of rejoicing. They sat cross- 
legged, slapped their knees and clapped their hands. One of the women sang an 
air in a not displeasing soprano, the others sang in concert, little wooden drums 
beat the time, and the knees went flippity-flop in sympathy with the rhythm. The 
whole troupe jumped to its feet, hopped about in a circle, clapped its hands and 
engaged in what sounded very much like a responsive song service. Then every- 
body strolled out to Mataafi's house, squatted on the mats, and drank kava. 

In front of the entrance is erected a Samoan house. It is the property of 
Mataafa, the deposed ruler. It was brought from the little settlement of Malie, 
several miles from Apia, and is most wonderfully constructed. In shape it is cir- 
cular. It is upright to the height of five feet and then slopes to a tent-like point 
thirty feet above the ground. It is made entirely of bread-fruit wood, the only 
wood that the white ants, which overrun the island, will not eat. A house built by 
any other material would be eaten up in a month by the pests. The uprights are 
made of pieces about four inches in diameter. At intervals of four feet a circle 
is made of the same material. The pieces of wood are all short and are jointed 
and bound together by thongs. The roofing is made of twigs and covered with 
thatch. The house was used by Mataafa and his father and is said to be very old. 

The home dress of these people is very scanty. It consists of nothing more 
than a wide strip of tapa cloth about the loins. Tapa is made by the natives and is 
a product of the bark of the mulberry tree. Strips of the bark 1% inches thich, 2 
feet long and 4 inches wide are stripped from the tree. These are taken to the 
river, where women and girls subject them to a crude process of tanning by soaking 
the bark in water. It is then placed on a malili wood board and the surface scraped 
by a rough shell, leaving the inner bark. This leaves it a pulpy substance. The 
small strips are overlapped and the edges pounded together until a piece is made 
the required size. To color the cloth in designs a die is made of a half-oval board 
of pau wood, over which colors made of native barks and roots have been smeared. 
The prepared cloth is spread over this and the print is made. All kinds of designs 
are used and the drawing is very crude, but the printing is done with geometric ac- 
curacy, although the eye only is used. 

The village is under the control of H. J. Moores of Apia, who is the con- 
fidant of Mataafa and who will in all probability be his prime minister if he returns 
to power at the next election. 



■ 

$%.'$■ 






PPI. v,'. , ,„ ■ ; , 



■HlK 




mn 



AN ARABIAN FROM MIDWAY PLA1SANCE. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



575 




CHAPTER IV. 
THE GERMANS AND AUSTR1ANS. 

Cottages From the Black Forest-The Town Hall of Hesse-Westphalia and the Banks of the Rhine- 
Glimpses of Berlin and Bavaria— A Reproduction of One of the Streets of Old Vienna-Forty- 
Eight Stores— The Emperor's Own Band-The Cost of the Village Nearly $1 30,000— It Opened 
With a Banquet. 



O display in the whole great exhibition at Jackson Park 
combines in itself so much calculated to awaken Amer- 
ican curiosity and German interest as the German village 
on the Midway plaisance. Cottages from the Black 
forest and Westphalia cluster round a typical town hall 
of Hesse, and homes from Bavaria and the Rhine add 
a quaint, old world flavor to the grouping. Dominating 
all a mediaeval keep of the sixteenth century casts its 
broad, protecting shadow across the picture which has 
been worked out into a veritable cameo of the Fatherland. 
Every architectural detail has been lovingly reproduced with 
such care and truth that one passes out of the Chicago street 
into Deutschland at a step. Nor is the setting all. The German village has its 
origin in the patriotism and public spirit of two of the great banks of Berlin, the 
Deutsche bank and the National Bank fuer Deutschland, and in the fertile brain and 
energetic conduct of Dr. Ulrich Jahn of Berlin. In its present shape the display is 
the result of the best thought of such men as Prof. Virchow, rector of the Univer- 
sity of Berlin; Baurath Wallot, the famous architect; Prof. Eugene Bracht and Prof, 
von Heyden; A. Voss, the ethnographer, and Meyer Cohn; and certainlythe village 
is a credit in every way to its designers. The ethnographic museum is especially 
good, and the costumes and armor make the finest collection of the sort ever gath- 
ered together for exhibition in America. 

Besides the museum and the cottages the village offers many other attrac- 
tions, not the least of which is the magnificent music of two uniformed bands organ- 
ized by Herman Wolff of the Philharmonic at Berlin and by Rossberg, who is the 
final authority on all musical matters in the German army. These bands play in 
two pavilions in a beautiful summer garden which has in it tables and chairs enough 
to accommodate several thousand guests. In connection with this part of the dis- 
play is the restaurant, which carries out strictly Berlin ideas and Berlin methods, 
and to make the resemblance to the old country lustgarten all the more striking the 
beer of Bavaria, the Wuczburg Hofbrau, and the wines of the palatinate are not 
altogetr er inaccessible. 



576 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

The German village in all of its departments is under the management of C. 
B. Schmidt, and to this fact its practical success will be largely due. Mr. Schmidt 
as immigration commissioner of the Santa Fe railway has probably more friends on 
both sides of the Atlantic than any other gentleman in Chicago, while his tact, 
courtesy, and proved executive ability combine to make the display one of the most 
popular as well as one of the most valuable and instructive and pleasant at the 
World's Fair. One feels that he is in Germany every time he visits the German 
village. 

A center of attraction for all passers-by on the Midway Plaisance is the beauti- 
ful Vienna cafe, or Old Vienna, with its 40 shops, which reproduces not alone the fine 
architecture but the delightful cookery of the imperial city of Austria. And it is 
the cookery which appeals most strongly to the wayfarer. Charles Earnest, the 
manager of the cafe, who came from Delmonico's of New York to take charge of 
this enterprise, is known to gourmets the world over as a past master of the art of 
dining. Equipped with unlimited means and gifted with a genius for catering, Mr. 
Earnest brings a cosmopolitan experience to a cosmoplitan task. He has managed 
restaurants in Paris and Vienna, as well as in Rome and London, and he can 
sympathize in half a dozen languages with the artistic appetite that has been edu- 
cated on the Boulevard des Italiens and given its doctor's degree on the Ring 
strasse. 

Messrs. Koenig and Griesser, the proprietors of the cafe, deserve the con- 
gratulations of Chicago for the admirable manner «in which they have carried out 
every detail of their excellent idea. Mr. Koenig came to America with the 
prestige of having successfully conducted one of the largest cafes in Vienna. The 
cafe is one of the most attractive parts of the whole World's Fair and neither 
money nor brains has been spared in completing it. A magnificent orchestra under 
the direction of Prof. Julius Schiller is a component part of the attractions provided, 
and the quick and experienced service, the elegant cookery, and yet thoroughly 
Viennese, economical scale of prices, and the whole foreign, old world flavor of the 
cafe bring to it the success it so well deserves. 

There have been as many as 4,000 people at one time in Old Vienna. The 
village occupies the largest space in the Plaisance. Its charm lies in its antiquity. 
The reproductions are of Garben and Bogner streets, Vienna. These are the old- 
est and best-preserved streets of the Austrian capital. They were built 200 years 
ago under the protection of the Archduke Ludwig Victor and the Imperial and 
Royal Lander Bank of Vienna. The buildings, which form a large court, are ex- 
act reproductions of the old streets. Even the cracks in the ancient walls are fac- 
simile. 

The design creates the impression of a part of an ancient city built up with 
great irregularity, and presents old, gable-end houses with frescoes and shields, 
and these open up a prospective to small, narrow streets. The council house, with 
outside staircase and covered way, stretches along the entire distance of the square, 
in the middle of which stands an ancient well. The shops are built after the fashion 
of former times, and there only special Viennese products are sold. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



577 



It is not necessary to draw on the imagination in the Vienna village to be- 
come imbued with a foreign influence. There is nothing modern to meet the eye 
except the Columbian Guards. The first floors of all the buildings are fitted up as 
shops. Viennese women are on guard in nearly all of them, and the bank, under 
whose assistance the street was built, has a branch in the village, and the office 
is fitted up in the same style as the original institution, founded 300 years ago. 

In the center of the court is the bandstand, where the emperor's own or- 
chestra gives daily concerts. In the garden the tables are ancient and the barmaids 
are dressed in the black and yellow of Austria. All were brought over from 
Vienna. The village cost $125,000. Early in June the managers gave a banquet 
to the Columbian officials and others. The guests were given many an Austrian 
toast, which in plain English was "Drink and be merry." 




THE ABOVE IS A VIEW OF PHELPS, DODGE & PALMER COMPANY'S EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 




-H-r 







HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



579 



CHAPTER V. 
AMONG OTHER NATIONS. 

The Village of the Almond-Eyed Mongolian— The Electric Theater— The Libbey Glass Works— The 
Ferris Wheel the Greatest Piece of Machinery in the World— Pretty Imitation of La Tour Eiffel 
—Carl Hagenbeck's Menagerie— The Big Black Dahomeyans. 

MONG the other villages is that of China. The peculiar 
bell-shaped minarets and pagodas stamp the architecture 
distinctive of far away Cathay. Here the almond eyed Mon- 
golian is seen as at home and not as "Ah Sing, laundry- 
man." The main building in the group is 100x150. feet and 
80 feet high, exceeding large for a house in the native coun- 
try. The coloring is most unique. Beginning at the bottom 
the successive panels are painted the prismatic colors in reg- 
ular order, starting with the violet edge of the rainbow. In the 
center of the building is a splendid garden filled with rare shrubbery 
from the "Flowery Kingdom." A little further along is the tea garden, 
showing the methods of raising, drying and packing of tea; here one 
can secure a taste of this beverage, minus sugar and cream in most ap- 
proved style. On the second floor are shown samples of the Chinese literature 
from time immemorial. Beautiful works of art, painting, pottery and bronze, in 
whose workmanship they are so renowned, are exhibited extensively. One gallery 
is devoted to a temple with priests and attendants revealing the methods of wor- 
ship and the display of idols and brass and ivory gods, Joss occupying the post of 
honor on a high pedestal. Gay lanterns swing from every projecting beam, bal- 
cony and gallery, while every door and wall is emblazoned with their gaudy signs 
in black, red and gold. A museum with artistic wax figures and designs from hu- 
man models and relics of the time of Confucius. There are also bazaars and shops 
innumerable where silks, curious, trinkets, ornaments, and samples of native teas, 
can be procured as souvenirs. 

But while every phase of the life of the people is represented, perhaps the 
the most interesting is the Chinese theatre. The music which seems to be the prin- 
ciple part of the performance is simply horrible; the orchestra plays upon a variety 
of instruments unknown to the English dictionary but somewhat resembling violins, 
o-uitars, drums and gongs. The musicians work like blacksmiths and the loud cym- 
bals, triangles and braying wind instruments keep up a constant din; their concert, 
a succession of squeaks, rattles and bangs, ludicrous in its quieter intervals, and hid- 
eous in its more violent fits, provokes wonder at the taste of the nation which could 





SNAKE CHARMER, MIDWAY PLA1SANCE. 



V, .YVU- 



HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 



581 



invent, tolerate and enjoy such discord. The acting is all done in front of the mu- 
sicians and no women ever appear upon the stage, their characters being taken by 
men who talk in a sing-song tone and falsetto voice, completely deceiving the list- 
ener. The play is usually of some alleged classic drama or scenes in the life of 
some military hero and usually runs through several days. There are no stage cur- 
tains or shifting scenes and if they wish to convey the idea that the scenels in a 
forest, a bush on top of a chair is brought to the front of the stage, while the seashore, 
a field, the street, interior of apalace or a hut are all suggested by similar devices or 
symbols. When an actor falls in war or passion, instead of ,being carried off or 
hidden behind a drop, he usually gets up and trots off. The costumes are a mar- 




- 55 *?»" w" 




'£ .==*^ -^mm m"" "J*. 




KENT LABORATORY CHICAGO UNIVERSITY. 
Near Entrance to the World's Fair. 

vel of gaudiness but devoid of all elegance. The troupe here is considered by the 
celestials to be a representative one and great crowds throng to experience the 
pleasure of an unintelligible Chinese show. 

One of the most charming places for a stay of fifteen minutes is the Electric 
Theatre. The theater itself is one of the unique things of the Plaisance and of the 
Fair. The seating capacity is 100. It is lighted by electricity, cooled by electric- 
ity, and the performance is purely electrical. It is called "A Day in the Alps." The 
stage is an opening of about six feet, which shows a most perfect Swiss scene. In 
the distance are the snow-covered peaks and the valleys, and in the foreground the 
foliage and pleasant homes, and everywhere the clear blue atmosphere character- 
istic of Switzerland. The opening scene is just before daybreak. There is a faint 
glimmering of stars before the sun commences to touch up the snow-topped moun- 



5§2 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



tains. As the light of day dispels the mist of darkness, you can hear in the dis- 
tance the peasants singing the "Jodel." Then a storm comes up and the flashes of 
lightning and the thunder make the audience instinctively gather themselves a little 
closer in the dark theater to get out of the rain. The sunset comes with the 'Al- 
pine glowing," then darkness and starlight, with the singing again of the peasants 
somewhere in the background. The moon comes creeping up behind Mount Blanc. 
The white snow glistens and the whole scene is so perfect that, as the curtain falls 
and the lights are turned on again one feels as if one had just returned from Chau- 
monix and no mistake. 

Just the handsomest thing in the Plaisance is the Libby Glass Works. Here 
swarthy Arabians, Egyptians, Turks, and Persians, and the blue-eyed, light haired 

children of the land of the 
Norse meet together on 
a common level and vie 
with each other in the 
keen enjoymentextracted 
from the wonderful hand- 
icraft of the glass blow- 
ers. A common medium 
of enjoyment is Charles 
A. Barry, the well-known 
linguist, who in addition 
to being a graduate of 
Michigan university, 
speaks, reads, and writes 
fifteen foreign languages 
with extraordinary ease, 
and the pleasure a com- 
posite group of foreign- 
ers takes in meeting with him is shown in the brightening faces when he speaks 
the tongue each loves so well to hear spoken in this strange land. 

The factory is a model of completeness and has never been equalled in any 
previous exposition. 

Early in July a new feature was added to the exhibit which delighted the vis- 
itors greatly. Spectators for a small sum each were allowed to "blow," and the 
funny results of many attempts to do the act with neatness and dispatch kept the 
great crowds in excellent humor. 

The cutters and weavers attract most general attention. The cutter per- 
forms the most important part in the production of modern glassware, and his skill 
is of the highest order. The work of cutting is regulated entirely by the eye and 
an intricate pattern requires many days of constant manipulation. The cutting is 
done on a Bessemer steel wheel, upon which drops from a hopper fine moist sand 
that forms a cutting surface. The sand-coated wheel cuts deeply into the glass, 
leaving a miter which represents the first part of the cutting process. Then the 




JAPANESE UMBRELLA MAKERS. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



583 



glass is carefully smoothed by contact with a fine sandstone wheel, after which it is 
polished upon a rapidly revolving wooden wheel, sprinkled with putty powder. 
Then the article is ready for market. Some of the cut-glass articles made by the 
Libby company demand prices which reach away up into the hundreds of dollars. 

Glass weaving or glass cloth making is a process in which the rug-making 
Persian takes especial delight, and never fails to attract a crowd. The blower 
takes a glass cane, which may be white or colored, as is desired, and places it in a 
powerful gas flame, which quickly melts it. When it reaches the proper consis- 
tency he takes a thread from the mass and carries it over to the periphery of a 
wheel six feet in diameter making 200 revolutions a minute. The wheel draws out 
the thread, and its fine silken strands encircle it. At the end of each minute the 
operator pushes his working table forward and a new band appears upon the peri- 
phery of the wheel. When the wheel is covered with these bands, each containing 
say 200 threads, the wheel is 
stopped, the glass bands are 
pulled off horizontally, and 
stretched on long tables. Here 
they are cut into desired 
lengths for weaving. They 
are passed to a girl at the 
loom, where it is deftly woven 
with silk — one thread of silk 
to 200 threads of glass — and 
then the glass cloth is ready to 
be put to its myriad uses. So 
soft and delicate is it that 
beautiful garments are made 
from it, and the company in its 
display department has some 
marvels of beauty in the form 
of lamp shades, screens, pin 
cushions, doll dresses, etc., 

made from it. A beautiful dress was made for Eulalia, by Mr. Libby, the infanta 
paying $2,500 for it. 

What La Tour Eiffel was to the last Paris Exposition the great Ferris 
wheel is to this. It is 250 feet in diameter, and from the ground to the apex it is 
270 feet. It cost $400,000, and commenced to revolve on the first day of June. 
It is the biggest piece of revolving machinery in the world. Much has been written 
of the Ferris wheel, and the world is now realizing that Chicago has given birth 
to one of the wonders of the age. Cynical doubters have changed their tune; 
obstructionists, who said that if built it would never revolve, and at best would be a 
monstrosity, have had perforce to render homage to the ponderous yet graceful 
creation of the brain of Mr G. W. G. Ferris, of Pittsburg. 




JOHN BROWN'S FORT. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



585 



Apart from the criticisms of laymen, man)' engineers of skill asserted that 
it was a question if a hanging wheel, consisting of 1,700 tons of steel could be con- 
structed to revolve, and certainly no man had ever attempted to put such an enor- 
mous mass in motion before. However, Mr. Ferris said that it could be done, and 
he found men who believed in him and his assertion, and who were ready to back 
their belief with good hard cash, and now as the turnstiles keep up a steady click 
all day, they feel that the financial prospect is rose-colored, and that their confi- 
dence was well founded. 

Comparisons, they say, are odious, yet one cannot help comparing this wheel 
with the tower of the Paris Exposition. As the Ferris wheel is to our World's Fair 
we will repeat so the Eieffel tower was to the Frenchman's. As a mechanical 
achievement there can be little doubt 
that the palm belongs to us, for, won- 
derful as the Eieffel tower -is, it was 
constructed on well tried scientific prin- 
ciples; but the Ferris wheel is a venture 
on unknown grounds. Twenty-five thou- 
sand dollars' worth of hard work and 
calculations lay in the building plans of 
this wonderful invention before a dollar 
had been put into construction, and the 
accuracy of the figuring is shown by 
the perfect safety with which it is oper- 
ated. 

The difficulties contended with in 
building this immense structure in such 
a short time were tremendous. It was 
not until the 16th day of December, 
1892, that final arrangements could be 
effected with the World's Fair com- 
mittee, some of whom thought the idea 
impossible of realization. In an in- 
credible short time Mr. Ferris had 

some of the largest iron plants in the East entirely devoted to his enter- 
prise. The Detroit Bridge Company, of Detroit; the Carbon Steel Company, Jones 
& Lauahlin, H. Lloyds & Sons, Cambria Iron Company, Wilson Snyder Manufact- 
uring Company, Kepp Gear Wheel Company, of Pittsburg; the Walker Manu- 
facturing Company, of Cleveland, and the Bethlehem Iron Company, of South 
Bethlehem, Pa., all did their share of work, as it was impossible for any one or two 
firms to turn out the material so that the wheel could be built for 1893, and it was a 
wonderful thing to see how castings made in so many different places were put to- 
gether as if turned out from one plant. 

The foundations, which extend for forty feet under the surface of the ground, 
had to be laid during the coldest weather of winter, and it was necessary to use live 




JAPANESE BASKET MAKERS. 



5 86 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



steam freely in mixing the concrete to keep it from freezing. By the time they 
were completed the iron began arriving, long trains of it; and the work of erection 
began about the 25th day of February 1893. The lumber for the false work alone 
cost $12,000, and many wondered what was going to be built among that vast web 
of beams, reaching nearly 300 feet in the air. 

Perhaps the most interesting feature of the construction was the raising of 
the main axle, the largest ever forged. This was turned out by the Bethlehem iron 
works and weighs seventy tons, but with the machinery in use was raised without 
any difficulty and dropped into its resting place as if it had always been there. 
Then came the work of hanging the wheel upon it. Beginning at the bottom, the 

heavy castings which form the outer crown 
or periphery of the wheel were hung one by 
one on to the rods which carry the weight of 
the wheel. Slowly the circle was completed 
and the last of the sections, each of which 
weighs five tons, was raised to the height of 
270 feet to drop into its place. Meanwhile the 
machinery below was completed, and when 
the time came for the trial trip to be made the 
excitement was immense. 

The model of the Eiffel tower, the attrac- 
tion of the Paris Exhibition which seems to 
have left the strongest impression, is one of the 
quiet things of the Plaisance. This model is 
an exact reproduction of the original, even to 
the number of pieces of metal used in its con- 
struction, 650,000. It is twenty feet high, set in 
a miniature representation of a Paris garden 
about eighteen feet square. 

In exhibiting the tower the room is darkened 
and the lights in the model are turned on grad- 
ually. A revolving glass lamp on the top of the tower first becomes luminous 
and sheds colored lights. Then the incandescent lamps in the elevators are 
turned on and the cars are seen gliding up and down their long shafts. There 
is a bright twinkle and the suspended lamps on the lower two balconies flash into 
beaded rows, to be followed an instant later by a square line of fire about the top 
balcony. The lamps in the streets, in the park, and in the newspaper kiosks are 
finally turned on and the whole exhibit stands out from darkness a beautiful minia- 
ture of the famous tower. In the center of the space covered by the latticed iron- 
structure is a small fountain, which becomes luminous with the colors of the rainbow 
under the effect of electric lamps. One obtains a good idea of La Tour Eiffel by 
this exquisite counterfeit. 

Carl Hagenbeck, who built a one hundred thousand dollar arena for his wild 
animals, and sped back to Europe before the hot weather set in, had a great show 




BRONZE VASE— GERMAN SECTION. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



587 



—something never before seen in America:— Lions, tigers, leopards, bears, dogs, 
and horses all living and acting harmoniously together. The menagerie consists of 
two elephants, seventeen lions, five tigers, five leopards, twelve bears, three dogs, 
four pigs, three goats, four sheep, one hyena, three horses, four ponies, two zebras' 
sixteen cases of monkeys, twenty-nine cases of parrots and five cases of storks'. 

There are also several thousand ethno- 
graphical specimens from Africa, China, 
India and Australia. There are two 
women of the troupe whose specialty is to 
cow the tigers and lions of the menagerie 
by the power of the eye. There is also 
one man who can do more with wild ani- 
mals than has ever been known in Amer- 
ica. Hagenbeck's is generally conceded 
as the greatest show in the Plaisance, and 
nothing like it has been seen in this coun- 
try. Hagenbeck's pride rests with his 
trained animals. Bears walk the tight 
rope and do the William Tell act, and 
ermine-mantled and crowned lions drive 
triumphal chariots around the arena 
drawn by royal tigers. Camels hump 
themselves on roller skates. The hippo- 
potamus is not at sea on the trapeze, while 
the smiling rhinoceros offers a horn to any 
one willing to take it. Professor Garner 
has a dozen of hypnotized monkeys ready 
to converse with any intelligent visitors in 
their own language. Parrots that play 
progressive euchre and "differ" about 
tne prizes in sixty-five different languages are also seen and heard. A- superbly 
trained baseball team of mules provides great sport. Their " kicking " may not 
equal that of their human brethren, but in other points they are equal. 

The world's most celebrated animal tamer, Miss Leibemich, creates a great 
sensation. She not only succeeds in subjugating the most ferocious beasts in the 
animal kingdom, but has taught them an)' number of tricks. It is always a great 
source of amusement to see the animals fed. The small boy is made glad while he 
watches the pensive goat dine on fricaseed scrap iron, with door-knob sauce, but 
that kind of amusement is really passe. Instead of this, Miss Liebemich shows to 
what degree of enjoyment of -the pleasures of the toilet she has brought her pets. 
To watch the noble lion smiling at its image in the hand glass while its mane is 
being dressed is worth going far to see. The beautiful expression of contentment 
that illumines " hippo's " broad face while he is being shaved is in sharp contrast to 
that of the sulky tiger's, who evidently does not like the tooth powder used. The 




ORIENTAL PADLOCK. 



588 .HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

huge boaconstnctor, according to reports, always enjoys his corncob pipe while 
he is flirting a little with his mistress. 

Mr. Hagenbeck's particular treasure is the dwarf elephant Lili. This is the 
only specimen in the world of its kind. The little animal is about ten years old and 
was purchased by its present owner from a trader in Sumatra. It is only about 
three feet high, and not three and a half feet long. It weighs but 108 pounds, 
which is phenomenally light when one remembers that a full-grown elephant from 
that part of the world weighs up to 7,400 pounds. The little beast is of a very 
affectionate disposition and has been taught a number of fine tricks. 

The Dahomeyans are big, and black-charcoal certainly would make white 
marks on their skins. The village, is on the south side of the Plaisance, just beyond 
" Old Vienna." It is modeled something after Abomey, the capital of that country .- 
The men are uglier than chimpanzees, and every one bears three cuts on each 
cheek, just like the women, who are scarred with the wounds of many battles. 

At the woman's quarters, sights unusual to American eyes may be witnessed. 
The women lie around doing nothing, and wrapped up in dozens of blankets. Some 
speak a few words of English or French, but only words. Their own language is 
soft in the extreme, but they do not learn easily like the men, who pick up a lan- 
guage with singular facility. These women are all greasy, for they bathe them- 
selves in oil, and paint their faces red with a powder formed from a kind of wood. 
The amazons are all unmarried, having taken vows of celibacy. A few of the 
women are wives, and are considered the property of the husband. 

The men are strictly polite and salute each other and strangers with great 
punctiliousness. Big Tom guards the gate of the village. He is very polite, but 
no one can get past him without the personal permission of the manager, and as he 
is big and strong people don't try to. 

One of the long, low houses is set off for a museum and contains all kinds of 
arms and trophies of Dahomey. Another is set off to represent the harem of the 
king, while there is still another called the "hell of serpents," where many kinds of 
snakes are tame and free. It looks grewsome to enter. The fetishes of the people 
are crowded in a house by themselves, though each house has its own peculiar 
fetish. • 

A more horrible-looking set of men and women it would be hard to find than 
these Dahomeyans and every effort has been made to illustrate their customs and 
peculiarities. War dances are given in a wide and roomy pavilion erected for that 
purpose and some of the cruel ceremonies of the country are represented. 

The married women keep themselves warm stamping the ground with heavy 
stampers, singing all the time a monotonous "Ha-wha-wha-o-hoo." The married 
women do all kinds of heavy work, but the men do nothing except to make clothes. 
All who saw these Dahomeyans may boast unpretentiously that he has seen 
two-score savage women, who are the equals in fighting capacity of the same num- 
ber of picked French soldiers. These amazons are welbproportioned, clean-featured,, 
muscular creatures, unusually intelligent for savages and possessed of phenomenal 
powers of endurance. They form the mainstay of the bloodthirsty King Behansin's 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



589 



army, and before the French occupation of his capital they were the only part of 
the soldiery who were thought equal to the responsibility of properly guarding the 
palace. In the skirmishing about the sacred city Kana these women gave the French 
soldiers a practical example of their prowess by worsting the invaders in a number 
of instances where the forces pitted were equal in numbers. Incidentally it may be 
mentioned that the king reposed such implicit confidence in the intelligence of his 
women fighters that he supplied them with breechloading guns, while he left the 
men to fight with the ordinary native arms, fearing they could not learn to handle 
the European arms with sufficient skill to make effective riflemen in a short space 
of time. 

There are many other places besides these more conspicuous ones on the 
Plaisance. There are Hindoo and Persian jugglers that throw all Hermanns and 
other renowned prestidigitators in the shade. New England Dinner cabins,. 
Colorado Mining exhibit, several tribes of Indian, Parisian, Persian, Algerian and 
Soudanese dancing girls, a Miniature St. Peter's, Arabian horses and riders, cyclo- 
ramas, many theaters, cafes, restaurants and gardens, etc., that can never be for- 
gotten by any who saw them. Altogether there has never been in the world such a 
combination of so many kinds of peoples and their modes of living, warfare and 
industries, and which perhaps may never be repeated on the same scale of reality, 
picturesqueness, grotesqueness and attractiveness again. It is a harliquinade of 
the deepest and most lasting significance and a highway of savage and beauti- 
ful surprises, all sanctioned by the law of the land and the lights of the century. 




LIBBY GLASS WORKS, MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 



590 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



THE LIVE-STOCK EXHIBIT. 




HERE has never been a livestock exhibit on the American 
continent equal to that which opened in the Big Pavilion at the 
end of the Fairgrounds on the 21st of August. The barns 
on that day were filled with fine representatives of the 
leading breeds of horses and cattle. This great exhibit 
embraced over twelve hundred head of horses and 1 ,000 head of 
cattle. Many visitors who were interested in this department 
of the Exposition filed through the barns on the 21st looking 
at the fine animals in the long rows of stalls which were to be 
entered in the contests in the arena. 
Hon. R. B. Ogilvie, ofMadison, Wis., one of the leading exhibit- 
ors of Clydesdale horses, said: "I will say that the exhibit of Clydesdales has 
never been approached on this continent and rarely, if ever, equaled in Great 
Britain, either in point of numbers or excellence of animals. I have been told by 
Mr. Sarby, of Guelph, Ontario, after he had looked over the stables here, that he 
felt more like crossing the Detroit river than the Atlantic ocean to find the finest 
Clydesdales. I also have it from Andrew Montgomery, of 'Nether Farm,' Castle 
Douglas, Scotland, unquestionably the leading authority on Clydesdales in the 
world, that some studs can now be found in this country which are not equaled in 
Great Britain." 

Among the Clydesdale exhibitors here were N. P. Clark, of St. Cloud, Minn., 
president of the American Clydesdale association; R. B. Ogilvie, of Madison, Wis., 
L. B. Goodrich, of State Center, Iowa; the Live Stock association of Fort 
Wayne, Ind.; Colonel Holloway, of Alexis, 111.; and the Canadian Government. M. 
W. Dunham, of Wayne, 111., exhibited fine stables of Percherons, French trotters 
and coach horses. 

Of special interest to Americans were the great exhibits of the Russian and 
the German governments, the former showing Orloff trotters and the latter the 
celebrated coach horses of that country. The imperial stud of his majesty the Czar 
was well represented. There were also fine specimens of English hackneys and 
Cleveland bays, the latter being the celebrated coach horses of Yorkshire. 

In short, the best representatives of all the equine families were here at this 
Columbian show in such numbers as were never before witnessed. The opportun- 
ities for studying and comparing the different breeds here have never been equaled, 
and the exhibit was a great object lesson or school of instruction to students in this 
department of the Exposition. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 591 

Will T. Potts, of the firm of J. H. Potts & Son, of Jacksonville, 111., spoke in 
enthusiastic terms of the cattle exhibit. He was confident that it far surpassed 
everything of the kind that has gone before. The cattle exhibit was opened on 
the 22d of August. The arena was divided, and horses and cattle were shown 
simultaneously, and the judging was done at the same time. The exhibits in the 
pavilion opened at nine o'clock in the morning and continued till evening. Of 
beef cattle there were more shorthorns than any other breeds shown. Among 
the large exhibitors of this strain were J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville, 111.; Colonel 
Moberly, Kentucky; Robbins & Son, Indiana; Mr. Fisher, Illinois; H. F. Brown, 
Minnesota; L. W. Brown & Son, and Mr. Varner, of Illinois. There were fine 
displays of Jersey milch cows, and herds of Herefords, Polled Angus, etc. In a 
word, Mr. Potts and others declared it was the greatest cattle exhibit ever seen in 
the United States or Canada. Colonel Charles F. Mills, who was in charge of the 
live stock department, was a very busy man. He was constantly surrounded by 
farmers and stock-raisers seeking information on all conceivable topics, from 
exhibitors, passes to the price of baled hay. But the colonel was equal to the 
occasion, and took care of everyone in the most affable manner. Many people from 
the agricultural districts were in attendance the last two weeks of August on 
account of the live stock exhibit. 

On the 20th of September the exhibit of sheep and swine was opened, ~nd 
no greater has ever been seen in any country. The finest breeds of French and 
Spanish merinoes from various parts of America were to be seen, and also extraor- 
dinary specimens of well-bred hogs. To farmers in particular, and many others, 
all these live-stock exhibits have been highly entertaining and instructive. 



592 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



WORLD'S CONGRESS AUXILIARY 




HE great Exposition brought out some features that, while 
none of them took place within the grounds, were more or 
less connected with the Fair — we mean the Congresses. The 
women led off at the Art Institute in June, and eminent ladies 
from all over the world spoke on such subjects as women in 
journalism, typewriting, cashiers, etc., three times a day for 
two weeks. Many papers were read which showed that 
much sedentary and some other work performed by men 
could be as well done by women, and the gist of claims was 
that the latter should be paid quite as well or nearly as well as 
men. It was shown that women, as a general thing, were as 
faithful, more regu ar, and, of course, a great deal more temperate, than men. All 
this was carried out in a spirit of cleverness, goodness and skill, as well as of 
moderation, charity and justice. The speakers manifested no ill-will or exclu- 
siveness, but their remarks and arguments were characterized by good sense and 
firmness throughout. 

The Congress of Peace occupied a week at Washington Hall, ending on Sun- 
day, August 21. Probably the best speech made was the closing one, by Rev. Dr. 
Moxom, of Boston, himself an old soldier. The speaker at the outset called atten- 
tion to the fact that the nations of the earth are to-day armed to the teeth; that in 
Europe, owing to the system of conscription, almost every man is a soldier, and that 
never before was the machinery for destroying life so perfect as it is to-day. This 
he said looked as if the ideal state of national and international peace were a long 
way off. Yet never was the outlook for peace so hopeful as it was to-day. The very 
perfection of the implements of war was in itself one of the greatest arguments in 
behalf of peace. He referred to the recent attitude of England and America to- 
ward arbitration as a hopeful sign of the times, and said the recent debate in the 
British House of Commons on the question of international arbitration showed the 
recent development of the peace spirit perhaps better than anything else. So pro- 
nounced was this peace sentiment that not a single vote was recorded against 
the motion of Mr. Cremar in favor of arbitration. Even the prestige of an 
emperor was hardly sufficient to get through an army bill in Germany. Dr. 
Moxom then went on to deal with some of the objections raised against the 
peace crusade. The first was that it is human nature to perpetuate war. The 
lust of power will predominate in the end. In reply, he said, such a statement 
ignored the moral progress of the species. Strong as selfishness might be it was 
weaker than love. "What is the gain of one nation is the gain of all nations," said 
Dr. Moxom. "Men are bound together by commerce, by social and religious ties, 
by friendship, and by love. The higher qualities of human nature are bound to rule." 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 593 

Dr. Moxom went on to speak on the social and moral aspects of war. He 
pointed out the economical waste of life and treasure that follows in its train, and 
quoted that inimitable piece of sarcasm from Carlyle, where, in "Sartor Resartos," 
the sage of Chelsea depicts the training and feeding of thirty strapping young men 
in the town of Dumbdrudge, and in due time they were accoutred as soldiers and 
shipped off to the south of Spain, where, as fate would have it. they met over thirty 
similar men from a Dumbdrudge in France and straightway the two squads com- 
menced to blow the souls out of each other, and the end of it was that instead of 
sixty fine soldiers being left there was nothing left but sixty carcasses. 

Dr. Julius E. Grammar, of Baltimore, also gave an eloquent address. He said 
the mission of Christ in the world was peace. The age of war, he said, had passed, 
and the time had come to put the true spirit of Christianity into practice. War, he 
said, belonged to the savage, while peace was an attribute of civilized and Christian 
nations. 

The colored people had a day or two atthe Art Institute, with Fred Douglass 
at their head. The origin of the African and of African slavery was touched upon 
in a superior way, and also the emancipation of the black slave in our own and 
other countries. 

The Congress of Science and Philosophy convened in the Art Institute Mon- 
day morning at 10 o'clock, August 21, and was divided into fifteen sections, 
embracing such subjects as astronomy, chemistry, pharmacy, electricity, mete- 
orology, geology, philosophy, physical science, and anthropology, zoology, social and 
economic science, statistics, revenue, taxation, profit sharing; and in the knotty 
problems sought to be unraveled some of the acutest thinkers of the day took part. 
The department of electricity, whose chairman, Dr. Elisha Gray, had prepared an 
excellent program, was represented by such giants as Thomas A. Edison and Dr. 
von Helmholtz, of Germany. This section was composed of two chambers, one of 
them representing the delegates sent by the different countries of the world, the 
other divided into three sub-sections, which discussed respectively pure science, 
science and practice, and practice. 

In the other congresses in this department the best talent of both hemispheres 
participated. Eminent scientists from England, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Russia, 
France, Scotland, and nearly every State in America had been secured, and they 
either were present in person or their papers were read by others. 

One of the pleasantest of all these congresses, although the mercury reached 
93 at noon, was that of the geographers, at which Paul du Chaillu, the distinguished 
traveler and writer, was present. 

Ensign Roger Welles, Jr., U. S. X., read a paper on the Orinoco River, and 
Dr. Emil Hassler, Paraguayan Commissioner, told some geographical facts about 
his country. 

Other geographers talked about Columbus and other folks who are supposed 
to have discovered America before Columbus got ready to start. Capt. John 
Bourke, U. S, A., who had helped guide the visitors through the model of La Rabida 



594 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

in the morning, told them all about the real La Rabida and made many merry little 
jests which much relieved the heat of recital hall. Captain Bourke related also 
much of the early history of Spain, told the congress that the word infantry took its 
origin from the first force of Spanish foot soldiers having been commanded by the 
Spanish infanta, whereat all the women looked interested and thought of Eulalia. 

Paul du Chaillu then came forward — the man who has made personal studies 
of geography all the way from Norway to central Africa, a short, swart, little man 
with a bald head and a neat white vest. He looked like a reduced copy of Bis- 
marck. He said he would not talk about Africa but would tell of his studies of the 
early Vikings. This in a funny foreign accent and in a way that made everybody 
feel that du Chaillu must be a pretty nice man. He told of his work in the islands 
of the Baltic, where are the graves of 250,000 Vikings, and said that from the exam- 
ination of these mounds it was evident that the Vikings had been making voyages 
before the Christian era and that they had settled in England before the time of 
Christ. Then he recited in Latin the description of the Vikings' ships written by 
Tacitus. 

All of this seemed to please Capt. Magnus Andersen, the last of the Vikings, 
who sat in the back of the hall, but Capt. Victor Maria Concas, who sat in the full 
uniform of a Spanish naval officer on the rostrum, did not seem to be so sure about 
these Vikings. 

After which Mr. du Chaillu returned to talk of explorations. "Two hundred 
years ago," he said, "nobody cared who discovered America. That is a new fad. 
The Norsemen were ahead of their time and their story is lost now. It is only 
twenty-five years since I came back from Africa with my story of the great forests, 
the cannibals and the dwarfs. Everybody said: 'Oh, what a liar Paul is.' I was 
ahead of my time, but they believe it now. I have to explore this Fair, this fairy 
land, yet. I just discovered it the other day. I think it will be my most glorious 
exploration." 

And then Paul du Chaillu grasped his hat and departed. Following his 
paper Captain Concas told of the caravels of Columbus, as well as the reproductions 
of them which he commands. He exhibited many relics which he had brought 
from his three little ships. 

The Parliament of Religion commenced early in September, and lasted three 
weeks, and was attended by eminent Catholics, Lutherans, Congregationalists, Uni- 
tarians, Presbyterians, Hebrews, and Hindoos. Preachers there were who spared 
neither Judaism, Buddhism or Christianity. There were those who believed in 
heaven, hell, and resurrection, and a number who denied all three. There were 
some murmurings at times, and much squirming, too. There were startling con- 
trasts, each day of the Parliament, and, on the whole, it may be stated that, of 
all the Congresses, the Parliament of Religions brought out by far the greatest 
resources and grandest speakers of all. Nothing like it has ever been known before 
and it may be safe to say that many years will roll by before there will be a repeti- 
tion of this extraordinary "Parliament." 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 595 




CHIC A GO'S O WN DAY AT THE PAIR. 



T took place on Monday, October 9, 1893 — J us t 22 years after 
Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked over the light that set Chicago on 
fire and burned the greater part of it to the ground. No fairer 
day has ever been seen in any land. The sun came up and 
shone throughout against a perfectly cloudless sky, and the 
\ wwa -JHJy^ evening was just as fair and beautiful. 

M' Fifty thousand people remained up all the night pre- 

ceding, and were at the gates at daylight. At 8 a. m., 60,000 had 
entered, and at 9, 90,000 more. At 10 a. m. 75,000 additional 
paying tickets had been taken, and at 11,80,000 more. At 
noon 350,000 paying people had entered. At 1 p. m., 70,000 
more; at 2, 80,000; at 3,60,000; at 4, 35,000, and at 5, 40,000; making a total up to 
the later hour of 660,000. This was swelled by 56,881 during the evening, making 
the total paying admissions 716,881 ! — to which may be added 37,380 free admissions, 
making the total attendance 754,261! 

This exceeds anything of the kind known in ancient or modern history, as no 
such multitude has ever before congregated at one time in one place, (even a 
hundred times larger than Jackson Park). The armies of old, fabulously written 
of, could not have been assembled in an area no bigger than Jackson Park, while 
those at Waterloo and Gettysburg occupied more than three times as much space. 
As some one has truly said, to speak of a "big crowd" is to convey an idea of 
extreme vagueness. For instance: The day President Cleveland visited the fair 
in St. Louis in 1S89 130,000 people paid to get within the inclosure and this was con- 
sidered something phenomenal in the Missouri City. Seventeen years ago the 
American idea of a great crowd was much more modest than now. The greatest 
attendance at the Centennial Exposition in one day, 257,590, was looked upon as 
extraordinary. On the big day at the Paris Exposition 397,150 persons passed 
through the gates. The average attendance Sundays was 200,000 and week days 
100,000. On the opening day the attendance was 110,000, the last day, 370,000, the 
day the Shah of Persia visited the fair 330,000, and the day Edison was the distin- 
guished visitor, 254,000 persons passed the turnstiles. 

Next to an international exposition in drawing power may be placed the Ox- 
ford-Cambridge boat race, which once brought together a concourse estimated to 
number 300,000, but this crowd, it must be remembered, was scattered along more 
than three miles of river front and paid nothing for the privilege of witnessing the 



596 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

event. There was absolutely no means of computing the crowd with any degree 
of accuracy. 

That great British carnival which for n years has been held on the Wednes- 
day following Trinity Sunday, drew to Epsom Downs 150,000 people May 31. Again 
this is a mere estimate, since the greater part of the crowd was in an open field and 
paid no admission. Perhaps the greatest horse race in point of attendance was 
the Melbourne cup race of July, 1892, at Melbourne, Australia, which was witnessed, 
it was estimated, by 225,000 persons. 

A day for crowds which the London Times gravely avers " broke the record " 
was the bank holiday of 1890, in which 230,000 holiday-makers were abroad. But 
these were widely scattered; in fact, the crowd could scarcely be spoken of in the 
singular number, for a division of 100,000 visited Kew Gardens, 60,000 passed the 
turnstiles of the Zoological Gardens, and 70,000 spread themselves over Hampstead 
Heath. One railway, the Great Eastern, handled 135,000 passengers, and the peri- 
odicals declare the railway employes were worn out with excitement and fatigue. 
Compare this with the work of the transportation lines leading to Jackson Park. 

It is claimed that 500,000 persons have attended labor meetings in Hyde Park, 
London, but those familiar with the capacity of Hyde Park say the statement 
should be taken with several adult grains of salt. 

To return to America, it was generally agreed that a vast crowd witnessed 
the last inauguration of President Cleveland. A liberal estimate placed the num- 
ber at 275,000. On the occasion of the Grand Army Encampment in 1892 some 
325,000 persons were congregated in the National Capital. Probably the largest 
crowd ever gathered there was when the grand review of the Union armies took 
place in 1865, when it was figured that 500,000 people were present. 

It was estimated that the procession at the Washington Centennial celebra- 
tion in New York April 30, 1889, was seen by 1,000,000 persons, but it must be borne 
in mind that not only were the spectators scattered along the entire six miles of the 
route, but that the estimate also includes the number, by no means inconsiderable, 
which viewed the parade from the windows of houses, so that it is hardly fair to in- 
clude this occasion in a comparison of crowds. Newspaper estimates of the num- 
ber of people who witnessed the naval review at New York April 28 placed the fig- 
ure at 350,000. This was calculating that there were 200,000 people on the river 
banks and 150,000 aboard the various crafts on the river. The estimate as to the 
number of people on the excursion boats and yachts is substantially correct. 

So far as Chicago is concerned, one of the largest crowds seen here previous 
to 1893, was gathered in and near Lincoln Park, Oct, 7, 1891, to witness the unveil- 
ing of the Grant Monument. That day it was estimated that 150,000 spectators 
saw the ceremonies, while 20,000 others took part in the parade. 

A glance at the following will give in comprehensive form an idea of the 
comparative size of great gatherings in the past. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 597 

Greatest day at Paris Exposition 397,150 

Greatest day at Centennial 257 590 

Bank Holiday in London, 1S90 (estimated) 230,000 

Cleveland day, St. Louis Fair, 1S89 130,000 

Melbourne i.up day, Melbourne, 1893 (estimated) 225.000 

Shah of Persia da3', Paris Exposition , 330,000 

Closing day, Paris Exposition 370,000 

Cleveland's inauguration, 1893 (estimated) 275,000 

Grand Army Encampment, Washington. 1892s(estimated) 325.000 

Review ot'Union armies, Washington, 1S65 ict mated) 500,000 

English Derby day. 1893 (estimated) 150,000 

Oxford-Cambridge boat race, 1893 (estimated) 300,000 

Unveiling Grant monument, Chicago, 1891 (estimated) 170,000 

Edison day at Paris Exposition 254,000 

American Derby day, 1892 41,000 

Naval Review, New Yoik, April 28, 1S93 (estimated) 350,000 

This three-quarters of a million of men, women and children moved at will 
throughout Jackson Park and its grand buildings, and up and down Midway Plais- 
ance, and no one was seriously hurt within the Exposition inclosures — and all were 
safely gotten out by midnight, and na hour or two later all had reached their abid- 
ing-places, so perfect were the methods of transportation by the various steam, ele- 
vated, electric and cable roads. Besides the general sights of the White City, there 
were parades by military and other organizations during the day, and processions 
of floats and fire-works at night — the latter surpassing anything ever before at- 
tempted in the way of pyrotechnic effect- 
One of the herculean tasks of Chicago Day was to feed the multitude assem- 
bled in Jackson Park. Fully 300,000 people ate their midday meal inside the 
grounds. One-third of this number went supplied with boxes and baskets contain- 
ing sandwiches, pickles, pie, cake, and otherarticles of food generally contained in 
a well supplied picnic repast. The rest fou nd an abundance in restaurants and at 
lunch counters to alleviate their wants. Thousands more ate at the neighboring 
hotels, cafes, and lunch counters outside the grounds before they purchased their 
tickets of admission. 

One of the unique and most interesting features of the day was the sight 
presented in every part of the park, in the restaurants, and about the lunch coun- 
ters from 11 a. m. to 3 p. m., when the multitude was scrambling to get something 
to relieve the inner man. Those who took their luncheons with them, of course, 
enjoyed them without any further effort than to seek out some quiet spot where 
they could settle down, either on benches, chairs, ledges, or the greensward and 
quietly refresh themselves. All through the Wooded Island and among the State 
buildings, on the Stock Pavilion verandas and grassy lawns, and under clusters of 
shade trees could be seen thousands of men, women, and children enjoying them- 
selves in genuine picnic style. It was the thousands who depended on getting 
something to eat at the various restaurants in the World's Fair grounds that had 
to endure long waits and take what they could get. 

However, the restaurants were well prepared and they handled the crowd in 



5q8 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

good shape. They had been anticipating a multitude and with the experience of 
former big days to work upon had sufficient quantities of provisions in store to ac- 
commodate all. 

The one concession that fed more people than all others combined had 
laid in a stock of bread, meat, milk, coffee, pie, cakes, and other eatables sufficient 
to allay the wants of 300,000 persons. And before midnight that enormous stock 
had been reduced to an exceedingly small minimum. This company had eight 
restaurants and forty lunch counters in operation. It commenced business in the 
morning with 40,000 pounds of meat, 12,000 loaves of bread, 200,000 ham sand- 
wiches, 400,000 cups of coffee, 15,000 gallons of cream, and pies and cakes by the 
wagon-load. It also had two carloads of potatoes and 4,000 half barrels and 3,600 
dozen bottles of beer. It was prepared to serve 22,000 people at one time. This 
number was duplicated as often and as rapidly as they could be waited on, eat, and 
get out. 

At the restaurants in Electricity, Horticultural, and Administration buildings 
there were crowds constantly in waiting large enough to keep every seat continu- 
ously occupied from the time the doors were opened until past the middle of the 
afternoon. At the lunch counters long strings of men and women stood in line 
ready to take their places on the stools or at the tables as quickly as they could. 
The same condition of things prevailed at other places. The Casino, the White 
Horse Inn, the California, the French Bakery, the Philadelphia, the Swedish and 
Polish, the Banquet Hall, and New England Restaurants, the Woman's Building 
and the Public Comfort cafes had all they could accommodate and more too. 

Great as was the Chicago crowd it must be conceded that the crowd of 
strangers was as great, if not greater. Their attendance in such numbers was a 
graceful tribute to the new Chicago and the White City. It showed that the heart 
of the people of this country is with Chicago and its incomparable Exposition. It 
demonstrated that they appreciate what Chicago has done and that they are proud 
of its position as the great Western metropolis. And Chicago has every reason to 
be grateful to them. It was a day all concerned will remember with the liveliest of 
pleasure as the consummation of the success of the Fair and as a celebration of the 
remarkable prosperity during the years which have passed since the ever memora- 
ble Oct. 9, 187 1. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 599 



RED-LETTER DAYS. 

In the way of statistics of attendance, what are known as the " Red-Letter 
Days" are of much interest, the figures that follow representing paid admissions: 

May 1 (Opening day) 128,965 

May 30 (Decoration day) 115,578 

June S (Infanta day) 135,281 

June 15 (German day) _ 165,069 

June 17 (Massachusetts day) , 148,994 

July 4 (United States day) 283,273 

July 20 (Swedish day) 129,873 

August 12 (Bohemian day) 151,971 

August 15 (Rajah day) 123,530 

August 18 (Austrian day) 123,428 

August 19 (British day) 168,861 

August 24 (Illinois day) , 243,951 

August 26 (Machinery day) 168,036 

September 2 (Roman Catholic day) : 148,560 

September 4 (New York day) 160,382 

September 6 (Wisconsin day) 175,409 

September 7 (Pennsylvania and Brazil days) 203,460 

Septembers (Cymrodorion day) 180,746 

September 9 (California, G. A. R., Utah, Stationary Engineers', and Transportation day). ..231, 522 

September 11 (Kansas, Silver, and French Engineers' day) 160,128 

September 12 (Maryland and Kansas day) ,167,108 

September 13 (Michigan and Kansas day-) 160,221 

September 14 (Ohio and Kansas day) 198,770 

September 15 (Costa Rica, Vermont, Kansas and Keeley day) 157,737 

September 16 (Texas, Railway, and New Mexico day) 202,376 

September 19 (Fishermen's day) 174,905 

September 20 (Iowa, Fishermen's, and Patriotic Sons of America day) 180,552 

September 21 (Iowa and Sportsmen's da}-) 199,174 

September 23 (Knights of Honor day) 215,643 

September 26 (Odd Fellows' day) 195,210 

September 27 (Indiana day) 196,423 

September 30 (Irish day) 108,885 

October 5 (Rhode Island day) 1S0.404 

October 7 (Polish day) 222,176 

October o. (Chicago day) 716,881 

October 10 (North Dakota and Firemen's day) 309,294 

October 11 (Connecticut day) 309,277 

October 12 (Italian and Trainmen's day) 27S.878 

October 13 (Minnesota and Trainmen's day) ■ 221,607 

October 21 (Manhattan day) > 290,317 

October 24 (Martha Washington day) 243,178 

October 25 (Marine Transportation day 1 2o2,618 

October 27 (Coal, Grain, and Lumber Dealers' day) 250,583 

October 28 (Reunion of Cities day) 240,732 

October 30 (Closing day) 208,173 




CARTER H. HARRISON, 

World's Fair Mayor, 

ASSASSINATED OCTOBER 28TH, 1893. 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



60 1 



END OF THE EXPOSITION. 



Official Closing 



Day of the Great Fair— Impressive Termination of the Most Magnificent Creation of 
Any Age —A Vast Throng Present— The Illuminated Fountains Play for the Last Time— The 
Great Search Lights Blaze Out the Close— Electric Switches Turn Off Their Tens of Thousands 
of Arcs and Incandescents Forever — The Terrible Death of Carter H. Harrison, the World's Fair 
Mayor, by the Bullet of an Assassin, Precludes the Possibility of Carrying Out a Program of 
Oratory, Music and Pyrotechnics — The Mayor's Day — Mayor Harrison's Last Speech — His Last 
Signature was at the Tiffany Pavilion — Symposium of Reports and Addresses in the Woman's 
Building — Lady Managers Kiss and Say Good Bye — Destruction of the Exposition Commences 
on Wooded Island— Some Interesting Facts and Figures — Paid Admissions Reach Nearly 22,000,- 
000!— The Exoosition Pays All Its Bills and Has Nearly $3,000,000 in Bank. 



HE official ^closing of the great Exposition took place on 
Monday, October 30, 1893, and the most magnificent event of 
any time ceased to exist. The day and evening were radiant 
and beautiful, and the White City was as fair to look upon as 
ever, except that severe frosts during preceding nights had 
dealt unkindly with the dahlias and cannas, and some other 
plants, and the beauty of their foliage and blossom had been 
extinguished forever. The Wooded Island, which has been 
the home of so many millions of shrubs and flowers, had not 
only lost its most infinitesimal charm and sweetness, but the 
hand of destruction had been raised against it by Colum- 
bian workmen on the 26th of the closing month, and enough was done to impress 
itself sadly upon one that it was the forerunner of the mighty spirit of devastation 
that already overwhelms Jackson Park. Yes; it was on that fairest and most peace- 
ful spot in the Exposition that the first shadow of death fell. A little group of 
workmen entered the Wooded Island early in the afternoon. They carried ham- 
mers, saws and baskets. Their work was to tear away all the gay trappings that 
have made the long festival so bright and attractive. The men went about their work 
listlessly, slowly, as if it grieved them to mar the beautiful picture they had helped to 
make. Little groups of people gathered along the paths to watch them. Those who 
noticed the workmen and thought of the meaning of the work seemed fascinated. 
They stood for several minutes watching them and made many comments. "Too 
bad, too bad," said one man, and the people around him echoed his words. 

The workmen began with the band stand in the center of the Wooded Island. 
First they removed the long strings of glass lamps that have been used in the night 
decoration of the groves. Hundreds of the lamps were removed from the wooden 




602 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

framework and wires, the water and burned tapers being thrown out, and the 
pretty bits of glass packed in boxes and baskets. Then a few plankswere knocked 
away from the band-stand, some of the faded, tattered flags were torn down, and 
the great work of destruction had begun. It was a fitting day for the beginning of the 
end. The sun was hidden all day. The dawn came amid rain and fog that shed 
their chill over the whole throng. The clouds hung low, the wind was cold, and 
the air full of dreariness of approaching winter. The removal of the faded decora- 
tions and the e mpty lamps was even more impressive than if some massive pillar 
or statue had been the first to suffer. It dispelled all the happy illusions that have 
made the place so pleasant and left only the somber and unclad grandeur of heroic 
architecture in which, under the cloudy autumn sky, there was nothing bright nor 
cheerful. 

On the 28th there took place in the Woman's Building the last meeting of 
the World's Fair ladies and others who have been identified with woman's work. 

The women who in the past have made the plaint that they have not been 
allowed to talk can, in justice, do so no longer, as this daywasgiven over to them. In 
the assembly-room of the Woman's Building every known organization of woman 
was represented, and through its representatives spoke of its aim and work. 

Long before 11 o'clock the assembly-room was crowded and people were 
standing on the seats to catch a glimpse of Mrs. Potter Palmer and the Board of 
Lady Managers and around them the representative women from every State in 
the Union and every country on t he globe all gathered on the platform. A solemn 
organ prelude by Miss Henry prece ded the opening prayer, made by Mrs. Adams. 

Mrs. Palmer made an impromptu opening address, in which she stated the 
object of the meeting and gracefully welcomed the organizations. She referred to 
the work of the Board of Lady Managers at the Fair in the interest of women and 
women's work. The different organizations, she said, set the pace, but if the board 
had not been represented in the different societies muchlesswould have been done. 

Through this board efficient government representation was secured from 
foreign governments. Mrs. Palmer concluded by expressing her pleasure in wel- 
coming the different organizations. 

Miss Susan B. Anthony followed as the representative of the Woman's Na- 
tional Suffrage association, which she characterized as the center around which all 
the others are floating. She related the trials of the last forty-five years, since a 
small band of women first demanded the right of suffrage. The woman suffragists 
have been reviled and despised, she said, but the association's exhibit has done 
much good, and in a few years all women will march into its headquarters for shelter. 

The Woman's Christian Temperance union was represented by Mrs J. E. 
Nichols and Mme. Demorest, of New York, who briefly outlined the work of the 
organization which has "belted the earth with its white ribbon and done its work 
not alone in the cause of temperance, but social purity." 

Mrs. Laura de Force Gordon, one of the brightest lawyers on the Pacific 
coast, read a paper written by Clara B. Colby relative to the women's tribune. The 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 603 

speakers immediately following her were Mrs. Leander Stone, of the International 
Board of Women and Young Woman's Christian association; Miss Blaney, of the 
Ladies' Catholic Benevolent association, and Mrs. John B. Fowler, Jr., represent- 
ing the Young Woman's Christian association. For the general federation of 
women's clubs, Mrs. Linden Bates spoke, showing the ideals of women's clubs in 
literature and art. 

"Man," she said, "in leaving to woman the control of the heart, left to her 
the destiny of the nations; for so long as woman rules the homes she rules the 
world. The federation of clubs, recognizing this, has drawn its membership from 
the home. Of the American home, its beauty and its love, we would make the fed- 
eration a symbol." 

Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson spoke for the Woman's club of Chicago, tell- 
ing of its hospitality during the past summer and mentioning with pride the nume- 
rous visitors who have pulled the latch-string always hanging out. Of one visitor, 
"beautiful Lucy Stone," she spoke with love as well as pride. 

To the Fortnightly club was left the pleasant task of paying to Mrs. Palmer 
eulogy greater than any woman ever received before. It was in the form of a res- 
olution signed by officers of the club and read by Dr. Julia Holmes Smith. 
Mrs. Palmer responded briefly. 

Mrs. Marj' Lowe Dickinson, representing the King's Daughters, wished for 
more time, longing with infinite longing for the happy land wherein a day is as a 
thousand years and where minutes allowed for women's speeches will be twenty- 
seven years. Though her time fell far short of that limit, Mrs. Dickinson managed 
to give a fine resume of the work of her order. 

Mrs. Becker spoke in behalf of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 
Miss Dennis, of New York, outlined the work of the Women's Industrial and 
Educational Union. The Grand Army of the Republic Women's Relief Corps was 
represented by Mrs. Frank L. Hubbard. 

The National Council of Women, through Mrs. May Wright Sewall made 
itself gloriously heard as became an organization composed of over a million 
women. The present important work of the council was outlined as being an ef- 
fort to get through Congress two bills, one to insure to women workers for Uncle 
Sam equal pay, and the other to secure in all States uniform marriage and divorce 
laws. 

The Woman's Press clubs were represented by Mrs. Laura de Force Gordon 
and Miss Mary H. Krout. Both ladies made speeches to the point, Miss Krout in 
particular taking up the gauntlet for the sisters, who have borne the burden 
through the heat of the day, and to whom no reward has come. Other speakers 

were : 

Mrs. Lucy Rider Meyer, of the Home and Foreign Missionary Society 
of the M. E. Church; Mrs. L. Dickinson of the South End Flower Missions; Miss 
Cole, the Girl's Friendly society; Mrs. H. M. Ingram, Non-Partisan W. C. T. U.; 
Loraine J. Pitkin, Eastern Star; Mrs. Isabella-King Lake, Women's Work; Mrs. 



604 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

E. W. Adams, Philanthropic Organizations of Oregon; Mrs. Mary Newbury- 
Adams, Emma Willard Association; Miss Cobb, Shut-in Society; Miss Katherine 
Hodges, Protective American Society of Authors; Mrs. Eugene Bank, Keeley 
Rescue Cure; Mrs. Francis Ten Eycke, Folklore; Miss Frantz, Loyal Women of 
America; Mrs. H. M. Wilmarth, Mrs. Mary C. Reynolds, Ethel Baker and Mrs. 
Sallie M. Moses. 

Mrs. Palmer closed the meeting with some words of farewell, half pathetic, 
half humorous. After the meeting Paul du Chaillu delivered a lecture on women 
in foreign lands. 

The closing ceremony'of the day wasagrand public reception givenin the Court 
of Honor, beautifully decorated for the occasion with flags of all nations. Then 
Mrs. Palmer, assisted by the board, received the thousands who flocked within the 
doors to catch a farewell glance of her. Later a recital was given by Miss Ade- 
laide Detchno, assisted by Mr.W. C. E. Seeboeck, Mr. Karleton Hackett, and Miss 
Marschall. 

There occurred on the 28th a remarkable gathering of the mayors of many 
cities, whose presence made the grounds as sunshiny as the prettiest day in June. 
They came from all points of the compass, and represented nearly all the States of 
the Union. 

There also occurred on the 28th a tragedy so unexpected and so dreadful as 
not only to fatally mar much of the pleasure and the glory of that day, and the 
closing one, but to shock the world — for Hon. Carter Henry Harrison, the Chief 
Magistrate of the City of Chicago, a short time after he had addressed his col- 
leagues from all over the United States, was shot three times in his own house by an 
assassin named Eugene Patrick Prendergast, and died in twenty minutes. 

In welcoming the visiting mayors Mr. Harrison made his last public speech 
in Music Hall, at Jackson Park, as follows. He was in the best of humor, and after 
rising, stood dramatically for a moment and bowed to the audience, which greeted 
him tumultuously. Then he smiled and, being formallyintroduced by Aid. Madden, 
began to speak. His voice was strong and resonant, his delivery brilliant, and his 
manner enthusiastic, at times witty. He gloried in the Columbian Exposition. 
He praised the greatness of Chicago and made the following prophecy regarding 
himself: 

" I, myself, have taken a new lease of life and I believe I shall see the day 
when Chicago will be the biggest city in America, and the third city on the face of 
the globe." Then he said: 

Mayors of the Various Cities Who are our Guests, and You, Officials of Chi- 
cago, and of Other Cities: It is my pleasing duty to welcome you to Chicago to wit- 
ness the dying scene of this magnificent Exposition. It is a little chilly in weather, 
but the sun is coming out, and you have a warm beat from the heart of our people. 
Thus it is that at the dying scene, while these beauties are passing away, this World's 
Fair is showing itself in its most majestic proportions, as the moment approaches 
for it to pass away forever. Mr. Madden has said to you words of praise of the 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 605 

efforts of our sister cities in helping to make this thing a success. All who have 
visited the World's Fair are glad of the opportunity they have had to see such a 
scene of grandeur, and I myself deeply pity any American who has lost the oppor- 
tunity of coming here. 

I have sometimes said what I would do if I were President of the United States. 
If I were to-day Grover Cleveland I would send a message to Congress and would 
say in that message that the World's Columbian Exposition has been a success, 
aye, beyond the expectation of any man living. It was fitting for us to celebrate 
the greatest event of the world, the discovery of two continents. Six months has 
been altogether too short a time for this greatest of all world's fairs. The Presi- 
dent should say that it has beaten itself, and the American people should to-day 
make an appropriation through its Congress to preserve these buildings until next 
year and notify all the world to come here. At the end of this week we shall have 
had 22,000,000 admissions to these grounds. No doubt many of them have. been 
duplicated many times. There have probably been 10,000,000 or 12,000,000 of 
Americans inside these grounds. We have in the United States 65,000,000, aye, 
nearly 70,000,000 inhabitants, and the Congress should declare that another year be 
given us that all Americans could have an opportunity to come here. The Expo- 
sition, the directory, has not the means to continue it. It is a national enterprise 
and the Nation should breathe new life into it and let us have the Fair for another 
year, and next year we would have an average attendance of 250,000 a day. 

This World's Fair has been the greatest educator of the nineteenth century, 
the greatest this century has seen. It has been the greatest educator the world has 
ever known. Come out and look upon these grounds, upon this beautiful White 
City. The past has nothing for its model; the future will be utterly incapable of 
competing with it, aye, for hundreds of years to come. This great White City has 
sprung from the morass. Only two years ago this was the home of the muskrat. 
Two years ago this thousand acres, which is now covered by these palaces, lay but 
a little above water and much beneath it. Look at it now! These buildings, this 
hall, this dream of poets of centuries is the wild aspiration of crazy architects alone. 
None but a crazy architect could have supposed that this scene could be created. 
In two years it has sprung up from the morass and has risen, all that you see here, 
crystallized in staff, looking like marble. It has been my good fortune to have seen 
all the cities of the world, or nearly all. It has been my good fortune to have been 
among the ruins of the great cities of the Old World. I have stood upon the seven 
hills of Rome; from Capitoline 1 have looked over and tried to repeopleold Rome. 
I have been in Athens. Around me were ruins. I had enough imagination to re- 
habilitate them. I have stood among the ruins of all the old cities, but no imagin- 
ation could recall any of those ruins and make them compare with this White City. 
A man said to me yesterday In walking around these grounds: " Who could have 
conceived this? What brain brought it forth? What genius instigated the idea of 
these magnificent buildings and their groupings?" I said to him: " There is an old 
adage: ' Fools enter where angels dare not tread.' Our people were wild, crazy, if 



€o6 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

you choose. They conceived all that the madness of genius could conceive. There 
have been great men who have said that genius was insanity. Genius is but au- 
dacity, and the audacity of the 'wild and woolly West' and of Chicago has chosen 
a star and has looked upward to it and knows nothing that it will not attempt, and 
thus far has found nothing that it cannot accomplish. It was the audacity of genius 
that imagined this thing. It was the pluck of the people congregrated from all the 
cities of this Union, from all the nationalities of the world, speaking all languages, 
drawing their inspiration from 3,000 miles of territory from east to west, from 
yonder green lake on the north to the gulf on the south, our people who have never 
yet found failure.' 

When the fire swept over our city and laid it in ashes in twenty-four hours, 
then the world said: "Chicago and its boasting is now gone forever." But Chicago 
said: "We will rebuild the city better than ever," and Chicago has done it. The 
World's Fair is a mighty object lesson, but, my friends, come out of this White City, 
come out of these walls into our black city. When we get there we will find that there 
is an object lesson even greater than is the World's Fair itself. There is a city that 
was a morass when I came into the world sixty-eight and one-half years ago. It 
was a village of but a few hundreds when I had attained the age of 12 years in 1837. 
What is it now? The second city in America! And you people of the East look 
well to your laurels. I told Mayor Gilroy the other day: "Look well to your 
laurels." For the man is now born, and I myself have taken a new lease of life, 
and I believe I shall see the day when Chicago will be the biggest city in America, 
and the third city on the face of the globe. I once heard Tom Corwin tell a story 
of a man who was on the witness stand, over near the eastern shores of Maryland. 
They asked him his age. He said he was 36. 

"Why," said Mr. Corwin, "you look 50." 

"Well," the witness answered, "during fourteen years of my life I lived in 
Maryland, and I don't count that." 

I don't count the past from the year 1892, the four hundredth anniversary of 
the discovery of America. I intend to live for more than half a century, and at the 
end of that half century London will be trembling lest Chicago shall surpass it, and 
New York will say, " Let it go to the metropolis of America." It is but a little 
while when I expect to get on a magnificent steamer at Chicago's wharf and go to 
a suburb, New Orleans, the Crescent City of the globe. Mr. Mayor, of Omaha, we 
will take you in as a suburb. We are not narrow-minded. Our heart is as broad 
as the prairies that surround us. 

But we are here, gentlemen, to receive the mayors and the officials of our 
American cities. The day is propitious. I hope Congress will see this day and 
continue the Columbian Exposition for another year. The people of the world 
did not know what we had here. Some envious newspapers have misrepresented 
us. Philadelphia has always been kind to us. I recollect the maiden speech I 
made in Congress. It was for the Centennial appropriation at Philadelphia. We 
Democrats were always for the appropriation, and I, as a Chicagoan, was for Phila- 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 607 

delphia and the appropriation. If, however, Congress should fail in its duty, then 
what is our position? The birth of the World's Columbian Exposition was a mar- 
velous one. Its building was also marvelous. But in a few days something more 
marvelous sprang up. These buildings were filled with marvelous exhibits. Look 
at this hall. There are but few in the wide world that equal it. The New York 
building has a hall that should be crystallized and covered over with glass. Brazil 
has a building — one that we would not think could emanate from South American 
genius. Japan, Sweden, Germany, England, Siam, and far-off Ceylon have -build- 
ings which are marvels of beauty, but in a few days they will be gone forever. 

It almost sickens me when I look at this great Exposition to think that it will 
be allowed to crumble into dust. In a few days the building wrecker will take 
hold of it and it will be torn down, and all of this wonderful beauty will be scattered 
to the winds of heaven. Mr. Burnham, the architect and partner of Mr. Root, who 
is really the designer of this thing — poor Root is dead, gone forever; but it is a 
pleasing thought that probably at the yonder side he may look down and see what 
has been done; it must be with a feeling of great pleasure and great pride when he 
looks down on what he has designed. Mr. Burnham said the other day: 

" Let it go; it has to go, so let it go. Let us put the torch to it and burn it 
down." 

I believe with him. If we cannot preserve it for another year I would be in 
favor of putting a torch to it and burning it down and let it go up into the bright 
sky to eternal heaven. 

But I am detaining you too long. I did not expect to make a speech of any 
length. But when I speak I never know what I shall say. There is an inspiration 
at this place and I could go on talking from now until nightfall about the glories of 
the Fair. We welcome you here and tell you no statistics.. We Chicagoans have 
put millions in these buildings. Chicago has $5,000,000 in them. It will get nothing 
back, but you won't find a Chicagoan that has come here that regrets the expendi- 
ture of that $5,000,000. The man that says Chicago has wasted money is a lunatic. 
It has not been wasted. This Fair need not have a history to record it. Its beauty 
has gone forth among the people, the men, the women, aye, the child has looked 
upon it and they have all been well repaid for this wonderful education. 

No royal King ordered it, but the American people, with the greatest of 
pluck, with the pluck born under the freedom of those Stars and Stripes, made 
this thing possible — possible to a free people. It is an educator of the world. The 
world will be wiser for it. No King can ever rule the American heart. We have 
the Monroe doctrine. America extends an invitation to the best of the world, and 
its Stars and Stripes will wave from now on to eternity. That is one of the lessons 
we have taught. 

But I must stop. If I go on another moment I will get on to some new idea. 
I thank you all for coming to us. I welcome you all here, in the name of Chicago. 
I welcome you to see this dying effort of Chicago — Chicago that never could con- 



608 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

ceive what it wouldn't attempt, and yet has found nothing that it could not achieve. 
I thank you all." 

Carter Henry Harrison had been in active political life for twenty-three 
years, and was one of the most widely known public characters in the country. Mr. 
Harrison was born in Fayette County, Ky., Feb. 25, 1825. Richard A. Harrison, 
Cromwell's Lieutenant-General, who led Charles I. to the block, is his earliest an- 
cestor of whom a record is preserved in the family archives. The name was con- 
spicuous in Virginia during the colonial period, and Carter H. Harrison, his great- 
grandfather, and his brother, Benjamin Harrison, the signer of the Declaration of 
Independence and father of President William Henry Harrison, are enrolled in the 
annals of the infancy of the United States of America. Early intermarriages linked 
the Harrison family with the Randolphs, Cabells and Carters — three prominent 
Virginia families. Through the former Thomas Jefferson and John Randolph were 
near of kin; through the latter, the Reeves of Virginia and the Breckinridges of 
Kentucky. Robert Carter Harrison, grandfather of the dead Mayor, located in 
Kentucky in 1812. His father and grandfather were graduates of William and 
Mary College, and he himself a graduate of Yale. 

The social duties of the Mayor in connection with the World's Fair during 
the entire summer had been many and exacting, but through them all Mr. Harrison 
carried himself with a dignity and frankness of spirit and action which won him 
the respect of Chicago's guests from abroad and the approval of her citizens. One 
of the first of these was the reception of and entertainment for some days of the 
Duke of Veragua and his suite. At public functions as well as in the privacy of 
his own beautiful home on Ashland boulevard Mayor Harrison did his share to 
make the visit of the descendant of Columbus at the World's Fair a pleasant one. 

On another notable occasion the Mayor also did the honors as the head of a 
great city in a way which left no cause for complaint. This was on the occasion of 
the reception and entertainment of the Spanish Infanta. Mayor Harrison's gal- 
lantry was given full expression on all of the public and private functions at which 
he appeared as the representative of the city which was entertaining the Princess. 

In connection with the receptions of prominent people and special days at 
the World's Fair, Mayor Harrison was called upon to make some forty speeches, 
and was always in the best of humor, and his speeches were uniformly well received. 

Monday, October 30, 1993, the official closing day of the Exposition notwith- 
standing the dreadful tragedy and the announcement that much of the program, 
including all music, oratory and pyrotechnical displays, would be abandoned out of 
respect to the deceased Mayor, there were 208,173 paying people on the grounds 
who saw the great Fair come to an official close. These saw the flags hauled down 
and they also beheld the fountains play for the last time and the monster search 
lights go out forever. 

The following shows the total admissions, paid admissions and best days of 
paid admissions at the Centennial. Paris of 1S89, and Columbian Exposition: 



HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 609 

1876— Total admissions, Philadelphia 9,010,966 

18S9 — Total admissions, Paris 28,149,353 

1893— Total admissions, Chicago 27,529,4-00 

Best month of paid admissions, Philadelphia 2,334,530 

Best month of paid admissions, Paris 5,246,704 

Best month of paid admissions, Chicago 6,816,435 

Best day of paid admissions, Philadelphia 274,919 

Best da} r of paid admissions, Paris 397,000 

Best day of paid admissions, Chicago : 716,881 

By the error of a Congressional engrossing clerk the Exposition was robbed 
of one day of official existence, as the act of Congress cut short its life at midnight, 
Oct. 30, 1893. Had the official period extended until Nov. i, and had an overwhelm- 
ing sorrow not caused the canceling of the elaborate program prepared for Colum- 
bus day, the Chicago Exposition would have been a record-breaker in aggregate 
attendance, as it had been in everything else. With a 50-cent admission fee for 
adults at the Chicago Exposition, as against a franc at the Paris Exposition, Chi- 
cago falls less than a million behind in total attendance. The record at the Cen- 
tennial at Philadelphia is totally eclipsed. 

On the opening day of the Exposition, May 1, there was a paid attendance of 
128,965. The paid attendance did not again approach the 100,000 mark until May 30, 
when it reached 115,578. By months there were two days in May, eight days in June, 
eight days in July, twenty-one days in August, twenty-six days in September, and 
twenty-seven days in October when paid admissions numbered over 100,000. The 
200,000 limit was reached for the first time July 4. and was again scored once in 
August, four times in September, and eighteen times in October. The paid admis- 
sions exceeded 300,000 on four days only, Chicago day, Monday, Oct. 9; Tuesday, 
Oct. 10; Wednesday, Oct. 11; and Thursday, Oct. 19. The greatest week in Expo- 
sition history appears as follows: 

Paid attendance. 

Sunday, Oct. 8 88,050 

Monday, Oct. 9 716,881 

Tuesday, Oct. 10 309,294 

Wednesday. Oct. 11 309,277 

Thursday, Oct. 12 275,217 

Friday, Oct. 13 216,343 

Saturday, Oct. 14 200,891 

Total 2.114,953 

In contrast with the above appears the best week of attendance at the Centen- 
nial Exposition, the week ending Saturday, Sept. 30, when 679,498 paid admissions 
were recorded. At the Centennial Exposition seven Saturdays were set apart on 
which the price of admission was reduced from 50 to 25 cents. At the World's 
Columbian Exposition the only cut rate was for the week ending Saturday, Oct. 21, 
when Chicago public school children were given a holiday week and the price of 
admission for all children under 18 years old was reduced to 10 cents. The average 
children's attendance had, immediately before, not averaged over 8,000 to 10,000 
a day, but for children's week they attained to the following proportions: 



610 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Sunday, Oct. 15 5,622 

Monday, Oct. 16 39,260 

Tuesday, Oct. 17 48,869 

Wednesday, Oct. 18 57,357 

Thursday, Oct. 19 65,199 

Friday, Oct. 20 50,972 

Saturday, Oct. 21 48,787 

With the exception of the paid admissions above noted, which are to be 
counted at 10 cents each, all other adult admissions were at the rate of 50 cents 
each, and all children's admissions at the rate of 25 cents each. 

The Exposition paid admission gates since May 1 were closed four Sundays 
and open twenty-two Sundays and 157 week days. The smallest Sunday paid attend- 
ance was Aug. 6, 16,181, and the largest Sunday Oct. 29, 153,238. The total Sunda- 
paid attendance was 1,216,861, an average of 55,312. The average paid attendance 
for 157 week days was 127,712. It is a curious coincidence that on May 17 and i. c 
there was a difference of only two adults in the number of tickets sold. 

It is almost impossible to make comparisons with the Paris Exposition on 
anything like an equitable basis, for the reason that at Paris the prices of admission 
varied with the days of the week and other conditions. On Sundays and 
evenings an extra ticket of admission was required. By buying a quantity of tickets 
or investing in a lottery scheme, tickets of admission could be secured for as little as 
10 cents in United States money. The highest price of admission was one franc. 
A comparative statement by months is as follows: 

Chicago. *Paris. 

May 1,531,984 2,610,813 

June 3,577,834 4,338,869 

July 3,977,502 4,544,196 

August 4,687,708 4,977,092 

September 5,808,942 5,246,705 

October 7,945,430 4,820,S69 

November 1,610,810 

*The Paris Exposition opened May 10, and continued until Nov. 10. The figures given are scheduled 
in the report as visitors, whether paid or total is not known. 

An interesting feature is the table of all passes, which is as follows, from and 
including May t, to and including October 30: 

Complimentary cards 244,988 

Full-term photographic passes 1,950,885 

Monthly " " 1,679,931 

Special press " 66,060 

Workingmen's " ■. 347,811 

Trip " 7,068 

Return (checks) " 1,703,448 

Musical Bureau " 59,189 

Total 6,059,380 



Thus endeth the most brilliant and joyous educational entertainment of any 
age — and the glory and magnificence of the "White City" has passed away. 



